Implications of the Rohingya Relocation from Cox’s Bazar to Bhasan Char, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 019791832110648
Author(s):  
Md. Didarul Islam ◽  
Ayesha Siddika
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Host Country ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Onward Migration

This IMR Dispatch attempts to elucidate the different concerns of human right groups and international communities over the relocation of the Rohingyas, a forcefully displaced ethnic minority of Myanmar, from the Cox's Bazar refugee camps, in mainland Bangladesh, to a newly developed island, Bhasan Char, in the Bay of Bengal. Of the nearly 1 million Rohingyas currently living in Cox's Bazar camps, the Bangladesh government has started relocating 100,000 Rohingyas to Bhasan Char. International organizations have expressed three concerns over this relocation strategy: first, that the Rohingyas have been relocated to Bhasan Char forcibly, second, that since Bhasan Char is a newly built island, there are potential environmental risks for the Rohingyas, and third, that this relocation does not ensure that the Rohingyas’ human rights will be respected on the island. The Bangladesh government, however, has dismissed these allegations, arguing that the relocation of 100,000 Rohingyas is voluntary and that the island provides them an opportunity for improved living. This IMR Dispatch reflects on those allegations concerning the relocation strategy, with the goal of drawing migration scholars’ attention to these developments. Since the Rohingyas are already a forcibly displaced community, migration scholars should pay close attention to this re-migration or onward migration of large numbers of Rohingyas to a new island and its implications for host-country approaches to forced migration.

scholarly journals Breastfeeding in Refugee Camps: A Child and Maternal Right?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleisha Ebrahimi
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
Human Right ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
Formula Milk ◽  
International Human ◽  
Milk Marketing

Abstract In recognition of the health benefits breastfeeding offers for both mother and child, breastfeeding has been acknowledged in various International Human Rights Law instruments. Furthermore, against the backdrop of aggressive formula milk marketing campaigns, significant soft law provisions contained within the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes 1981 regulate and control the promotion of breastmilk substitutes. Refugee camps, however, remain aligned with pre-code practice, as formula milk is often one of the first donations to arrive in camps. Mothers, who are still affected by historical formula marketing campaigns, receive formula milk and perceive its availability and distribution as an endorsement over breastfeeding. In this article, International Human Rights Law is analysed, within the framework of the principle of the best interests of the child, to determine if the choice to breastfeed should be protected as a human right and how the indiscriminate supply of formula milk interacts with this choice in refugee camps.

Part VIII Accountability for Displacement and Refugee Rights Violations, Ch.64 The Accountability of International Organizations in Refugee and Migration Law

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klabbers Jan
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Refugee Protection ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Law ◽  
European Agency ◽  
The Eu

This chapter highlights the accountability of international organizations in refugee and migration law. It sets out the general responsibility regime as it applies to international organizations with special reference to refugee protection. Several international organizations are pertinent: most prominently UNHCR and the International Organization for Migration (IOM), but also the EU through Frontex, its European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders, and the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Refugee protection also involves several different settings, from the running of refugee camps and the guarding of borders to the handling of individual asylum applications. In general, the chapter demonstrates that responsibility is highly elusive.

scholarly journals OS MIGRANTES E REFUGIADOS, OS IMPACTOS DA COVID-19: RESPOSTA, POR MEIO DE PLANOS E DADOS

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 148-162
Author(s):  
Wellington Boigues Corbalan Tebar ◽  
Edinilson Donisete Machado
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
The Face ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Descriptive Method

This paper aimed to analyze, in general, the situation of migrants and refugees in the face of the adversities generated by the pandemic of COVID-19. During this period, the vulnerability of these groups of people was noted, either by the exclusionary behaviors of the society in which they are inserted, or by the measures taken by the governments to contain the impacts of the disease, as well as mitigation of its effects. To this end, data were presented, referring to the main impacts generated by the health crisis, as well as recommendations for National States to develop adequate response plans. It was found that the situation in the refugee camps is also worrying. The confinement of several people, in the same place, whose number often exceeds the occupation capacity, added to the precarious conditions of health, hygiene and basic sanitation, facilitates the spread of the virus, becoming easy targets of the disease. That is why it was concluded that, as the situation of vulnerability worsens, due to the evolution of the pandemic, so much more effective must be the responses to be given by national governments to guarantee human rights to this group of people. The research took, as a reference, official documents prepared by international organizations (global and regional level) for the protection of human rights. And the exploratory-descriptive method was used, with a qualitative approach, as official documents were analyzed, prepared by international organizations (at global and regional level) for the protection of human rights.

scholarly journals Attributing Wrongful Conduct of Implementing Partners to unhcr

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 42-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Janmyr
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
International Protection ◽  
Host State ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
International Responsibility

Refugee camps are often managed by a wide set of actors other than the Host State. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (unhcr), tasked under international law to provide “international protection” to refugees and to seek “permanent solutions for the problem of refugees”, often sub-contracts the daily management of camps to non-governmental organizations (ngo). In 2013, unhcr collaborated with 733 ngos worldwide. Together with unhcr, these “implementing partners” often perform public powers normally exercised by the Host State. But when human rights violations occur following the conduct of a unhcr implementing partner, which actor(s) are responsible under international law? This article focuses on unhcr’s international responsibility for the conduct of ngo implementing partners. By exploring unhcr’s standard sub-contracting agreements through the lens of the International Law Commission’s (ilc) Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations (ario), it answers questions such as: Which human rights requirements does unhcr place on implementing partners? Under what circumstances may unhcr be held responsible under the ario for the acts of its implementing partners? It finds that an application of the ario would make unhcr internationally responsible for the wrongful conduct of implementing partners, even when sub-contracting agreements include clauses absolving unhcr from any liability.

