From Dual-Earner to Dual-Career Families and Back Again

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Aldous
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Family Roles ◽  
Dual Career ◽  
Dual Earner ◽  
Household Division Of Labor ◽  
Full Time Employment

HISTORICAL data indicate that dual-earner families are not a new phenomenon. Reasons for the apparent failure to take this tradition into account in the literature, as well as the interest in the dual-career segment among these families are discussed. Women's continuing commitment to family roles, as shown by their lesser attachment to the labor market in terms of full-time employment, is shown. The implications of this commitment to the issue of household division of labor is examined, along with the contributions the following articles make to the literature.

scholarly journals The role of job-related spatial mobility in the household division of labor within couples in Germany and Poland

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-330
Author(s):  
Heather Hofmeister ◽  
Lena Hünefeld ◽  
Celina Proch
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Job Mobility ◽  
The Self ◽  
Spatial Mobility ◽  
Dual Earner ◽  
Household Division Of Labor ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Oder Nicht ◽  
Division Of Housework

This paper will examine the self-reported division of housework and childcare in Germany and Poland considering the job-related spatial mobility within dual-earner couples who are living in a household together with a partner, using 2007 data from the Job Mobility and Family Lives in Europe Project. We find that men who are spatially mobile for work often report shifting housework to their partners. Polish couples show a stronger tendency toward an egalitarian division of labor than German couples do, especially in terms of childcare. But the central finding of this research is, gender trumps national differences and spatial mobility constraints. Polish and German women, whether mobile for their work or not, report doing the majority of housework and childcare compared to their partners. Zusammenfassung Dieser Artikel untersucht die Aufteilung von Hausarbeit und Kinderbetreuung auf Basis von Selbsteinschätzungen berufsbedingt räumlichmobiler sowie nicht mobiler Befragter in Deutschland und Polen. Anhand von Daten des Projektes Job Mobility and Family Lives in Europe (2007) betrachten wir Personen, die mit ihrem Partner in einem Doppelverdienerhaushalt leben. So geben beruflich mobile Männer häufig an, die Hausarbeit auf ihre Partner zu übertragen. Polnische Paare zeigen eine stärkere Tendenz zu einer egalitären Arbeitsteilung als deutsche, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Kinderbetreuung. Das zentrale Ergebnis unserer Untersuchung ist jedoch, dass das Geschlecht sowohl Mobilitäts- als auch nationale Unterschiede überlagert. Sowohl polnische als auch deutsche Frauen, ob beruflich mobil oder nicht, übernehmen den Hauptanteil an der Hausarbeit und Kinderbetreuung.

scholarly journals Is There Less Labor Market Exclusion of People With Ill Health in “Flexicurity” Countries? Comparative Evidence From Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, and Belgium

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 476-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Heggebø ◽  
Veerle Buffel
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Poor Health Status ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
Cross National

Higher employment rates among vulnerable groups is an important policy goal; it is therefore vital to examine which social policies, or mix of policies, are best able to incorporate vulnerable groups – such as people with ill health – into the labor market. We examine whether 2 “flexicurity” countries, Denmark and the Netherlands, have less labor market exclusion among people with ill health compared to the neighboring countries of Norway and Belgium. We analyze the 2 country pairs of Denmark–Norway and the Netherlands–Belgium using OLS regressions and propensity score kernel matching of EU-SILC panel data (2010–2013). Both unemployment and disability likelihood is remarkably similar for people with ill health across the 4 countries, despite considerable social policy differences. There are 3 possible explanations for the observed cross-national similarity. First, different social policy combinations could lead toward the same employment outcomes for people with ill health. Second, most policy instruments are located on the supply side, and demand side reasons for the observed “employment penalty” (e.g., employer skepticism/discrimination) are often neglected. Third, it is too demanding to hold (full-time) employment for a sizeable proportion of those who have poor health status.

scholarly journals Unclear Signals, Uncertain Prospects: The Labor Market Consequences of Freelancing in the New Economy

Social Forces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan D Mai
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
New Economy ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Contingent Work ◽  
Employer Perceptions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Market Consequences ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
Depth Interviews

