Context effects on young children’s language use: The influence of conversational setting and partner

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 461-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Hoff
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Book Reading ◽  
Contextual Variable ◽  
Toy Play ◽  
Play Interaction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Older Siblings ◽  
Older Sibling

This article reports on two studies investigating the effect of contextual variables on young children’s language use in conversation. In Study 1, 20 children between age 1;5 and 2;2 were recorded in conversation with their mothers in three settings: mealtime, toy play, and book reading. In Study 2, 16 children between age 1;9 and 3;0 were recorded in dyadic toy play interaction with three different conversational partners: a 5-year-old older sibling, an 8-year-old older sibling, and their mother. Both studies found effects of the contextual variable on children’s vocabulary use and discourse cohesion.The children used a richer vocabulary and produced more topic-continuing contributions in book reading than in other contexts, and they used a richer vocabulary and produced more responses to questions in conversation with their mothers than in conversation with their older siblings. Despite mean effects of context, there was cross-context stability in the individual differences among children.

scholarly journals Older sibling influences on the language environment and language development of toddlers in bilingual homes

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
KELLY BRIDGES ◽  
ERIKA HOFF
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Use ◽  
English Language Development ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Language Exposure ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Language Environment ◽  
Older Siblings ◽  
Older Sibling

ABSTRACTTwo separate studies examined older siblings’ influence on the language exposure and language development of US-born toddlers who were being raised in bilingual homes. The participants in Study 1 were 60 children between 16 and 30 months who had heard English and another language at home from birth; 26 had older siblings, and 34 did not. The participants in Study 2 were 27 children, assessed at 22 and 30 months, who had heard English and Spanish from birth; 14 had school-aged older siblings, and 13 did not. Both studies found that older siblings used English more in talking to the toddlers than did other household members and that toddlers with older siblings were more advanced in English language development. Study 2 also found that the presence of a school-aged older sibling increased mothers’ use of English with their toddlers and that toddlers without a school-aged older sibling were more advanced in Spanish than the toddlers with a school-aged older sibling. These findings contribute to a picture of the complex processes that shape language use in bilingual homes and cause variability in young children's bilingual development.

scholarly journals The impact of older siblings on the language environment and language development of bilingual toddlers

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Danai Tsinivits ◽  
Sharon Unsworth
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
Family Constellation ◽  
Language Environment ◽  
Bilingual Parenting ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Older Siblings ◽  
Older Sibling

Abstract Previous research has suggested that the language development of bilingual children benefits from more exposure and opportunities for language use. Typically, this research has used aggregated measures of exposure and use. The role of specific interlocutors and in particular older siblings has received comparatively little attention. In this study, we examine the impact of having an older sibling on the language environment and language development of a group of 31 bilingual Greek–Dutch toddlers aged 16 to 30 months growing up in the Netherlands. Approximately half (n = 14) of the toddlers had an older sibling. With respect to language environment, toddlers with older siblings were in general found to hear and use more Dutch at home than their first-born peers. There were however no differences between the two groups of toddlers in terms of parental language use. With respect to language development, toddlers with older siblings were found to score higher than first-born peers on measures of Dutch receptive vocabulary, productive vocabulary, and morphosyntactic complexity. For Greek, no such differences were observed. The findings are discussed in light of factors including family constellation, parental language proficiency, bilingual parenting strategies, and the wider sociolinguistic context.

Word Context Effects on Letter Recognition

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 935-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion M. Jacewicz
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Target Letter ◽  
Target Detection ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Letter Recognition ◽  
Word Context ◽  
The Individual

24 subjects were asked to determine whether a target letter was present in a tachistoscopically exposed word. The presence of the target was detected faster if the target was clearly sounded in the word, that is, the target G in the word TIGER was detected faster than the target G in the word Right. This effect was strongest among subjects whose over-all response time was below the median value This result was interpreted as evidence that (1) a word is recognized as a whole before its component parts are analyzed, (2) the transformation of the word from visual to acoustic code occurs before the analysis of the individual letters, and (3) individual differences in efficiency of target detection depend on a subject's over-all response time.

