Gold governance and goldsmithery: Economic sociology of an informal manufacturing sector in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-199
Author(s):  
Sruti Kanungo ◽  
Anindita Chakrabarti

In India, gold’s uniqueness lies in its dual demand for ‘sacred’ ritual purposes as well as ‘profane’ economic security. As a scarce commodity, gold is continuously monitored and regulated by the state. This study investigates how communities associated with the craft and trade of gold jewellery cope with state regulations, an aspect that has largely gone undocumented in sociological literature. The article traces the transformation of the goldsmithing sector in post-independence India. The repeal of the Gold Control Act 1968 in 1990 and high demand during the post-liberalisation period gave a tremendous fillip to the gold jewellery sector. The study captures the occupational recasting as a new community of goldsmiths emerged during this period replacing the traditional goldsmithing castes. It contributes to the under-studied field of goldsmithing in India providing an ethnographic account of a triadic relationship between an informal manufacturing sector, state regulation and a self-organised workforce based on regional ties and village networks.

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 106-115
Author(s):  
Nataliia Zachosova ◽  
Nataliia Babina

In the conditions of the financial system destabilization in Ukraine, caused by such negative phenomenaas military actions in the East, the economic downturn, political and financial crises, population disappointment inthe institution of power and loss of the people’s confidence in power structures and so on, market mechanisms arenot able to ensure the restoration of the national financial market and to encourage its professional participantsto use mechanisms of protection their own assets and the assets of their clients from external and internal threatsactively. State interference in the functioning of financial institutions is necessary, especially for those of their types,whose bankruptcy may have fatal consequences for the welfare of the population and cause the liquidation ofeconomic entities of the domestic economy. Among them are: banks, insurance companies, credit unions, andother institutions of credit co-operation, investment companies, in particular, joint investment institutions (unit andcorporate investment funds), non-state pension funds, leasing, factoring, and other financial companies, pawns,etc. Therefore, it is expedient to consider the possibility of the influence of state regulators in financial servicesmarkets on the state of their participants’ economic security. However, the study of the realities of the financialmarket of Ukraine development has made it possible to assert that for a number of financial institutions, the conceptof economic security is something abstract, and the understanding by their top management the importanceof economic security management, taking into account the negative market trends, is completely absent.So, the purpose of this study is to diagnose the level of financial institutions preparedness for the implementationof economic security management into their common system of management. The high level of financial marketparticipants’ readiness for safe-oriented management will allow regulators to rapidly implement in their practicea list of recommendations that will minimize the threat of bankruptcy and liquidation of domestic financialinstitutions. Methodology. In the process of preparing a scientific article, a great number of literary sources wasconsidered. Some of them were developed using the method of theoretical generalization and the monographicmethod. The theoretical results presented in the research materials were obtained on the basis of the study ofworks of such scientists as Amadae S. M., Baily M. N., Elliott D. J., Ismail Z., Johnson K. N., Mirtchev A., Nelson J. A.,Raczkowski K., Schneider F., Sidek Z. M., Ula M., Whalen C. J., Wierzbicka E., Yong J. To confirm the reliability of thescientific results presented in the article, the authors used the Delphi method and expert evaluation. The list ofindicators for assessing the level of financial institutions readiness for the implementation of a mechanism formanaging economic security in the following five areas is formed. These areas are: the availability and conditionof the economic security system, the state of information and analytical support for the adoption of managementdecisions in the field of economic security, the state of intellectual and personnel management provision ofeconomic security, reserves of financial support of economic security, the level of external influence on the stateof economic security (state regulation and supervision). In May 2018, representatives of the top management ofvarious types of financial institutions, scientists, researchers, and analysts who were interested in the issues ofeconomic security management of the financial sector were interviewed. Their answers were analysed and the levelof readiness for managing the economic security of the most common types of financial institutions in the financialmarket of Ukraine was determined. Using the graphical method, the obtained scientific results are presented ina convenient and understandable form for the perception of all interested persons. Results of the survey. The necessityof carrying out diagnostics of the readiness to manage economic security at the level of state regulatory bodies andat the level of top management of financial institutions in the near future is substantiated. A large-scale analytical work was carried out on determining the parameters of financial institutions readiness for the continuous and professional economic security management, which should be carried out with the use of a systematic approach. Based on expert opinions, a preliminary assessment of the various types of financial intermediaries’ readiness to integrate security-oriented management into the financial institutions’ common management system was made. Practical implications. The proposed methodological approach for assessing the level of financial institutions readiness to manage their own economic security should be used by the state regulators of the financial market, in particular, by the National Bank of Ukraine and the National Commission, which performs state regulation in the field of financial services markets, to monitor the activities of professional financial market participants in order to conduct advisory and consultative work with their owners and managers, as well as for the development of strategic guidelines for the provision of the state financial security. It is desirable to implement into the practical activities of financial intermediaries our proposals for increasing the readiness for implementation of the economic security management mechanism in the existing systems of management. Value/originality. For the first time, a scoring methodology was prepared for assessing the level of financial institutions readiness for the implementation of economic security management as an independent direction of management, and not as one of the tasks of other types of their management activity. At the theoretical level, the substantive interpretation of the notion of the readiness of financial institutions to manage their own economic security is proposed. The reasons for the impossibility of the modern financial institutions to manage their own economic security effectively are identified, and a few suggestions to minimize their number in the near future were made.


