Wild, Native, or Pure: Trout as Genetic Bodies

2020 ◽  
pp. 016224392097830
Author(s):  
David G. Havlick ◽  
Christine Biermann
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Conservation Priorities ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Human Intervention ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Genetic Science ◽  
Genetics And Genomics ◽  
Bear Creek

Advances in genetics and genomics have raised new questions in trout restoration and management, specifically about species identity and purity, which fish to value, and where these fish belong. This paper examines how this molecular turn in fisheries management is influencing wild and native trout policy in Colorado. Examples from two small Colorado watersheds, Bear Creek and Sand Creek, illustrate how framing trout as genetic bodies can guide managers to care for or kill trout populations in the interest of rectifying decades of genetic disruption caused by human activity. While trout management has typically relied on human intervention, the turn to genetic science is prompting new classifications of lineage and taxa, altering long-standing conservation priorities, and reorienting the manipulation of biological processes such as reproduction and dispersal. As a result, other social and ecological factors may be pushed to the margins of management decisions. These changes warrant greater conversation about the consequences of molecular analyses and the values embedded in trout science and conservation more broadly.

Incorporating climate changes into population dynamic modelling: an individual-based modelling approach for lobster

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Jay Chang ◽  
Chi-Lu Sun ◽  
Yong Chen ◽  
Yuying Zhang ◽  
Su-Zan Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Spiny Lobster ◽  
Dynamic Modelling ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Yield Per Recruit ◽  
Modelling Approach

One of the most challenging issues in fisheries management is the evaluation of the effects of fishing in the context of a changing environment. Using the pronghorn spiny lobster ( Panulirus penicillatus ) fishery off the eastern coast of Taiwan as an example, we developed an individual-based model (IBM) that is capable of describing the temperature-dependent life history processes and fishery practices for the spiny lobster. We then used the model to evaluate potential impacts of increased ocean temperature on the estimation of mortality-based biological reference points for fisheries management. We demonstrate that a warming temperature would increase the yield-per-recruit and eggs-per-recruit values and consequently reduce the risk of overexploitation under the current exploitation level. However, there is likely a high risk of overexploitation in the long term if higher temperatures induce extra-high natural mortality. The evaluation of effectiveness of size regulations suggests that increasing minimum legal size is proposed as a good candidate measure to reduce the risk of overexploitation for pessimistically unfavorable environmental conditions. This study suggests that an explicit incorporation of the relationships between environmental variables and biological processes can greatly improve fisheries assessment and management.

Legal and Biological Perspectives of “Plant Variety” in IPR Context

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Parvin
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Trips Agreement ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Human Intervention ◽  
Genetic Inheritance ◽  
Plant Variety ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biological Differences

AbstractThe possibilities of human intervention on plants were limited for a long time to simple handling of selection or crossing which were always regarded as essentially biological processes. However, the development of the genetic engineering in the field of plants and the possibilities of plants genetic inheritance handling by the advanced techniques, such as the recombining DNA, evoked debates over the patentability of plant inventions.According to Article 27.3(b) of the TRIPS Agreement, Members may exclude “plants” from patentability, but they shall provide for the protection of “plant varieties” either by patent or by an effectiveThe relationship between plant breeder's rights (as aIn view of the importance of the decision of countries to protect plant varieties, the study assesses also the legal positions adopted by jurisprudence or doctrine to determine the scope of the plant varieties exception.It is concluded that the actual and biological differences between “plant” and “plant variety” could give good reason for interpreting the two terms in different ways.

scholarly journals Integrating ecology and epidemiology using individual-based multi-species networks

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shai Pilosof ◽  
Serge Morand ◽  
Boris R Krasnov ◽  
Charles L Nunn
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Parasite Transmission ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Interaction Structure ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Contact Patterns ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
Individual Contact ◽  
Host Parasite

Parasite transmission in host communities is a function of ecological factors that influence interspecific contacts and contact patterns within species. These two levels are studied with different kinds of networks – ecological networks and individual contact networks – and the integration of these levels is essential for effective understanding of parasite transmission. We combined these approaches by creating epidemiological networks based on parasite sharing from individual-based ecological host-parasite networks. We compared multi- to single-species networks to investigate the drivers of helminth infection in wild individual rodents of South-east Asia. Network modularity was higher in the multi-species than in the single-species networks. Phylogeny affected affiliation of individuals to modules. The importance of individuals differed between multi- and single-species networks, with species identity and individual traits influencing their position in the networks. Simulations revealed that a novel parasite spreads more slowly in multi- than in single-species networks and that this depended on network structure. Although the relative contribution of within- vs. between-species transmission rates to disease dynamics is important, using multi-host epidemiological networks improves our understanding of parasite dynamics as it further considers interaction structure between individuals.