Abstract The advent of various types of contingent jobs complicates selection criteria for full-time employment. While previous studies analyzed the penalties associated with other forms of contingent work, the labor market consequences of freelancing have been overlooked. I argue that freelancing works have features of both “good” and “bad” jobs, transcend the demarcation between “primary” and “secondary” sectors implied by segmentation theorists, and thus embed uncertainty around their categorization and meaning. Drawing on the “signal clarity” concept from management scholarship, I extend existing sociological works on employer perceptions of candidates by proposing a model to theorize how a history of freelancing affects workers’ prospects at the hiring stage. I present results from two interrelated studies. First, I use a field experiment that involves submitting nearly 12,000 fictitious resumes to analyze the causal effect of a freelancing work history on the likelihood of getting callbacks. The experiment reveals that freelancing decreases workers’ odds of securing full-time employment by about 30 percent. Second, I use data from 42 in-depth interviews with hiring officers to illustrate two mechanisms that could account for that observed effect. Interview data demonstrate that freelancing sends decidedly unclear competence signals: employers are hesitant to hire freelancers not because these candidates lack skills but because verifying these skills is difficult. Freelancing also sends clearer and negative commitment signals. This study sheds new lights on labor market segmentation theory and deepens our understanding of how nonstandard work operates as a vehicle for inequality in the new economy.

scholarly journals Retirement decisions in a changing labor market

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Robert L. Clark ◽  
Joseph P. Newhouse
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Pension Plans ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Employment Conditions ◽  
Retirement Saving ◽  
Retirement Decisions ◽  
Full Time Employment

Abstract The papers in this volume examine a series of important questions that influence the transition from full time employment to complete retirement. Retirement is shown to be a process as individuals move from career jobs to bridge jobs to being out of the labor force. The articles examine the characteristics of bridge jobs and the employment conditions that older workers prefer. Analysis provided by the authors show the importance of saving throughout work life and how pension plans and retirement saving plans influence the timing of retirement.

scholarly journals Hausarbeitsteilung und Erwerbsunterbrechung von Müttern unter den Bedingungen des neuen Elterngeldgesetzes. Erste empirische Befunde aus Bayern

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-45
Author(s):  
Florian Schulz ◽  
Harald Rost
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Family Roles ◽  
Traditional Family ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
First Child ◽  
Division Of Housework

This paper analyzes the association between the duration of maternity leave and the division of housework, using a representative sample of Bavarian mothers who gave birth to their first child in 2007 under the new parenting benefit policy of the German federal government. The results show that mothers re-entering the labor market after a maximum break of 12 months after accouchement, which is in accordance with the intention of the parenting benefit policy, report more egalitarian housework arrangements than mothers with longer employment breaks. Yet, all women report a rather traditional division of labor with a relatively low contribution of their partners. Our finding that women who are highly educated and disapprove of traditional family roles report more egalitarian housework patterns is in line with previous research. Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag untersucht, ob unterschiedlich lange Erwerbsunterbrechungen von Müttern nach dem Übergang zur Erstelternschaft einen Einfluss auf die Aufteilung der Hausarbeit in Paarbeziehungen haben. Für die empirischen Analysen werden Daten einer repräsentativen Querschnittstudie über bayerische Mütter verwendet, die im Jahr 2007 ihr erstes Kind bekamen und für die damit das neue Elterngeldgesetz der Bundesregierung galt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Mütter, die frühzeitig den Wiedereinstieg in den Beruf realisieren und entsprechend den Anreizen des neuen Elterngeldgesetzes maximal für ein Jahr ihre Erwerbstätigkeit unterbrechen, ein partnerschaftlicheres Modell der Arbeitsteilung im Haushalt praktizieren als Mütter, die eine längere berufliche Pause einlegen. Dennoch ist nach wie vor ein traditionell ausgerichtetes Rollenmodell bei den untersuchten Paaren dominant, so dass sich der Beitrag der Väter zur Hausarbeit insgesamt auf einem niedrigen Niveau bewegt. Im Einklang mit anderen Studien steht der Befund, dass eine hohe Bildung und eine Abkehr von traditionellen Einstellungen eine partnerschaftlichere Hausarbeitsteilung begünstigen.

