scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccines May Not Prevent Nasal SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Asymptomatic Transmission

2020 ◽  
pp. 019459982098263
Author(s):  
Benjamin S. Bleier ◽  
Murugappan Ramanathan ◽  
Andrew P. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Upper Airway ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Vulnerable Patients ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Iga Response ◽  
Persistent Virus ◽  
Waning Immunity ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Current COVID-19 vaccine candidates are administered by injection and designed to produce an IgG response, preventing viremia and the COVID-19 syndrome. However, systemic respiratory vaccines generally provide limited protection against viral replication and shedding within the airway, as this requires a local mucosal secretory IgA response. Indeed, preclinical studies of adenovirus and mRNA candidate vaccines demonstrated persistent virus in nasal swabs despite preventing COVID-19. This suggests that systemically vaccinated patients, while asymptomatic, may still be become infected and transmit live virus from the upper airway. COVID-19 is known to spread through respiratory droplets and aerosols. Furthermore, significant evidence has shown that many clinic and surgical endonasal procedures are aerosol generating. Until further knowledge is acquired regarding mucosal immunity following systemic vaccination, otolaryngology providers should maintain precautions against viral transmission to protect the proportion of persistently vulnerable patients who exhibit subtotal vaccine efficacy or waning immunity or who defer vaccination.

Outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its manifestation

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bikash Debnath ◽  
Waikhom Somraj Singh ◽  
Kuntal Manna
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
World Health ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
Pregnant Mother ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
The World ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Effective Drugs ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) first outbreak in Wuhan, China, and the infection is intense worldwide. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for COVID-19. The World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed total deaths had noted 4.20% globally (March 21, 2020). Between the intervals of four months (July 21, 2020), confirmed total deaths had recorded 4.17%, globally. In India, 909 confirmed cases and 19 deaths were reported by Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, March 28, 2020. Between the intervals of 123 days In India, 1638870 confirmed cases and 35684 deaths. COVID-19 can potentially spread from person to person through direct contact or respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing. The most common symptoms are fever, dry cough, difficulty in breathing, and fatigue. A pregnant mother with COVID-19 has fewer chances to transfer this infection of her newborn babies. Children have less affected than an adult. A specific antiviral drug or vaccine has not been developed to cure the disease. Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, ritonavir, nafamostat, nitazoxanide, and remdesivir have effective drugs to treat COVID-19. Many vaccine candidates are under pre-clinical and clinical studies. In this review, we highlight the epidemiology, sign-symptoms, pathogenesis, mode of transmission, and effects of a pregnant mother with newborns, children, prevention, and drugs affective to COVID-19.

scholarly journals Antibody response to BTN162b2 mRNA vaccination in naïve versus SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects with and without waning immunity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donato Zipeto ◽  
Luca Dalle Carbonare ◽  
Maria Teresa Valenti ◽  
Zeno Bisoffi ◽  
Chiara Piubelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Serum Neutralization ◽  
Iga Response ◽  
Waning Immunity ◽  
Specific Igg

Abstract We profiled antibody responses in a cohort of recipients of the BTN162b2 mRNA vaccine who were either immunologically naïve (n=50) or had been previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 (n=51). Of the previously infected, 25 and 26 were infected during the first and second pandemic waves in Italy, respectively; the majority of those from the first wave had corresponding waning immunity with low to undetectable levels of anti-S antibodies and low anti-N antibodies. We observed in recipients who had been previously infected that spike-specific IgG and pseudovirus neutralization titers were rapidly recalled by a single vaccine dose to higher levels than those in naïve recipients after the second vaccine dose, irrespective of waning immunity. In all recipients, a single vaccine dose was sufficient to induce a potent IgA response that was not associated with serum neutralization titers.

scholarly journals Human Challenge Studies to Accelerate Coronavirus Vaccine Licensure

2020 ◽  
Vol 221 (11) ◽  
pp. 1752-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nir Eyal ◽  
Marc Lipsitch ◽  
Peter G Smith
Keyword(s):  
Natural Infection ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Baseline Risk ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Frequent Monitoring ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Related Mortality

Abstract Controlled human challenge trials of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates could accelerate the testing and potential rollout of efficacious vaccines. By replacing conventional phase 3 testing of vaccine candidates, such trials may subtract many months from the licensure process, making efficacious vaccines available more quickly. Obviously, challenging volunteers with this live virus risks inducing severe disease and possibly even death. However, we argue that such studies, by accelerating vaccine evaluation, could reduce the global burden of coronavirus-related mortality and morbidity. Volunteers in such studies could autonomously authorize the risks to themselves, and their net risk could be acceptable if participants comprise healthy young adults, who are at relatively low risk of serious disease following natural infection, if they have a high baseline risk of natural infection, and if during the trial they receive frequent monitoring and, following any infection, the best available care.