Complete sporogony of the blood parasite Haemoproteus nucleocondensus in common biting midges: why is its transmission interrupted in Europe?

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-600
Author(s):  
Rita Žiegytė ◽  
Elena Platonova ◽  
Rasa Bernotienė ◽  
Gediminas Valkiūnas ◽  
Vaidas Palinauskas
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Blood Parasites ◽  
Acrocephalus Arundinaceus ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Biting Midge ◽  
Average Temperature

AbstractHaemoproteus species (Haemoproteidae) are widespread blood parasites and are transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and Hippoboscidae louse flies. Although these pathogens may cause morbidity or mortality, the vectors and patterns of transmission remain unknown for the great majority of avian haemoproteids. Haemoproteus nucleocondensus has been frequently reported in Europe in great reed warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus after their arrival from African wintering grounds, but this infection has not been found in juveniles at the breeding sites. The factors that prevent its transmission remain unclear. This study was designed to test whether the sporogony of H. nucleocondensus (lineage hGRW8) can be completed in Culicoides impunctatus, one of the most abundant European biting midge species. Wild-caught females were infected with H. nucleocondensus from great reed warblers. Microscopic examination and PCR-based methods were used to detect sporogonic stages and to confirm species identity. This study showed that H. nucleocondensus completes sporogony in C. impunctatus, suggesting that there are no obstacles to its transmission from the point of view of vector availability and average temperature in Northern Europe. We discuss other ecological factors which should be considered to explain why the transmission of H. nucleocondensus and some other Southern origin haemosporidians are interrupted in North Europe.

Bottom-up conservation: Using translational ecology to inform conservation priorities for a recreational fishery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carissa Lynn Gervasi ◽  
Rolando O. Santos ◽  
Ryan J. Rezek ◽  
W. Ryan James ◽  
Ross E. Boucek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Florida Keys ◽  
Conservation Priorities ◽  
Proactive Management ◽  
The Status ◽  
Translational Ecology ◽  
Management Context ◽  
Actionable Science ◽  
Crevalle Jack

Translational ecology defines a collaborative effort among scientists and stakeholders to rapidly translate environmental problems into action. This approach can be applied in a fisheries management context when information needed to inform regulations is unavailable, yet conservation concerns exist. Our research uses a translational ecology framework to assess the stock status and develop research priorities for the Crevalle Jack (Caranx hippos) in the Florida Keys, U.S.A., a currently unregulated species. Interview data that compiled expert fishing guide knowledge were used to develop hypotheses tested using existing fisheries-dependent datasets to check for agreement among sources and assess the consistency of observed patterns. Six hypotheses were developed concerning the status and trends of the Crevalle Jack population in the Florida Keys, and four of these hypotheses received clear support, with agreement between guide observations and one or more of the fisheries-dependent datasets. The results of our study outline an effective translational ecology approach for recreational fisheries management designed to rapidly recognize potential management needs as identified by fishing guides, which allows for actionable science and proactive management.

scholarly journals Can fisheries-induced evolution shift reference points for fisheries management?

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikko Heino ◽  
Loїc Baulier ◽  
David S. Boukal ◽  
Bruno Ernande ◽  
Fiona D. Johnston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Fish Population ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Fishing Mortality ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Stock Biomass ◽  
Spawning Stock ◽  
Induced Changes

Abstract Heino, M., Baulier, L., Boukal, D. S., Ernande, B., Johnston, F. D., Mollet, F. M., Pardoe, H., Therkildsen, N. O., Uusi-Heikkilä, S., Vainikka, A., Arlinghaus, R., Dankel, D. J., Dunlop, E. S., Eikeset, A. M., Enberg, K., Engelhard G. H., Jørgensen, C., Laugen, A. T., Matsumura, S., Nusslé, S., Urbach, D., Whitlock, R., Rijnsdorp, A. D., and Dieckmann, U. 2013. Can fisheries-induced evolution shift reference points for fisheries management? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 707–721. Biological reference points are important tools for fisheries management. Reference points are not static, but may change when a population's environment or the population itself changes. Fisheries-induced evolution is one mechanism that can alter population characteristics, leading to “shifting” reference points by modifying the underlying biological processes or by changing the perception of a fishery system. The former causes changes in “true” reference points, whereas the latter is caused by changes in the yardsticks used to quantify a system's status. Unaccounted shifts of either kind imply that reference points gradually lose their intended meaning. This can lead to increased precaution, which is safe, but potentially costly. Shifts can also occur in more perilous directions, such that actual risks are greater than anticipated. Our qualitative analysis suggests that all commonly used reference points are susceptible to shifting through fisheries-induced evolution, including the limit and “precautionary” reference points for spawning-stock biomass, Blim and Bpa, and the target reference point for fishing mortality, F0.1. Our findings call for increased awareness of fisheries-induced changes and highlight the value of always basing reference points on adequately updated information, to capture all changes in the biological processes that drive fish population dynamics.

