Peasant Struggles and Social Change: Migration, Households and Gender in a Rural Turkish Society

1994 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 554-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzan M. Ilcan
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Seasonal Migration ◽  
Migrant Labor ◽  
Rural Culture ◽  
Subsistence Production ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Kinship Ties ◽  
Turkish Society ◽  
Persistent Unemployment

This article sheds light on the interrelationship of seasonal migration, subsistence production and peasant relations in a community (Sakli) located in Turkey's northwestern countryside. Most studies argue that rural outmigration is either an adaptation to persistent unemployment or a phenomenon resulting from pressures and counterpressures in the social relations of production. These approaches tend to overlook the specific features of rural culture and power in determining conditions for seasonal migration and its effects on social relations. While migrant labor is understood by local villagers as forming part of a continual battle to preserve local tradition and kinship ties, this article shows how it reduces the dominion of landlords while creating internal household differentiation and gendered hierarchies.

Diversity and Relationships

2020 ◽  
pp. 114-150
Author(s):  
Mona Sue Weissmark
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
And Gender

This chapter outlines key issues in scientific literature concerning how evolutionary processes have shaped the human mind. To that end, psychologists have drawn on Charles Darwin’s sexual selection hypothesis, or how males compete for reproduction and the role of female choice in the process. Darwin argued that evolution hinged on the diversity resulting from sexual reproduction. Evolutionary psychologists posit that heterosexual men and women evolved powerful, highly patterned, and universal desires for particular characteristics in a mate. Critics, however, contend that Darwin’s theory of sexual selection was erroneous, in part because his ideas about sexual identity and gender were influenced by the social mores of his elite Victorian upper class. Despite this critique, some researchers argue similarly to Darwin that love is part of human biological makeup. According to their hypotheses, cooperation is the centerpiece of human daily life and social relations. This makes the emotion of love, both romantic and maternal love, a requirement not just for cooperation, but also for the preservation and perpetuation of the species. That said, researchers speculate that encounters with unfamiliar people, coincident with activated neural mechanisms associated with negative judgments, likely inspire avoidance behavior and contribute to emotional barriers. This suggests the need to further study the social, psychological, and clinical consequences of the link between positive and negative emotions.

Sachs, Chavafambira, Maggie: Prurience or the Pathology of Social Relations?

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grahame Hayes
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Traditional Healer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Subject ◽  
The South ◽  
The Social ◽  
Southern Rhodesia ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Mind

Black Hamlet (1937; reprinted 1996) tells the story of Sachs's association with John Chavafambira, a Manyika nganga (traditional healer and diviner), who had come to Johannesburg from his home in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe). Sachs's fascination with Chavafambira was initially as a “research subject” of a psychoanalytic investigation into the mind of a sane “native”. Over a period of years Sachs became inextricably drawn into the suffering and de-humanization experienced by Chavafambira as a poor, black man in the urban ghettoes that were the South Africa of the 1930s and 1940s. It is easy these days to want to dismiss Sachs's “project” as the prurient gaze of a white, liberal psychiatrist. This would not only be an ahistorical reading of Black Hamlet, but it would also diminish the possibilities offered by what Said (1994) calls, a contrapuntal reading. I shall present a reading of Black Hamlet, focusing on the three main characters - Sachs, Chavafambira, and Maggie (Chavafambira's wife) - as emblematic of the social relations of the other, racial(ised) bodies, and gender.

The hearthhold in pastoral Fulbe society, central Mali: social relations, milk and drought

Africa ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjam de Bruijn
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Gender Relations ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Social Unit ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Nomadic Pastoralists ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Social Units