2019 ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
V. Kudriavtseva

Problem setting. This article deals with the problems of forming the legislative mechanism of creation and state support of the legal investment order, which should ensure the functioning of the investment market in the mode of observance of the principle of freedom of investment activity and at the same time real providing the national economy with investments in the necessary quantitative and qualitative parameters for the expanded reproduction of competitive socially-based production, without the use of excessive enforcement mechanisms labor, intellectual, financial and natural resources of the country and ensure the state of investment security. Analysis of scientific research. It is significant that public procurement has been the subject of scientific research by experts in commercial law: D.V. Zadikhaylo, V.K. Mamutov, O.P. Podserkovniy, V.A. Ustimenko, V.S. Shcherbinа, etc. The purpose of this scientific article is to identify the key problems of the formation of the legislative mechanism for the creation and state support of the legal investment order, which should ensure the functioning of the investment market and ensure the state of investment security. Article’s main body. The concept of national investment security, which is part of the national economic security of the country as a whole, is to systematically prevent the threat of a critical shortage of investment resources through the creation and state support of an appropriate legal investment order. The lack of a clear and systematic definition in the legislation of Ukraine of the legal mechanism of state regulation of economic relations, including investment, is a disadvantage, which frankly reduces the state’s ability to effectively influence economic processes and, consequently, its ability to fulfill its functional responsibilities in the sphere of economy. The investment component is a special subsystem of economic security that creates prerequisites for the best use of socio-economic relations in the development and scientific and technical restoration of productive forces of society through active investment activity. In studying the structure of the investment component we propose to take into account: inclusion of the investment component in the system of economic security of Ukraine; differentiation of the investment component by different levels of economy (country, region, industry, enterprise); the property of synergism, that is, the investment component of the economic security of the country is not a mere set of investment components of the economic security of regions and enterprises; formation of an investment component under the influence of many objective factors; the occurrence of various risks as a result of appropriate conditions. Conclusions and prospects for development. That’s why there is a need to develop and substantiate a system of initial concepts related to the economic and legal support of the implementation of the investment policy of the state: the investment market, the investment policy of the state, the legal investment policy of the state, the legislative investment policy of the state, the mechanism of formation of the legal investment policy, investment order and national investment security, etc.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (155) ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
V. Reshetilo

The problems of formation of new institutional conditions of territorial alignment in the context of the need for transition of the country to inclusive development, which requires the inclusion of all members of society in socio-economic processes and their humanization, are investigated. It has been determined that inclusive development has broader goals than GDP growth, and aims at compre-hensive human development, increasing its well-being and reducing poverty and inequality, and requires active participation in the human resource economy. It is revealed that the economic literature covers the concepts of "inclusive growth", "inclusive innovation", "inclusive development", "inclusive economy", etc. There are also many definitions of the term "inclusive develop-ment". Thus, World Bank scholars have identified: inclusive development is the sustainable rapid development of all sectors of the economy, which attracts a large part of the country's labor resources and is characterized by equal access to the labor market and resources. The priority of inclusive development is to improve the quality of life of the population through the formation of a high-employment economy and a society with a minimal separation. Achieving these goals is not possible only through the efforts of the state. They should be shifted to the regional level, but subject to effective regional policy, expansion of local authority, creation of financial conditions for innovative development of regions. The importance of strategic state regulation of regional development, which has to be systematic, indirect and advisory, needs to be clearly defined strategic goals and objectives of long-term socio-economic development, development of anti-crisis state policy, establishment of optimal ratio of all branches of power, support of regional economic security, proven implementation of fiscal and monetary policy, non-interference in the operational activities of local authorities. Such important factors as achievement of the goals of inclusive development are considered, as decentraliza-tion in management and development of regions, features of "domestic model of decentralization", formation of new institutional unit - united territorial communities and formation of their innovative structures, and directions of development of effective economic policy of the state and regions. to implement the concept of inclusive development. Keywords: territorial alignment, inclusive development, institutional transformations, decentralization in governance and development of regions, integrated territorial communities, economic policy, integrated regional programs.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (523) ◽  
pp. 156-162
Author(s):  
R. V. Kobko ◽  