scholarly journals Same Stimulus, Same Temporal Context, Different Percept? Individual Differences in Hysteresis and Adaptation When Perceiving Multistable Dot Lattices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eline Van Geert ◽  
Pieter Moors ◽  
Julia M. Haaf ◽  
Johan Wagemans
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Spatial Context ◽  
Temporal Context ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Current Input ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Contextual Stimuli ◽  
The Individual

How we perceptually organize a visual stimulus depends not only on the stimulus itself, but also on the temporal and spatial context in which the stimulus is presented as well as on the individual processing the stimulus and context. Earlier research found both attractive and repulsive context effects in perception (Snyder, Schwiedrzik, Vitela, & Melloni, 2015): tendencies to organize visual input in a similar way as preceding or simultaneous context stimuli (i.e., hysteresis, attraction) co-exist with tendencies that repel or move away the current percept from the organization that is most dominant in these contextual stimuli (i.e., adaptation, repulsion). These processes have been studied mostly on a group level (e.g., Schwiedrzik et al., 2014). The present study will investigate whether consistent individual differences exist in these attractive and repulsive temporal context effects, using multistable dot lattices as stimuli. In addition, the relation of the strength of these effects with the strength of individual biases for absolute orientations will be investigated. In this way, the study will provide insight in how different individuals combine previous input and experience with current input in their perception, and more generally, whether different individuals can perceive identical stimuli differently even within a similar context.

scholarly journals Unique contribution of shared book reading on adult-child language interaction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Lucy F. CLEMENS ◽  
Cornelia A. T. KEGEL
Keyword(s):  
Early Literacy ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Adult Child ◽  
Book Reading ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Child Play ◽  
Audio Recordings ◽  
Toy Play ◽  
Typical Day ◽  
Book Sharing

Abstract Researchers agree that early literacy activities, like book sharing and parent-child play, are important for stimulating language development. We hypothesize that book sharing is most powerful because it elicits more interactive talk in young children than other activities. Parents of 43 infants (9–18 months) made two daylong audio recordings using the LENA system. We compared a typical day, with spontaneous occurring activities, with an instructed day when caregivers were prompted to do book reading and toy play. Book sharing resulted in a combination of more parent talk, child talk, and interactions than other language activities. Research context did not influence outcomes: no differences were found in language use between the spontaneous and the instructed activities. Overall it seems clear that even with infants shared reading is a strong unique stimulator of language use from parent and child.

scholarly journals Low-income fathers’ speech to toddlers during book reading versus toy play

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1385-1399 ◽  
Author(s):  
VIRGINIA C. SALO ◽  
MEREDITH L. ROWE ◽  
KATHRYN A. LEECH ◽  
NATASHA J. CABRERA
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Book Reading ◽  
Communicative Development ◽  
Toy Play ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Mean Length Of Utterance

AbstractFathers’ child-directed speech across two contexts was examined. Father–child dyads from sixty-nine low-income families were videotaped interacting during book reading and toy play when children were 2;0. Fathers used more diverse vocabulary and asked more questions during book reading while their mean length of utterance was longer during toy play. Variation in these specific characteristics of fathers’ speech that differed across contexts was also positively associated with child vocabulary skill measured on the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory. Results are discussed in terms of how different contexts elicit specific qualities of child-directed speech that may promote language use and development.

Individual Uniqueness in the Neonatal Functional Connectome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiushi Wang ◽  
Yuehua Xu ◽  
Tengda Zhao ◽  
Zhilei Xu ◽  
Yong He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Identification ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Functional Connectome ◽  
Middle Range ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Identification Analysis ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The functional connectome is highly distinctive in adults and adolescents, underlying individual differences in cognition and behavior. However, it remains unknown whether the individual uniqueness of the functional connectome is present in neonates, who are far from mature. Here, we utilized the multiband resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 40 healthy neonates from the Developing Human Connectome Project and a split-half analysis approach to characterize the uniqueness of the functional connectome in the neonatal brain. Through functional connectome-based individual identification analysis, we found that all the neonates were correctly identified, with the most discriminative regions predominantly confined to the higher-order cortices (e.g., prefrontal and parietal regions). The connectivities with the highest contributions to individual uniqueness were primarily located between different functional systems, and the short- (0–30 mm) and middle-range (30–60 mm) connectivities were more distinctive than the long-range (>60 mm) connectivities. Interestingly, we found that functional data with a scanning length longer than 3.5 min were able to capture the individual uniqueness in the functional connectome. Our results highlight that individual uniqueness is present in the functional connectome of neonates and provide insights into the brain mechanisms underlying individual differences in cognition and behavior later in life.

