scholarly journals An Evaluation of Auditory Exostoses in 621 Prehistoric Human Skulls from Coastal Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 86 (8) ◽  
pp. 468-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Mercedes M. Okumura ◽  
Célia Helena C. Boyadjian ◽  
Sabine Eggers
Keyword(s):  
External Auditory Canal ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Multidisciplinary Research ◽  
Human Skull ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Human Skulls ◽  
Bone Anomalies ◽  
Water Sports

Auditory exostoses are bone anomalies located on the floor of the external auditory canal. They frequently develop in individuals who participate in water sports and other aquatic activities. Their etiology is probably multifactorial; development seems to be triggered by regular exposure to cold water, as well as to low air temperatures and/or cold winds. The presence of auditory exostoses has been recorded in human skull fossils that date back approximately 250,000 years. We conducted a study of auditory exostoses in 621 skulls of adult humans who had been part of a marine-dependent population that lived on the Brazilian coast between 5,400 and 800 years ago. The overall frequency of exostoses was 22%, but there was a great variance among different subgroups (0 to 56%). In this article, we propose some possible explanations for this variance. We also hope that our study will stimulate multidisciplinary research aimed at deciphering the intricate bony messages contained in cryptic archaeologic remains.

Prevalence of external auditory canal exostoses in Australian surfboard riders

2004 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 348-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Hurst ◽  
Michael Bailey ◽  
Benjamin Hurst
Keyword(s):  
External Auditory Canal ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
External Ear ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
External Ear Canal ◽  
Rate Of Growth

This paper assessed 300 surfboard riders, comprising 229 males and 71 females to determine the prevalence and rate of growth of exostoses in this population. A group of cold water swimmers and a control group were also examined. Significant obstruction, defined as two thirds or more occlusion of the ear canal was noted in 90 of the male surfers and 10 female surfers. This degree of occlusion was found in seven of the 32 cold water swimmers. A male surfer who has surfed regularly for 20 years or more has a one in two chance of developing significant obstruction of the external ear canal resulting from exostoses and this is a three in seven chance for females.

An awareness and prevalence study of Irish Cold-Water Athletes and external auditory canal exostoses

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Seamus Boyle ◽  
Rachel Keane ◽  
Marcel Jinih ◽  
Eoin McCarthy Deering ◽  
Naishadh Patil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
External Auditory Canal ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Prevalence Study

Skinfolds and resting heat loss in cold air and water: temperature equivalence

1975 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Smith ◽  
J. M. Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Heat Conductance ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Body Core ◽  
Male Subjects

Fourteen male subjects with unweighted mean skinfolds (MSF) of 10.23 mm underwent several 3-h exposures to cold water and air of similar velocities in order to compare by indirect calorimetry the rate of heat loss in water and air. Measurements of heat loss (excluding the head) at each air temperature (Ta = 25, 20, 10 degrees C) and water temperature (Tw = 29–33 degrees C) were used in a linear approximation of overall heat transfer from body core (Tre) to air or water. We found the lower critical air and water temperatures to fall as a negative linear function of MSF. The slope of these lines was not significantly different in air and water with a mean of minus 0.237 degrees C/mm MSF. Overall heat conductance was 3.34 times greater in water. However, this value was not fixed but varied as an inverse curvilinear function of MSF. Thus, equivalent water-air temperatures also varied as a function of MSF. Between limits of 100–250% of resting heat loss the followingrelationships between MSF and equivalent water-air temperatures were found (see article).

scholarly journals Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery with Piezoelectric Device for External Auditory Canal Lesions

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 511-516
Author(s):  
Chan Young Lee ◽  
Seung Ho Kim ◽  
Jeong Hwan Choi
Keyword(s):  
External Auditory Canal ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Cystic Mass ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Ear Surgery ◽  
Dental Surgery ◽  
Piezoelectric Device ◽  
External Auditory Canal Cholesteatoma ◽  
Conductive Hearing

