Explaining the Assigned Goal-Incentive Interaction: The Role of Self-Efficacy and Personal Goals

1997 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Lee ◽  
Edwin A. Locke ◽  
Soo H. Phan
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Goal Commitment ◽  
Personal Goals ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Rate System ◽  
Piece Rate ◽  
Goal Level ◽  
Type Interaction ◽  
Social Cognitive Theories

This study was designed to replicate conceptually and to explain the goal-level vs. incentive-type interaction reported by Mowen, Middlemist, and Luther (1981) based on goal setting and social cognitive theories. Mowen et al. found that subjects performed more poorly with hard goals than medium goals under a bonus pay system, the opposite of what was found for a piece-rate system. In the present study, an hourly pay condition was added. Mowen et al.‘s interaction was replicated using a two-trial design in which subjects could obtain feedback about their ability to attain the incentive bonuses between trials. The experimental effects were completely mediated by personal goals and self-efficacy. Goal commitment was related to performance, but did not mediate the experimental conditions. The implications for the design of incentive systems are discussed.

scholarly journals Predicting and Influencing Voice Therapy Adherence Using Social–Cognitive Factors and Mobile Video

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva van Leer ◽  
Nadine P. Connor
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Alliance ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Patient Adherence ◽  
Goal Commitment ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Voice Therapy ◽  
Adherence Behavior ◽  
Treatment Onset

PurposePatient adherence to voice therapy is an established challenge. The purpose of this study was (a) to examine whether adherence to treatment could be predicted from three social–cognitive factors measured at treatment onset: self-efficacy, goal commitment, and the therapeutic alliance, and (b) to test whether the provision of clinician, self-, and peer model mobile treatment videos on MP4 players would influence the same triad of social cognitive factors and the adherence behavior of patients.MethodForty adults with adducted hyperfunction with and without benign lesions were prospectively randomized to either 4 sessions of voice therapy enhanced by MP4 support or without MP4 support. Adherence between sessions was assessed through self-report. Social cognitive factors and voice outcomes were assessed at the beginning and end of therapy. Utility of MP4 support was assessed via interviews.ResultsSelf-efficacy and the therapeutic alliance predicted a significant amount of adherence variance. MP4 support significantly increased generalization, self-efficacy for generalization, and the therapeutic alliance. An interaction effect demonstrated that MP4 support was particularly effective for patients who started therapy with poor self-efficacy for generalization.ConclusionAdherence may be predicted and influenced via social–cognitive means. Mobile technology can extend therapy to extraclinical settings.

The Effects of Goal Setting, Self-Efficacy, Competition, and Personal Traits on the Performance of an Endurance Task

1995 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart S. Lerner ◽  
Edwin A. Locke
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Personal Goals ◽  
Personal Goal ◽  
Personal Traits ◽  
Group Competition ◽  
Goal Level ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Sport Orientation

This study investigated the effects of goal setting, self-efficacy, competition, and personality on the performance of a sit-up task. Prior to testing, participants were administered the Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ; Gill & Deeter, 1988). Using a 2 × 2 + 1 design, 60 participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: (a) competition, medium goal; (b) competition, high goal; (c) no competition, medium goal; and (d) no competition, high goal. A fifth group from the same population (n = 15) was added and served as the do-best comparison group. The main effect of goal level was borderline significant (p < .059), and this effect was fully mediated by personal goal level and self-efficacy. Also, both the medium and hard goal groups significantly outperformed the do-best group. Competition did not affect performance, personal goals, commitment, or self-efficacy. The SOQ was significantly related to performance, but its effects were fully mediated by personal goals and self-efficacy.

An Examination of the Relationships Among Monetary Incentives, Goal Level, Goal Commitment, and Performance

1992 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick M. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Goal Attainment ◽  
Goal Commitment ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Piece Rate ◽  
Incentive Level ◽  
Goal Level ◽  
Class Scheduling ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

This study tested the effects of incentive type, incentive level, and goal level on valence, goal commitment, and performance. Subjects (N=251) worked on a class scheduling task under either piece-rate, hourly, goal attainment bonus, or no-pay conditions, under either high or low amounts of money, and were assigned either easy, moderate, or difficult goals (a 4X2X3 design). Results demonstrated that both the level of valence and valence slope mediated the relationship between incentives and goal commitment. Incentive type, incentive level, and goal level interacted in determining performance, and these effects were not completely mediated by goal commitment.