scholarly journals The Transition to Parenthood in the French and German Speaking Parts of Switzerland

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regula Zimmermann ◽  
Jean-Marie LeGoff
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Transition To Parenthood ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Labor Division ◽  
Male Breadwinner ◽  
The Family ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
Depth Interviews

After the first transition to parenthood, most couples adopt a gendered labor division, where mothers become main caregivers and fathers breadwinners of the family. By comparing two distinct language regions within one country, the present article explores how parents’ gendered labor division comes into existence and what role gendered culture and social policy play. The analysis draws on in-depth interviews with 23 German speaking and 73 French speaking participants from Switzerland. The results reveal that French speaking women and men presume an egalitarian labor division as parents. In German speaking regions, however, participants anticipate that mothers will become the main caregivers and fathers the breadwinners. It is shown that the labor market structure, which is in line with the male breadwinner norm, contributes to men’s full-time employment, whereas mothers’ labor market insertion is influenced by the acceptance of non-parental childcare and to a lesser extent by the offer of childcare facilities. Further, mothers experience more time conflicts than fathers, and the less mothers’ paid work is accepted, the more they suffer from feelings of guilt when being employed.

Employment Prospects and Skill Acquisition of Apprenticeship-Trained Workers in Germany

ILR Review ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 658-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Winkelmann
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Vocational Schools ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Job Stability ◽  
Apprenticeship Training ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Unemployment Spells ◽  
Full Time Employment

Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel for 1984–90, the author analyzes the entrance of young individuals into the German labor market, comparing the experience of apprenticeship graduates to that of graduates from universities, full-time vocational schools, and secondary schools. Apprentices experienced fewer unemployment spells in the transition to their first full-time employment than did non-apprentices. Among apprentices, those trained in large firms had the smoothest transition to employment; once employed, however, apprentices (whether they stayed in their training firm or not) and non-apprentices had similar job stability (as measured by tenure). An estimated 70% of apprenticeship trainees left their training firm within a five-year period. These findings are consistent with the view that apprenticeship training develops general, portable skills rather than firm-specific skills.

scholarly journals Agronomist vacancy in the online labor market: how employers want to see it

2021 ◽  
Vol 285 ◽  
pp. 01001
Author(s):  
Anna Aletdinova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Professional Standard ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Labor Exchange ◽  
Online Labor ◽  
Critical Competencies ◽  
Full Time Employment

In the article, the author identifies the professional and critical competencies of the Russian agronomist. The purpose of the study is to analyze the requirements of employers for vacancies of agronomists. The main research method is the intellectual analysis of the data of the online labor exchange. The author emphasized that the majority of vacancies contain invitations for full-time employment of agronomists, have requirements for work experience from 1 year to 6 years, salary offers from 25,000 rubles. Employers have more diverse requirements for competencies that differ from the competencies set out in the professional standard.

Family Size, Satisfaction, and Productivity in Dual-Career Couples

1978 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Bryson ◽  
Jeff B. Bryson ◽  
Marilyn F. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
American Psychological Association ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Dual Career ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Dual Career Couples ◽  
The Family ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
Final Degree

Responses by 196 couples—in which both spouses were members of the American Psychological Association—to a series of questions regarding domestic satisfaction, job satisfaction, and productivity were examined as a function of years since final degree and number of children in the family. There were consistent differences between the sexes in responses to these questions, indicating that wives were less satisfied and less productive than husbands in these couples. However, prior differences between groups in age, years since final degree, and rate of full-time employment disallowed any meaningful interpretations of these differences. Family size was found to influence satisfaction with time available for domestic activities, job, and avocations. Significant interactions indicated that these effects were more severe for the wife than for the husband, indicating that wives in dual-career couples bear a disproportionate share of the burden for child care. Influences of family size on satisfaction with rate of advancement and freedom to set long-term career goals were also noted.

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