scholarly journals Securing Human Right to Water through Public Procurement in Slovakia

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-273
Author(s):  
Adam Máčaj
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Human Right ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
National Institutions ◽  
International Human

Summary The paper aims firstly to assess the deficiencies in access to drinking water that are present in Slovakia. Recently, the country was condemned for various violations in ensuring access to drinking water for all, whether by third parties, but also national institutions and international organizations. Drawing upon the identified failures and violations, the actions undertaken to remedy the situation are analysed, especially in order to establish whether Slovakia dispenses with its obligations under the human right to water and addresses the identified problems satisfactorily. Finally, the process of public procurement in providing drinking water is considered, having regard to its role in promptness and efficiency of addressing the unsatisfactory situation which makes Slovakia open to severe criticism from international human rights bodies.

scholarly journals More Venezuelans in Trinidad in the 21st century

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinyere Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
Human Rights Organizations ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Present Context ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
International Human ◽  
Government Authority

AbstractVenezuelan 'asylum seekers' arriving at the coast of Trinidad enter a new reality and become a part of a world of politics and processing like most migrants do. By no fault of their own, they embody local and global tensions concerning migration policies, border control, government authority, and international human rights and protection. This paper raises questions about the complex status and identity of Venezuelan migrants in Trinidad who came seeking asylum in recent years. The results demonstrate that internationally accepted “refugee” and “asylum seeker” categorization is highly unstable in the present context due to the core economic issues underlying forced migration. In line with previous anthropological research, the study highlights the ways in which labels do not encapsulate the local and global causes underlying forced migration and displacement. While international law is well-meaning, there remains a lot to be desired in the long-term protection of displaced people. There are also geographic and economic limits of small islands to absorb large numbers of displaced persons which, to date, has not been recognized by international human rights organizations.

Forced displacement in Colombia: Magnitude and causes

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Maria Ibanez
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Illegal Drugs ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
Forced Displacement ◽  
Humanitarian Crisis ◽  
Individual Basis ◽  
The Impact

The article describes the magnitude, geographical extent,  and causes of forced population displacements in Colombia. Forced migration in Colombia is a war strategy adopted by armed groups to strengthen territorial strongholds, weaken civilian support to the enemy, seize valuable lands, and produce and transport illegal drugs with ease. Forced displacement in Colombia today affects 3.5 million people. Equivalent to 7.8 percent of Colombia's population, and second worldwide only to Sudan, this shows the magnitude of the humanitarian crisis the country is facing. The phenomenon involves all of Colombia's territory and nearly 90 percent of the country's municipalities expel or receive population. In contrast to other countries, forced migration in Colombia is largely internal. Illegal armed groups are the main responsible parties, migration does not result in massive refugee streams but occurs on an individual basis, and the displaced population is dispersed throughout the territory and not focused in refugee camps. These characteristics pose unique challenges for crafting state policy that can effectively mitigate the impact of displacement.

Involuntary Circumcision of Males in Illegal Initiation Schools in South Africa: A Violation of African Customary Human Rights?

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Porsche Makama
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
Topical Issue ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Traditional Practice

The incidence of deaths associated with the practice of forced and botched circumcisions at initiation schools has become a topical issue in South Africa. In recent times, the number of deaths and injuries among initiates has risen at an alarming rate, most of them occurring at illegal initiation schools. The continuous rise in the number of injuries among initiates at these schools has elicited mixed reactions among community members, some referring to it as genocide in the case of fatalities and calling for its abandonment, while others argue that this traditional practice should be allowed to continue. The majority of young men who go to initiation schools do not make the decision on their own, nor do they have a choice in the matter. Instead they are compelled by parents or guardians, influenced by friends, and also coerced by others in the community who insist that they have to ‘go to the mountain’, as initiation schools are generally referred to in South Africa. It has been argued by those against circumcision that this practice infringes constitutional rights and contravenes the Children’s Act 38 of 2005. There have been numerous instances where young and even mature males have been taken from the streets, or even from the comfort of their homes, and forced into circumcision camps with or without their consent. This begs the question whether the continued practice of a cultural tradition that violates the fundamental human right and freedom to choose religious and cultural beliefs is justifiable.

Housing as a Basic Human Right: A Reflection on South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mziwandile Sobantu ◽  
Nqobile Zulu ◽  
Ntandoyenkosi Maphosa
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
Rights Discourse ◽  
Human Rights Discourse

This paper reflects on human rights in the post-apartheid South Africa housing context from a social development lens. The Constitution guarantees access to adequate housing as a basic human right, a prerequisite for the optimum development of individuals, families and communities. Without the other related socio-economic rights, the provision of access to housing is limited in its service delivery. We argue that housing rights are inseparable from the broader human rights discourse and social development endeavours underway in the country. While government has made much progress through the Reconstruction and Development Programme, the reality of informal settlements and backyard shacks continues to undermine the human rights prospects of the urban poor. Forced evictions undermine some poor citizens’ human rights leading courts to play an active role in enforcing housing and human rights through establishing a jurisprudence that invariably advances a social development agenda. The authors argue that the post-1994 government needs to galvanise the citizenship of the urban poor through development-oriented housing delivery.

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