Toward Interactive Synchrony: The Gaze Patterns of Mothers and Children in Three Age Groups

1980 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale C. Farran ◽  
Paul Hirschbiel ◽  
Susan Jay
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Free Play ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Older Children ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Mothers And Children ◽  
Adult Pattern ◽  
The Difference

The gaze patterns of 81 mother-child dyads (6, 20 and 36 months) were investigated during 20 minutes of free play in a laboratory setting. The results indicated that children at the three ages studied were not different in the total amount of time they looked at their mothers. The groups of mothers were significantly different with the difference primarily resulting from the looking patterns of the mothers of 6 month olds: these mothers looked for a longer total amount of time and longer too for each individual look when compared to mothers of older children. Mutual regard at each age was most often initiated by the mother and terminated by the child though mothers terminated more gazes at the older ages. At the two older ages there were more simultaneous initiations and terminations of mutual regard than at 6 months. Although adult synchrony was not observed in looking interactions of the oldest children, the increase in the simultaneity of mutual looks foreshadows the adult pattern.

scholarly journals Perception of Dentofacial Aesthetics in School Children and Their Parents

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisa Tiro ◽  
Enita Nakas ◽  
Amra Arslanagic ◽  
Nina Markovic ◽  
Vildana Dzemidzic
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
P Value ◽  
Older Children ◽  
School Students ◽  
Children And Parents ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Dental Aesthetics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
The City

Abstract Objective The aim of this research was to examine the attitudes and perceptions of dentofacial aesthetics among different age groups. Materials and Methods The sample consisted of elementary-school students from the city of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and their parents. This study included 314 subjects: 157 children and 157 parents. The children’s group consisted of 85 (54.14%) males and 72 (45.85%) females, aged 9 to 15 years. Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics were used to determine frequency distribution and percentages for all variables. A chi-squared (x 2) test was used to determine the association between variables and a p-value < 0.05 was considered significant for all the differences and associations. Results For the dentofacial appearance with no teeth irregularity or with severe teeth irregularity, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) (post-hoc tests—Tukey’s HSD) indicated that the difference is not statistically significant (p = 0.06) relative to rank matching between all three subject groups.For dentofacial appearance with mild teeth irregularity, an ANOVA (post-hoc tests—Tukey’s HSD) showed statistical difference (p = 0.07) between the teenage group of subjects relative to pre-teenage group of subjects and adult group of subjects. Conclusion Attitudes about desirable and acceptable dental aesthetics differ in younger children compared with older children and parents. Ten years old children find good function with poor aesthetics more pleasing, while 14 years old children find aesthetics with bad function as more pleasing.

Developmental Aspects of Sustained Attention among 2- to 6-year-old Children

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Sarid ◽  
Zvia Breznitz
Keyword(s):  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Free Play ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Significant Linear Trend ◽  
Sensitive Measure ◽  
Structured Test

This study examined sustained attention in children aged 2-6 years in two settings; during free play and during a structured test. Subjects were 48 nursery schoolchildren and 47 kindergarteners. In the free play setting, linear and quadratic relations with age were found for ability to sustain attention as measured by duration of play time and number of attended activities. Linear and quadratic relations were also found for distractibility as measured by the number of pauses in play. Older children tended to return to a previously attended activity following a break, whereas younger children did not. The ability to sustain attention increased until the age of 4 years, after which a plateau in development appeared. Results from the structured test showed no significant differences between age groups on the time spent attending to pictures, but revealed a significant linear trend for the ability to recall items from pictures. It is suggested that free play may be a sensitive measure of preschool-aged children’s ability to sustain attention.

Use of a head camera to examine maternal input and its relation to 10- to 26-month-olds’ acquisition of mental and non-mental state vocabulary

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1228-1243
Author(s):  
Ted RUFFMAN ◽  
Ben LORIMER ◽  
Sarah VANIER ◽  
Damian SCARF ◽  
Kangning DU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Vocabulary Acquisition ◽  
Free Play ◽  
Maternal Responsiveness ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Mothers And Children ◽  
Maternal Input

AbstractWe examined the relation between maternal responsiveness and children's acquisition of mental and non-mental state vocabulary in 59 pairs of mothers and children aged 10 to 26 months as they engaged in a free-play episode. Children wore a head camera and responsiveness was defined as maternal talk that commented on the child's actions (e.g., when the child reached for or manipulated an object visible in the head camera). As hypothesized, maternal responsiveness correlated with both mental and non-mental state vocabulary acquisition in younger children (approximately 18 months and younger) but not older children. We posit a diminishing role for maternal responsiveness in language acquisition as children grow older.