The article is aimed at defining the theoretical aspects of managing the economic security of the insurance services market of Ukraine, searching for ways to develop special practical recommendations to solve the outlined problem. In the context of transformational changes and globalization metamorphoses, the issue of ensuring a high level of economic security of the insurance services market in Ukraine is one of the priorities. The article discusses the risk factors influencing the provision of a high level of economic security of the insurance services market of Ukraine, analyzes the mechanisms for managing the economic security of the insurance services market. Particular attention is paid to the characterization of models of the State regulation of economic security of the insurance services market of the countries of the world, which helps to form the main emphasis on the state of development of the insurance services market of Ukraine. The practice of developed countries of the world indicates the inadmissibility of such a mechanism for ensuring economic balance as insurance premiums, and the need to focus on the formation of insurance reserves. Based on the practice of the developed countries of the world, it is advisable to summarize the mechanisms for ensuring the economic security of the insurance services market as a single system, monitoring of which will ensure systematic economic development, quick managerial decisions in transformational conditions and attraction of investment funds for long-term strategic planning. In addition, the article draws a parallel between ensuring a high level of economic security of the insurance services market and the development of the Ukrainian economy in the context of a rapid change in external influence factors, involving priority mechanisms for ensuring the long-term investment development of the country. The main directions of improvement of the State regulation of economic security of insurance services market are proposed.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Viktor Koval

Introduction. In the conditions of dependence on the imported energy resources there is a problem of ensuring stability of the energy industry with counteraction to changes of the ambient and a possibility of reacting to actions for providing competitive positions and advantages of the state. A number of problems in energy industry need a support of necessary level of the energy security on the basis of providing own extraction with volume reduction of imported energy resources, increasing of the national products’ competitiveness in the world markets, development of innovations and investments into energy efficient technologies. In such conditions, it’s important to apply actions for ensuring economic security of the energy sector through the creating of an efficient program for the protection of the national interests in the energy sector, which will contribute to the national economy development. Aim and tasks. The purpose of article is a researching of energy security and developing actions for state regulation of energy security. Research results. The article outlines the priority directions of the state policy on ensuring the energy sector development which are identified as a main risks and adverse factors of influence on functioning of energy industry of Ukraine. And the necessity of energy security systems formation at the state level is grounded. The perspective increasing directions of energy security are the establishment of more adapted to transformations system of state regulation with market self-regulation elements. The state regulation of energy security in conditions of high level internationalization of national economy should be aimed at the harmonization of its technological and institutional aspects which influence the development and implementation of energy technologies and projects related to renewable energy sources. The state regulation requires further active development of institutional conditions for use of alternative energy resources and energy saving based on renewable energy. Conclusion. To provide energy security it is necessary to improve the complex program of its development which will involve wide use of state regulation methods as well as public-private partnership development so the support of the implementation of investment projects will be provided. The important aspect in development of energy engineering is ensuring its economic security which will allow to level possible threats of the industry and to provide requirements of fuel and energy complex and industry for a long term. Energy security should be directed towards increasing energy efficiency which will promote reducing imports and depending on the supply of energy resources by other countries. State regulation of energy security should ensure the rational use of the energy sector potential and stable functioning of the energetic supply system which includes: implementation of energy efficiency and energy saving policies; increase of investment in energy engineering; reduction of environmental impact and emissions.


Author(s):  
Zakharii Varnalii ◽  
Dmytro Nikytenko ◽  
Nikolay Khmelevskyi

The state of the ensuring mechanism of the investment security of Ukraine is investigated. Defects that impede the effective functioning of the ensuring mechanism of investment security of the state, which include the deficiencies of state regulation of all key functions of public policy – from monitoring to controlling its implementation, evaluation of efficiency and effectiveness. Two alternatives are proposed. The first one is to maintain the situation with expressed shortcomings and blunders of institutionalization of investment security. The second – with their elimination and eventually formation of the bases of the investment security system of Ukraine as a functional and structural element of the higher level system – the economic security of the state, ensuring complex institutionalization of the investment security of Ukraine with "fuses" of key risks and threats.


Author(s):  
Oksana Gryshkevych ◽  
Galуna Rуzhakova

The conceptual paradigm of the work is that the modernization of the regulatory policy of the state strengthens the relationship and interdependence between the structure of the economy and the institutional basis, the quality of institutions. In these conditions, public investment management becomes a necessary condition and general goal of socio-economic development. That is, structural changes supported by public investment management institutions ensure economic growth, and their implementation is regulated by the criteria for ensuring the economic security of the state. It is proved that the management of public investments is a multifaceted category that reflects socio-economic phenomena and is considered as the motive and goal of the macrosystem functioning; the level of autonomy (independence) of the state of the economy, at which the achievement of the aggregate vector of interests of the structural elements of the macrosystem is ensured; a qualitative characteristic of the economic system, which makes it possible to assess its viability in the face of transformational changes. The study of the structure of the economy, the direction of its progressive changes are still based on sectoral technological and economic aspects without taking into account the strategic prospects and security of the development of the socio-economic macrosystem of the state. The imperfection of the institutional support of structural adjustment makes it impossible to strategically program structural changes as an integral component of structural policy. In general, in the context of radical structural and institutional transformations, the role of the public investment management system is significantly increasing. The applied set of threshold values of public investment management indicators as imperatives for the functioning of the economy at the meso level of the hierarchy should be complemented by a methodology for their determination and substantiation of effective measures and methods for their provision. The study of the problems of public investment management is associated with the development of theoretical foundations and the definition of economic and institutional aspects of public investment management in the context of updating the levers of state regulatory policy, in particular, in the context of participation in the processes of global economic integration.


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