Nasal Carriage Rate and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of MethicillinResistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) among Health Care Workers in Tanta University Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol EJMM29 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Marwa S. Taha ◽  
Eman A. Younis ◽  
Eman E. Hegazy
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Resistant Organism ◽  
University Hospitals ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Vulnerable Patients ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
History Of

Background: MRSA is the most commonly known antimicrobial-resistant organism in hospitals worldwide. Objectives: This study aimed to detect the prevalence of MRSA carriage and its antibiogram among HCWs in Tanta University hospitals to improve infection control and preventive measures. Methodology: 223 nasal swabs from HCWs were inoculated onto Mannitol salt agar. Detection of MRSA was performed phenotypically using cefoxitin disc diffusion test on Muller–Hinton agar plates. Confirmation of MRSA was done by determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oxacillin by using E Test Strips. Results: Amongst the HCWs, 88 doctors and 135 nurses were randomly selected. The overall frequency of S. aureus nasal carriage was 129/223. Of the 129 S. aureus isolates, (17%) were MRSA. Internal medicine had a high proportion of MRSA positive (36.4%). (63.6%) of the MRSA positive HCWs had a history of using antibiotics during the past 3 months. A high frequency (77.3%) of MRSA was detected among nurses. (50%) HCWs with 5:10 years of working experience were colonized with MRSA. Conclusion: Multi-drug resistant organisms such as MRSA are a major public health challenge. Colonized HCWs are asymptomatic carriers and can transmit MRSA to vulnerable patients. To control the transmission of MRSA in hospitals, multidisciplinary efforts are recommended to implement and improve infection control policies.

scholarly journals An outbreak of infection due to verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in four families: the influence of laboratory methods on the outcome of the investigation

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. CHAPMAN ◽  
C. A. SIDDONS ◽  
J. MANNING ◽  
C. CHEETHAM
Keyword(s):  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Bloody Diarrhoea ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Macconkey Agar ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
The Family ◽  
Iga Response

Three members of family A, who had diarrhoea on 20 October, lived on a small arable farm which had 10 cattle. Manure from the animals was used to fertilize the ground for growing potatoes which were then offered for retail sale, unwashed, directly from the farm. The mother from family B bought potatoes, which were covered with manure, from family A in early November and over the subsequent 10 days she became ill with diarrhoea and her daughter and son both became ill with bloody diarrhoea. The mother from family C visited family B while the daughter from the latter family was symptomatic; the mother developed diarrhoea several days later. The mother and two sons from family D visited family B while the son from the latter family was symptomatic; the first son developed bloody diarrhoea 6 days later which progressed to development of haemolytic-uraemic syndrome. Direct culture of faecal samples onto cefixime rhamnose sorbitol MacConkey agar failed to isolate E. coli O157 from any of the symptomatic patients, and direct culture onto cefixime tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar isolated the organism from only one patient. In contrast, a combination of isolation of E. coli O157 by immunomagnetic separation and detection of E. coli O157-specific secretory IgA, suggested E. coli O157 infection in all eight symptomatic patients, but not in any of the family members who were not ill. Two children who excreted the organism for 60 and 89 days respectively were the only two patients who did not develop a secretory IgA response. E. coli O157 was not isolated from potatoes from the farm and faecal samples from the farm animals were not available for examination. The study illustrates the need to use the most sensitive methods available during the investigation and follow up of cases of E. coli O157 infection.

Secretory IgA response in oral immunotherapy.

Allergy ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 760-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Taudorf ◽  
C. Møller ◽  
M. W. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Oral Immunotherapy ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Iga Response

scholarly journals Functional maturation of nasal mucosa: role of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA)

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Bellussi ◽  
Jacopo Cambi ◽  
Desiderio Passali
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Child ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Circadian Variation ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Middle Turbinate ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Nasal Secretion ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Secretory IgA (SIgA) plays an important role in defending the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory airways from common infection. Studying and comparing the values and the daily variation of SIgA in nasal secretion could explain the largest number of upper respiratory infection, especially in children. Moreover, the ELISA dosage of SIgA in nasal secretion, sampled by cotton swabs positioned between septum and middle turbinate for 20 minutes every 4 hours 5 times in a day, can be easily performed and shows significant differences between the healthy child and the healthy adult. Nasal secretion SIgA mean value is lower in the healthy child than in the healthy adult. Circadian variation for healthy child showed the highest value at 7.00 a.m., while in adult the highest value was at 4.00 a.m. These knowledge on SIgA may help to explain the highest number of upper airway infection during childhood and clarify the physiological cycle of production. Thus, in performing a SIgA dosage the time of sample must be considered and preferably it should be made at a standardized time of the day.

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