M1 medulloblastoma should be considered high risk at any age

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2016-2016
Author(s):  
R. P. Sanders ◽  
A. Onar ◽  
J. M. Boyett ◽  
A. Broniscer ◽  
M. Fouladi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Current Therapy ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Tumor Bed ◽  
Small Series ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Physician Family ◽  
The Difference

2016 Background: Metastatic (M) stage is an important prognostic marker in medulloblastoma. With current therapy including higher-dose craniospinal irradiation and dose intensive chemotherapy, older children with metastatic medulloblastoma have had improved survival. Some investigators have suggested that older children with M1 medulloblastoma be treated as average-risk patients. Additionally, the prognostic value of M1 disease in very young children has not been documented. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of all newly diagnosed medulloblastoma patients treated at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital from 1984 to 2006. Treatment generally included resection and chemotherapy. Older children received post-operative craniospinal and tumor bed irradiation; radiotherapy for younger children depended on treatment era and physician/family preference. We compared event-free and overall survival for patients with M1 disease to that of patients with M0 and M2/M3 disease for both age groups using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: 286 patients were included. 56 were <3 years old at diagnosis and 230 were =3 years old. Event-free (EFS) and overall survival (OS) by age and M-stage are reported below. Within the younger group, a significant difference in 5-year EFS was detected among M-stage groups (p<0.002 by Mantel-Haenszel test); 5-year EFS for M0 (n=33), M1 (n=5), and M2/M3 (n=18) patients was 67%, 20%, and 22%, respectively. The difference in 5-year EFS by M-stage was also significant for older patients (p<0.0001); 5-year EFS for 154 M0, 13 M1, and 63 M2/M3 patients was 82%, 59%, and 42%, respectively. Results were similar for OS; differences in OS were significant for older (p<0.0001), but not younger (p=0.21) children. Conclusions: Children <3 years old with M1 medulloblastoma fared poorly in our small series. Survival for older children with M1 disease treated with higher-dose CSI was better than that of M2/M3 patients, but still less than optimal; our findings do not support reduction in therapy for either cohort. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals Comparison of self-reported & device-based, measured physical activity among children in Germany

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Burchartz ◽  
Doris Oriwol ◽  
Simon Kolb ◽  
Steffen C. E. Schmidt ◽  
Kathrin Wunsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Free Play ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Actigraph Accelerometer ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
Who Guideline ◽  
Activity Questionnaire

Abstract Background As children show a more complex but less structured movement behavior than adults, assessment of their many spontaneous and impulsive movements is a challenge for physical activity (PA) assessment. Since neither questionnaires nor accelerometers enable optimal detection of all facets of PA, a multimodal, combined approach of self-reported and device-based methods is recommended. Based on the number of days on which the participants reached the physical activity (PA) values given in the WHO guideline, this study examines 1) the difference between self-reported and device-based, measured PA and 2) whether PA differences between age and gender groups obtained by two methods are comparable. Methods Participants aged 6–17 years were randomly chosen and data were collected representatively at 167 sample points throughout Germany within the Motorik-Modul Study. PA of n = 2694 participants (52.3% female) was measured using the ActiGraph accelerometer (ACC) and a physical activity questionnaire (PAQ). The sample was divided into three age groups (6–10 yrs. n = 788, 11–13 yrs. n = 823, 14–17 yrs. n = 1083). Numbers of days per week with at least 60 min moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) were analyzed for both methods. Results Only every 25th respondent (4%) reaches the WHO standard of 60 min MVPA every day if measured with ACC. Self-reported PA was slightly higher (9%) (meanPAQ = 3.82 days; meanACC = 2.34 days; Fmethod = 915.85; p = <.001; fCohen = .64). The differences between the methods are significantly smaller in younger children than in the older age groups (Fage = 264.2, p < .001; fCohen = .48). The older the subjects are, the lower is the proportion of those who meet the WHO guideline on each day, with girls meeting the guideline less frequently than boys in all age groups. Conclusion Children and adolescents living in Germany show a very low adherence to the WHO guideline on PA. While younger children are much more active with their free play, especially children over 10 years of age and especially girls should be the target of programs to increase PA.

scholarly journals OBSERVING NATURAL OBJECTS: CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOWERING PLANTS PERCEIVED AS IMPORTANT BY 5- AND 10-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-120
Author(s):  
Marjanca Kos ◽  
Janez Jerman
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Biology Education ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Plant Characteristics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Test Plants

This research examined the ways in which children observe flowering plants, namely: which features they perceive as significant, whether the skill of observing flowering plants develops with age, and what is the difference between genders. The research involved 174 children: 89 children aged 5 and 85 children aged 10 who were given the task of choosing the plant they recognised as the same as each of the 10 given test plants among a total of 37 plants which looked more or less similar to the test plants. The analysis of the plant combinations the children most frequently mismatched showed, that colour is the feature to which they attribute the most importance. Shape turned out to be considered more important to the children than size. Older children revealed better plant observation skills than younger ones with the girls achieving better results than the boys in both age groups. The findings show that children's observation skills develop with age, and corroborate the need to support the development of observation in the educational process. Keywords: biology education, observation skills, plant characteristics, preschool children, primary school children.