External auditory canal exostosis (EACE) is prone to occur in patients frequently exposed to cold water, which causes earwax impaction, recurrent otitis externa, and conductive hearing loss. The main treatment for symptomatic EACE is surgical excision. External auditory canal cholesteatoma (EACC) is a bone-destructive cystic mass caused by accumulation of plugs of desquamated keratin debris in the external auditory canal (EAC), which is also mainly treated with surgical removal. The main difficulties in the surgical removal of obstructive EACEs or EACCs are related to the adjacency of EAC skin, tympanic membrane, temporomandibular joint, and the blockage of the medial EAC landmarks during the operation. The piezoelectric device (PZD), which has long been used to cut bony structures in dental surgery, has clinical advantages here with regards to accurate exclusive bone cutting ability and minimal heat production. We report a series of cases that managed EAC lesions using PZD.

scholarly journals Biophysical interactions in the Cabo Frio upwelling system, southeastern Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Augusto Coelho-Souza ◽  
Maria Soledad López ◽  
Jean Remy Davee Guimarães ◽  
Ricardo Coutinho ◽  
Rogério Nader Candella
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Predatory Fish ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Fish Stock ◽  
Phytoplankton Production ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Upwelled Water ◽  
Biophysical Interactions ◽  
Cabo Frio

The rising of cold water from deeper levels characterizes coastal upwelling systems. This flow makes nutrients available in the euphotic layer, which enhances phytoplankton production and growth. On the Brazilian coast, upwelling is most intense in the Cabo Frio region (RJ). The basic knowledge of this system was reviewed in accordance with concepts of biophysical interactions. The high frequency and amplitude of the prevailing winds are the main factor promoting the rise of South Atlantic Central Water, but meanders and eddies in the Brazil Current as well as local topography and coast line are also important. Upwelling events are common during spring/summer seasons. Primary biomass is exported by virtue of the water circulation and is also controlled by rapid zooplankton predation. Small pelagic fish regulate plankton growth and in their turn are preyed on by predatory fish. Sardine furnishes an important regional fish stock. Shoreline irregularities define the embayment formation of the Marine Extractive Reserve of Arraial do Cabo making it an area with evident different intensities of upwelled water that harbors high species diversity. Consequently, on a small spatial scale there are environments with tropical and subtropical features, a point to be explored as a particularity of this ecosystem.

HERDING AGENTS THICKEN OIL SPILLS IN DRIFT ICE TO FACILITATE IN SITU BURNING: A NEW TRICK FOR AN OLD DOG1

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (1) ◽  
pp. 673-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Buist ◽  
Tim Nedwed ◽  
Joe Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spills ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Us Army ◽  
Ice Coverage ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Ice Conditions

ABSTRACT In situ burning is an oil spill response option particularly suited to remote ice-covered waters. The key to effective in situ burning is thick oil slicks. In loose drift ice conditions oil spills can rapidly spread to become too thin to ignite. Fire booms can collect and keep slicks thick in open water; however, even light ice conditions make using booms challenging. A multi-year joint industry project was initiated to study oil-herding agents as an alternative to booms for thickening slicks in light ice conditions for in situ burning. Small-scale laboratory experiments were completed in 2004 and 2005 to examine the concept of using herding agents to thicken oil slicks among loose pack ice for the purpose of in situ burning. Encouraging results prompted further mid-scale testing at the US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), the Ohmsett facility, and the Fire Training Grounds in Prudhoe Bay, AK. The non-proprietary cold-water herder formulation used in these experiments proved effective in significantly contracting oil slicks in brash and slush ice concentrations of up to 70% ice coverage. Slicks in excess of 3 mm thick, the minimum required for ignition of weathered crude oil on water, were routinely achieved. Herded slicks were ignited, and burned equally well in both brash and slush ice conditions at air temperatures as low as −17°C. The burn efficiencies measured for the herded slicks were only slightly less than the theoretical maximums achievable for equivalent-sized, mechanically contained slicks on open water.