scholarly journals [Wetlands in the Continental biogeographical region of Northern Italy: from scenarios of change to conservation perspectives]

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Brusa ◽  
Michele Dalle Fratte ◽  
Giuseppe Bogliani ◽  
Claudio Celada ◽  
Giorgia Gaibani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
Conservation Priorities ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Conservation Actions ◽  
Biogeographical Region

[Wetlands are extremely important ecosystems for supporting biodiversity and providing services. Nonetheless, although they are mostly protected through several regulations, wetlands are affected by many negative factors that are leading to progressive deterioration of their conservation status. This circumstance is especially obvious in the Continental biogeographical region of Northern Italy, which is included in Piedmont and Lombardy on the left hydrographic side of the River Po. The goal of this study was to assess the main ecological drivers, i.e. the most important ecological factors, including pressures and threats, that shape negatively ecosystem dynamics, hence affecting conservation targets, and finally to suggest actions for counteracting them. Analyses were done at different scales, through bibliographic researches and site-specific data processing. As a result, we identified groups of ecological drivers, among which three were recognized as prevalent: a) the anthropic alteration of water levels; and b) the natural ecological succession in combination to c) the abandonment of traditional land use practices. The last two main ecological drivers were regarded as those to be counteracted by removing biomass (through digging, mowing, fire), because they may produce cascading effects and work against all the other ecological drivers. However, it is necessary to define a new reference framework based on pointing out conservation priorities at large scale (regional or supra-regional) and conservation actions at local scale, both focused on adaptive management.]   [Article in Italian]

Fluorescent potentiometric dyes for membrane-potential imaging

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 166-167
Author(s):  
Leslie M. Loew
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Quantitative Imaging ◽  
Optical Recording ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
The Past ◽  
Excitable Systems ◽  
Major Application ◽  
The Impact

A major application of potentiometric dyes has been the multisite optical recording of electrical activity in excitable systems. After being championed by L.B. Cohen and his colleagues for the past 20 years, the impact of this technology is rapidly being felt and is spreading to an increasing number of neuroscience laboratories. A second class of experiments involves using dyes to image membrane potential distributions in single cells by digital imaging microscopy - a major focus of this lab. These studies usually do not require the temporal resolution of multisite optical recording, being primarily focussed on slow cell biological processes, and therefore can achieve much higher spatial resolution. We have developed 2 methods for quantitative imaging of membrane potential. One method uses dual wavelength imaging of membrane-staining dyes and the other uses quantitative 3D imaging of a fluorescent lipophilic cation; the dyes used in each case were synthesized for this purpose in this laboratory.

Apoptosis and development

2003 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 11-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin V McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Apoptotic Pathway ◽  
Genetic Pathways ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved process used by multicellular organisms to developmentally regulate cell number or to eliminate cells that are potentially detrimental to the organism. The large diversity of regulators of apoptosis in mammalian cells and their numerous interactions complicate the analysis of their individual functions, particularly in development. The remarkable conservation of apoptotic mechanisms across species has allowed the genetic pathways of apoptosis determined in lower species, such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster, to act as models for understanding the biology of apoptosis in mammalian cells. Though many components of the apoptotic pathway are conserved between species, the use of additional model organisms has revealed several important differences and supports the use of model organisms in deciphering complex biological processes such as apoptosis.

A Dynamic Systems Approach to Personality

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 172-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence A. Pervin
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Dynamic View ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of

David Magnusson has been the most articulate spokesperson for a holistic, systems approach to personality. This paper considers three concepts relevant to a dynamic systems approach to personality: dynamics, systems, and levels. Some of the history of a dynamic view is traced, leading to an emphasis on the need for stressing the interplay among goals. Concepts such as multidetermination, equipotentiality, and equifinality are shown to be important aspects of a systems approach. Finally, attention is drawn to the question of levels of description, analysis, and explanation in a theory of personality. The importance of the issue is emphasized in relation to recent advances in our understanding of biological processes. Integrating such advances into a theory of personality while avoiding the danger of reductionism is a challenge for the future.

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