RTS,S/AS01, a vaccine targeting pre-erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-537
Author(s):  
Lorenz von Seidlein ◽  
Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn ◽  
Podjanee Jittmala ◽  
Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
Keyword(s):  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Pivotal Phase ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Sub Saharan

RTS,S/AS01 is the most advanced vaccine to prevent malaria. It is safe and moderately effective. A large pivotal phase III trial in over 15 000 young children in sub-Saharan Africa completed in 2014 showed that the vaccine could protect around one-third of children (aged 5–17 months) and one-fourth of infants (aged 6–12 weeks) from uncomplicated falciparum malaria. The European Medicines Agency approved licensing and programmatic roll-out of the RTSS vaccine in malaria endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa. WHO is planning further studies in a large Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme, in more than 400 000 young African children. With the changing malaria epidemiology in Africa resulting in older children at risk, alternative modes of employment are under evaluation, for example the use of RTS,S/AS01 in older children as part of seasonal malaria prophylaxis. Another strategy is combining mass drug administrations with mass vaccine campaigns for all age groups in regional malaria elimination campaigns. A phase II trial is ongoing to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the RTSS in combination with antimalarial drugs in Thailand. Such novel approaches aim to extract the maximum benefit from the well-documented, short-lasting protective efficacy of RTS,S/AS01.

Age Differences in Eye Movements During Reading: Degenerative Problems or Compensatory Strategy?

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-311
Author(s):  
José David Moreno ◽  
José A. León ◽  
Lorena A. M. Arnal ◽  
Juan Botella
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

Abstract. We report the results of a meta-analysis of 22 experiments comparing the eye movement data obtained from young ( Mage = 21 years) and old ( Mage = 73 years) readers. The data included six eye movement measures (mean gaze duration, mean fixation duration, total sentence reading time, mean number of fixations, mean number of regressions, and mean length of progressive saccade eye movements). Estimates were obtained of the typified mean difference, d, between the age groups in all six measures. The results showed positive combined effect size estimates in favor of the young adult group (between 0.54 and 3.66 in all measures), although the difference for the mean number of fixations was not significant. Young adults make in a systematic way, shorter gazes, fewer regressions, and shorter saccadic movements during reading than older adults, and they also read faster. The meta-analysis results confirm statistically the most common patterns observed in previous research; therefore, eye movements seem to be a useful tool to measure behavioral changes due to the aging process. Moreover, these results do not allow us to discard either of the two main hypotheses assessed for explaining the observed aging effects, namely neural degenerative problems and the adoption of compensatory strategies.

scholarly journals Tower Running—Participation, Performance Trends, and Sex Difference

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Stark ◽  
Stefania Di Gangi ◽  
Caio Victor Sousa ◽  
Pantelis Nikolaidis ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Stair Climbing ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The Difference

Though there are exhaustive data about participation, performance trends, and sex differences in performance in different running disciplines and races, no study has analyzed these trends in stair climbing and tower running. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate these trends in tower running. The data, consisting of 28,203 observations from 24,007 climbers between 2014 and 2019, were analyzed. The effects of sex and age, together with the tower characteristics (i.e., stairs and floors), were examined through a multivariable statistical model with random effects on intercept, at climber’s level, accounting for repeated measurements. Men were faster than women in each age group (p < 0.001 for ages ≤69 years, p = 0.003 for ages > 69 years), and the difference in performance stayed around 0.20 km/h, with a minimum of 0.17 at the oldest age. However, women were able to outperform men in specific situations: (i) in smaller buildings (<600 stairs), for ages between 30 and 59 years and >69 years; (ii) in higher buildings (>2200 stairs), for age groups <20 years and 60–69 years; and (iii) in buildings with 1600–2200 stairs, for ages >69 years. In summary, men were faster than women in this specific running discipline; however, women were able to outperform men in very specific situations (i.e., specific age groups and specific numbers of stairs).

scholarly journals Dynamic scan paths investigations under manual and highly automated driving

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Navarro ◽  
Otto Lappi ◽  
François Osiurak ◽  
Emma Hernout ◽  
Catherine Gabaude ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Human Locomotion ◽  
Visual Scanning ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Visual Inputs ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Scan Paths ◽  
Highly Automated Driving

AbstractActive visual scanning of the scene is a key task-element in all forms of human locomotion. In the field of driving, steering (lateral control) and speed adjustments (longitudinal control) models are largely based on drivers’ visual inputs. Despite knowledge gained on gaze behaviour behind the wheel, our understanding of the sequential aspects of the gaze strategies that actively sample that input remains restricted. Here, we apply scan path analysis to investigate sequences of visual scanning in manual and highly automated simulated driving. Five stereotypical visual sequences were identified under manual driving: forward polling (i.e. far road explorations), guidance, backwards polling (i.e. near road explorations), scenery and speed monitoring scan paths. Previously undocumented backwards polling scan paths were the most frequent. Under highly automated driving backwards polling scan paths relative frequency decreased, guidance scan paths relative frequency increased, and automation supervision specific scan paths appeared. The results shed new light on the gaze patterns engaged while driving. Methodological and empirical questions for future studies are discussed.

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