AbstractIn pastoral Fulbe society in central Mali women had and in some degree still have an important social and economic role, concentrated on a milk economy organised through a special female-headed, women-centred unit called by the Fulbe fayannde, or ‘hearthhold’. In a society of semi-nomadic pastoralists who live most of the year in small social units, social relations and networks are very important, perhaps even crucial to the success of their main survival strategy, which is transhumant cattle-keeping. In the literature on the Fulbe this social unit has received relatively little attention. An analysis from the perspective of the ‘hearthhold’ sheds new light on property and gender relations in Fulbe society in general.Drought has had an enormous impact on the situation of the Jallube studied in this article. Economic change—a switch to agriculture and production for the market—has brought about a shift of focus for the men. Economically, milk is no longer essential for them, and hence the fayannde loses its importance; socially, too, the role of the fayannde, as symbolised by milk, is changing. For women the erosion of the fayannde is serious: an analysis of marriage gifts shows how important the fayannde is not only to the social organisation of the Jallube but also to their economic viability. In times of stress this importance may be greater for women than for men. The decline of the fayannde may lead to a transformation of gender relations, the marriage ceremony and women's social security—changes that the return of the rains or the re-establishment of herds may not reverse.

scholarly journals Moral Money? LETS and the Social Construction of Local Economic Geographies in Southeast England

1996 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1377-1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Lee
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Local Exchange ◽  
Trading Systems ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Formal Economy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Media ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Moral Economic

Local exchange employment and trading systems (LETS) have spread rapidly throughout the United Kingdom during the 1990s. Like all economic geographies, they are socially constructed and are more than a simple response to social exclusion. The economic activity generated by and conducted through LETS is based upon direct forms of social relations and a local currency which facilitate locally defined systems of value formation and distinctive moral economic geographies. Nevertheless, LETS take on some of the class and gender characteristics of the wider economy. Furthermore, the ways in which LETS are represented—not least in the media—may serve to stereotype them as exclusionary and marginal to the needs of those most in need and so to distance them from those excluded from the formal economy.

scholarly journals Relasi Kekerabatan Patronase Masyarakat Muna

2021 ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Asliah Zainal ◽  
Muhammad Asrianto Zainal ◽  
Waode Ainul Rafiah ◽  
Wa Kina Wa Kina
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Political Preference ◽  
Social Community ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Kinship System ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
The Social ◽  
Kinship Ties

This study is addressed to two things: the relationship of kinship and patronage, which take place in social aspect (education and economy) and culture (life cycle ceremony), and the relation of patronage kinship system, which implies on cohesion social community of Muna. This study showed that the relation of the Muna family was tied socially and culturally by two vertices, descent/affinity relation and patronage relation or patronage kinship system and in local term called intaidi bhasitie (we are family). The patronage kinship in Muna family works in almost every aspect of community life, both in social; educational, economic, even political; and cultural (life cycle ceremony). By using Anthropological family, this study argues that the kinship systems wrapped by patronage or boosted patronage by kinship relationships are neither firm nor sustainable. It may be safe in education, economy, and cultural aspects but may be weakened in political preference. Even though a relative still tied up in a family's node but his indifference will be called "family but not". This social relationship will threaten the bond of kinship that eventually fragile and unravel, and the social relation seems to be a pseudo kingship. This research implies that the social relations of patronage kinship will threaten kinship ties which are eventually fragile and unravel, resulting in pseudo kingship if the conditions for a patron-client as Scott's theory are not fulfilled, and eventually become a transactional relationship bond. This research is expected to provide an understanding that kinship ties or patronage relations are traditionally socio-cultural capital that is increasingly threatened by the demands of economic and political interests in modern transactional relationships.

scholarly journals The High-hanging Fruit of the Gender Revolution: A Model of Social Reproduction and Social Change

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-61
Author(s):  
David Calnitsky
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Equilibrium Path ◽  
The Social ◽  
Leave Policy ◽  
And Gender

This article proposes an abstract sociological model of stable patriarchal social relations and feminist social change. I describe a patriarchal equilibrium of gender inequality and propose an approach for thinking about how various kinds of interventions can short-circuit the system, pushing it onto a new equilibrium path. In particular, I focus on possible interventions into parental leave policy, describing their social structural and cultural ramifications as well as a range of objections to them. However, more important than the specific interventions proposed is the general model itself, which depicts reinforcing structures of patriarchal culture, gender inequality in labor markets, and gender inequality in the home—and moreover, how this model can evolve. It describes a feedback loop that can lock structures of gender inequality in place but also provides a means for considering the spaces available to both blunt the social reproduction of gender inequality and reinforce “genderless” social relations.