Surfer's Ear: External Auditory Exostoses are More Prevalent in Cold Water Surfers

2002 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 499-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Kroon ◽  
M. Louise Lawson ◽  
Craig S. Derkay ◽  
Karen Hoffmann ◽  
Joe Mccook
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
External Auditory Canal ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Relationship

OBJECTIVE: The study goal was to demonstrate the prevalence and severity of external auditory exostoses (EAEs) in a population of surfers and to examine the relationship between these lesions and the length of time surfed as well as water temperature in which the swimmers surfed. It was hypothesized that subjects who predominantly surfed in colder waters had more frequent and more severe exostoses. METHODS: Two hundred two avid surfers (91% male and 9% female, median age 17 years) were included in the study. EAEs were graded based on the extent of external auditory canal patency; grades of normal (100% patency), mild (66% to 99% patency), and moderate-severe (<66% patency) were assigned. Otoscopic findings were correlated with data collected via questionnaires that detailed surfing habits. RESULTS: There was a 38% overall prevalence of EAEs, with 69% of lesions graded as mild and 31% graded as moderate-severe. Professional surfers (odds ratio 3.8) and those subjects who surfed predominantly in colder waters (odds ratio 5.8) were found to be at a significantly increased risk for the development of EAEs. The number of years surfed was also found to be significant, increasing one's risk for developing an exostosis by 12% per year and for developing more severe lesions by 10% per year. Individuals who had moderate-severe EAEs were significantly more likely to be willing to surf in colder waters than were those who had mild EAEs (odds ratio 4.3). CONCLUSIONS: EAEs are more prevalent in cold water surfers, and additional years surfing increase one's risk not only for developing an EAE but also for developing more severe lesions.

scholarly journals POST-GLENOID FORAMEN: A RARE EMISSARY FORAMEN IN HUMAN SKULL

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-43
Author(s):  
PRIYA G ◽  
YASODAI R
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Venous Drainage ◽  
Rare Occurrence ◽  
Human Skull ◽  
Inner Ear Malformation ◽  
Mandibular Fossa ◽  
Emissary Veins ◽  
Human Skulls ◽  
Temporal Bones

Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of post-glenoid foramen in human skulls. Methods: The study was carried out in 100 adult dry human skulls with 200 temporal bones on each side (right and left) which were collected from the Department of Anatomy at RVS Dental College and Hospital, Coimbatore. The selected skulls were placed on a flat table and the considerable foramen was visually identified by two investigators. The foramen was examined by a probing method to find out its patency. Results: Of 100 skulls (200 temporal bones), only one skull showed a unilateral post-glenoid foramen on the mandibular fossa of the left side temporal bone (2% of 200). Conclusion: The emissary veins are considered as an important encephalic venous drainage that connects the intracranial and extracranial venous pathway through emissary foramen. If there is little variation, and rare occurrence of the emissary foramen may cause serious pathological condition. Thereby, the present study highlights one of the rare emissary foramen, the post-glenoid foramen. This anatomical study of post-glenoid foramen may help the surgeons while operating temporomandibular joint and inner ear malformation to avoid the risk of accidental bleeding during surgery.

scholarly journals An inexpensive cooled recirculating system for the maintenance of marine flat fish

1973 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
David McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Flat Fish

Sea water is recirculated, filtered, treated with ultraviolet radiation, and aerated. It is cooled by immersing the tanks in a bath through which cold water from the mains supply is passed. With air temperatures of 18-30°C and mains water at 10-19.5°C, the sea water temperature can be maintained at 18±1.5°C.

Removal of external ear canal exostoses by piezo surgery: a novel technique

2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (9) ◽  
pp. 840-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
P M Puttasiddaiah ◽  
S T Browning
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Externa ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Conductive Hearing Loss ◽  
External Ear ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
Novel Technique ◽  
Safe Technique ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Water Sports ◽  
Conductive Hearing

AbstractBackgroundExternal auditory canal exostoses are known to occur in patients who engage in cold-water sports. Although the majority of patients with exostosis remain asymptomatic, larger lesions can cause wax impaction, conductive hearing loss and predispose to recurrent otitis externa.ObjectiveA novel technique is described of using a piezo saw to excise exostoses that are symptomatic. The piezo saw is used to perform various procedures, but its use in removing exostoses has not been described in the literature.ConclusionExcision of exostoses of the ear canal using a piezo saw is a safe technique and patients have a speedy recovery. This paper describes a new technique for removing exostoses.

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