Predictors of Positive Psychological Capital: An Attempt Among the Teacher Communities in Rural Jharkhand, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 0258042X2199101
Author(s):  
Mukti Clarence ◽  
Viju P. D. ◽  
Lalatendu Kesari Jena ◽  
Tony Sam George
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Organizational Support ◽  
Psychological Capital ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Meaningful Work ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Positive Psychological Capital ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

In the recent times, researchers have shown an increased interest in positive psychological capital (PsyCap). However, it is acknowledged that due to the limited number of studies conducted on the antecedents of psychological capital, there is a lack of sufficient data for conclusively proving the antecedents of PsyCap. Consequently, this article aims to explore the potential antecedents of PsyCap as a reliable source of data in the context of rural school teachers. The focus is to investigate both the individual differences and the contextual factors as desirable variables that constitute PsyCap among the school teachers of rural Jharkhand, India. Samples of 1,120 respondents from different rural schools were collected and analysed with Structural Equation Modeling (AMOS 20.0). The findings of the study explained that both the individual differences ( proactive personality and emotional intelligence) and the contextual factors ( perceived organizational support, servant leadership and meaningful work) have a positive relationship with PsyCap. The impact of PsyCap on teacher performance can form the basis for further research on the subject. JEL Codes: M12, M53

scholarly journals Individual Differences in the Vocal Communication of Malayan Tapirs (Tapirus indicus) Considering Familiarity and Relatedness

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1026
Author(s):  
Robin Walb ◽  
Lorenzo von Fersen ◽  
Theo Meijer ◽  
Kurt Hammerschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Animal Communication ◽  
Solitary Living ◽  
Low Visibility ◽  
Living Species ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Tapirus Indicus

Studies in animal communication have shown that many species have individual distinct calls. These individual distinct vocalizations can play an important role in animal communication because they can carry important information about the age, sex, personality, or social role of the signaler. Although we have good knowledge regarding the importance of individual vocalization in social living mammals, it is less clear to what extent solitary living mammals possess individual distinct vocalizations. We recorded and analyzed the vocalizations of 14 captive adult Malayan tapirs (Tapirus indicus) (six females and eight males) to answer this question. We investigated whether familiarity or relatedness had an influence on call similarity. In addition to sex-related differences, we found significant differences between all subjects, comparable to the individual differences found in highly social living species. Surprisingly, kinship appeared to have no influence on call similarity, whereas familiar subjects exhibited significantly higher similarity in their harmonic calls compared to unfamiliar or related subjects. The results support the view that solitary animals could have individual distinct calls, like highly social animals. Therefore, it is likely that non-social factors, like low visibility, could have an influence on call individuality. The increasing knowledge of their behavior will help to protect this endangered species.

Dynamic roles of social presence and individual differences in social TV platforms

2021 ◽  
pp. 135485652110575
Author(s):  
Jihyun Kim ◽  
Kelly Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Presence ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Tv Viewing ◽  
Television Content ◽  
Social Tv ◽  
The Social ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Individual

These days, many individuals engage in a unique form of TV viewing that includes a simultaneous act of watching television content and talking about it with others in a mediated environment. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as social TV viewing. Responding to the popularity of this form of TV viewing behavior, the present study examines the individual differences of the social TV viewing experience, particularly with regard to different communication platforms (e.g. private vs. public). Based on the data collected from an online survey, primary findings indicate that extroverted and lonely individuals have different social TV viewing experiences such as preferences for a particular type of platforms for social TV viewing. Further, social presence plays an important role in the understanding of social TV enjoyment in private and public platforms.

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