Self-Efficacy, Personal Goals, and Wrestlers’ Self-Regulation

1996 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas D. Kane ◽  
Michelle A. Marks ◽  
Stephen J. Zaccaro ◽  
Virginia Blair
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
The Self ◽  
Goal Theory ◽  
Personal Goals ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Regulatory Model

Goal theory (Locke & Latham, 1990) and social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986) converged on a single model describing the relationships among prior performance, self-efficacy, personal goals, and individual performance. The model, portraying self-regulatory processes, guided an investigation of the performance of 216 wrestlers competing at a wrestling camp. Two hypotheses were tested. First, general support was expected for the self-regulatory model. Second, self-efficacy was predicted to be especially relevant for performance under extremely competitive conditions (i.e., overtime match performance). Both hypotheses were supported. Analyses using LISREL VI supported the relationships posited by the self-regulatory model. Also, self-efficacy was found to be the only significant predictor of wrestlers’ performance in overtime matches.

Indirect Assessment of Attitudes with Response-Time-Based Measures

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Degner ◽  
Dirk Wentura ◽  
Klaus Rothermund
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Incremental Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Scale Theory ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Predicting Behavior ◽  
Social Cognitive Theories

Abstract: We review research on response-latency based (“implicit”) measures of attitudes by examining what hopes and intentions researchers have associated with their usage. We identified the hopes of (1) gaining better measures of interindividual differences in attitudes as compared to self-report measures (quality hope); (2) better predicting behavior, or predicting other behaviors, as compared to self-reports (incremental validity hope); (3) linking social-cognitive theories more adequately to empirical research (theory-link hope). We argue that the third hope should be the starting point for using these measures. Any attempt to improve these measures should include the search for a small-scale theory that adequately explains the basic effects found with such a measure. To date, small-scale theories for different measures are not equally well developed.

Recovery in the Clubhouse Environment: Applying Ecological and Social Cognitive Theories

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Pernice-Duca ◽  
Barry Markman ◽  
Heather Chateauvert
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Theories ◽  
Social Cognitive Theories

Social Cognitive Theory and Motivation

2019 ◽  
pp. 9-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale H. Schunk ◽  
Ellen L. Usher
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive Theory ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Goal Attainment ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Outcome Expectations ◽  
Social Comparisons ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Social Environmental

Social cognitive theory is a theory of human behavior that emphasizes learning from the social environment. This chapter focuses on Bandura’s social cognitive theory, which postulates reciprocal interactions among personal, behavioral, and social/environmental factors. Persons use various vicarious, symbolic, and self-regulatory processes as they strive to develop a sense of agency in their lives. Key motivational processes are goals and self-evaluations of progress, outcome expectations, values, social comparisons, and self-efficacy. People set goals and evaluate their goal progress. The perception of progress sustains self-efficacy and motivation. Individuals act in accordance with their values and strive for outcomes they desire. Social comparisons with others provide further information on their learning and goal attainment. Self-efficacy is a critical influence on motivation and affects task choices, effort, persistence, and achievement. Recommendations are made for future research.

Examining Racial Discrimination’s Association With Depressive Symptoms Through Metadehumanization Among African Americans: Does Racial Identity Matter?

2020 ◽  
pp. 009579842098366
Author(s):  
Yara Mekawi ◽  
Natalie N. Watson-Singleton
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Racial Identity ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Social Cognitive Theories

Though considerable empirical work has documented the ways in which African Americans are dehumanized by other racial groups, there is no research examining how perceiving dehumanization (i.e., metadehumanization) is associated with the mental health of African Americans. In this study, we examined the indirect effect of racial discrimination on depressive symptoms through metadehumanization and explored whether this indirect effect was contingent on racial identity (i.e., centrality, private regard). African American students completed measures in a university lab located in the Midwestern region of the United States ( N = 326; Mage = 19.7, 72.4% women). We found that the degree to which racial discrimination was indirectly associated with depressive symptoms through metadehumanization was contingent on racial identity dimensions. Specifically, the indirect effect of racial discrimination on depressive symptoms through metadehumanization was only significant for individuals who were relatively higher on centrality and private regard. This research suggests that the role of metadehumanization is stronger among African Americans who strongly identify with and have positive views of their racial group. We discuss these results in the context of social cognitive theories.

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