White Domestic Goddess on a Postmodern Plantation: Charity and Commodity Racism in The Blind Side

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Montez de Oca
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
National Football League ◽  
The United States ◽  
Blind Side ◽  
White Family ◽  
Private Charity ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Cultural Commodity

This article looks at the Hollywood “blockbuster” movie The Blind Side (2009) to explore intersections of race, class, and gender in a significant neoliberal, cultural commodity. Animating the production and, apparently, the consumption of the film is the “inspiring” story of Michael Oher, an impoverished young African American man who was adopted by a wealthy white family and rose to success in the National Football League in the United States. The film mobilizes postracial and postfeminist discourses to tell a story of redemption and how private charity can overcome social problems that the state cannot. Ultimately, charity operates as a signifying act of whiteness that obscures the social relations of domination that not only make charity possible but also creates an urban underclass in need of charity.

Seasonal Migration from Beed District of Maharashtra: A Livelihood Struggle of Dalit and Adivasi Households

2021 ◽  
pp. 2455328X2110004
Author(s):  
Abdul Jaleel C.P. ◽  
Aparajita Chattopadhay
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Seasonal Migration ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Brick Kilns ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wage Employment ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Income Variability ◽  
Irrigation Infrastructure

Due to the scarcity of water, frequent crop failure and low returns from cultivation, agriculture in the state of Maharashtra is in a distressed condition. With a semi-arid topography, below average rainfall and limited irrigation infrastructure, Beed—a predominantly rural district—subsists through rainfed agriculture and wage employment. Every year, during dry season (November to May), villages in the district are face with severe seasonal unemployment. To tide over the lean season, thousands of small and marginal peasant households migrate to other districts of the state, and even outside the state, to work in sugar factories and brick kilns. The social experience and consequences of migration are far from uniform, but shaped by class, caste and gender. Drawing connections between seasonal migration and rural crisis, our narrative show how seasonal migration compensates for the lack of employment opportunities and reduces seasonal income variability of the poor households in Beed district. At the same time, this article also explains how seasonal migration traps these households in the vicious cycle of economic and social backwardness.

scholarly journals The Post-politics of Recognition in Hegemonic Struggles

Intersections ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalma Feró
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Radical Politics ◽  
Consensus Building ◽  
Politics Of Recognition ◽  
Minority Politics ◽  
Feminist Politics ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Intervention ◽  
And Gender

In the history of post-WWII Western emancipation movements, a marked shift took place from a liberation to a recognition paradigm. The latter embodies a distinctly post-political conceptualisation of social justice in its (re)formulation of the political with respect to the personal and with respect to social relations. As a result, recognition politics not only gives way to the fragmentation of justice claims, but also weaponises them against each other, as for instance ‘sexual and gender minority’ politics have expropriated crucial political arenas from feminist politics. These permutations of recognition politics are not the result of spontaneous, inevitable development, but that of political intervention devised to transform, neutralise, and absorb radical politics. Recognition politics has thus become a basic hegemonic strategy of transformism, consensus-building, and the forging of ‘common sense.’ Despite the mechanisms deployed to manage its internal contradictions (like the rainbow coalition and intersectionality), reinvigorated criticisms have blamed recognition politics for the crumbling of the current hegemony of liberalism. However, recognition seems to have been so deeply embedded in the social and cultural imagination that apparently neither internal critiques, nor the currently emerging counter-hegemonic projects can shake it off.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Urban
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Domestic Labor ◽  
Migrant Labor ◽  
Free Labor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Key Concepts

This chapter provides an overview of the book’s focus, and devotes particular attention to the key concepts that it grapples with: labor brokerage, contracts and their relationship to defining free labor, the economic and social value of domesticity, and the involvement of the state in determining how supplies of domestic labor get constituted and regulated. As the introduction to the book, this chapter emphasizes how this study approaches domestic labor in a unique way, by connecting how the social relations undergirding the production of middle-class domesticity are brokered and consciously governed through various attempts to move migrant labor as a commodity.

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