scholarly journals Thought Disorder on Object Sorting Test Is Associated with Executive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
pp. 025371762094119
Author(s):  
BR Sahithya ◽  
Shweta Rai ◽  
Rishikesh V. Behere
Keyword(s):  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Concept Formation ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Thought Disorder ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Deficit ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Object Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test

Background: Thought disorder is considered to be central to the core disturbances in schizophrenia and was described by Goldstein as aberrant “concept formation.” Executive dysfunction is another core deficit in schizophrenia. With a greater emphasis on psychopathology in nosological systems, the classical thought disorder receives less prominence. The present study aimed to understand the association between classical thought disorder (aberrant concept formation and concrete abstraction) and executive dysfunction. Methods: Thirty patients with schizophrenia and thirty healthy subjects, matched on age, gender, education, and socioeconomic status, were screened using MINI 5.0, following which they were assessed on object sorting test (OST) and selected tests for executive functions (EFs). Results: Individuals with schizophrenia were found to have significantly decreased performance on all domains of EFs and OST. Total peculiar scores on OST were significantly associated with mental speed, focused attention, and divided attention. Total impoverished scores on OST was significantly associated with focused attention, sustained attention, planning, set shifting, perseveration, and concept formation. Conclusion: Several correlations, among performance on OST and neuropsychological tests, suggest that patterns of responses on OST can point to underlying executive dysfunction. Both thought disorder and executive dysfunction mirror similar constructs. This similarity represents a conceptual bridge between the classical and contemporary descriptions of the core deficits in schizophrenia.

Familial Relationships of Allusive Thinking in University Students and Their Parents

1968 ◽  
Vol 114 (514) ◽  
pp. 1079-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. McConaghy ◽  
M. Clancy
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Thought Disorder ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Conceptual Level ◽  
Formal Thought Disorder ◽  
Object Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test

Rapaport (1945) was the first worker to advance evidence that at least two types of formal thought disorder contributed to the disturbance of thinking found in schizophrenia; and furthermore that neither of these types of thinking was specific to schizophrenia. Rapaport administered the Bolles Goldstein Object Sorting Test to 217 psychiatric patients and to a control group of 54 patrolmen. He found that schizophrenics showed a tendency to function more at a concrete level and less at an abstract conceptual level, as described first by Vigotsky (1934). This tendency was also shown by depressives and by persons who were not mentally ill but had a poor cultural background.

Relationship between Severity of Illness and Overinclusive Thinking in Schizophrenia

1970 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-254
Author(s):  
Robert J. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Thought Disorder ◽  
Significant Source ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenics ◽  
Psychotic Reaction ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Object Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test ◽  
Meaningful Research ◽  
Reaction Profile

40 chronic schizophrenics were tested on 3 measures of overinclusive thinking, i.e., Epstein's test, proverbs and the Object Sorting Test, and then were rated for severity of illness with the Psychotic Reaction Profile. The results showed that severity of illness can be a significant source of variance in assessing schizophrenic thought disorder. Overinclusive thinking is not merely a trait evinced by schizophrenics irregardless of subject variable or stimulus elements. Failure to consider these factors in research designs may obscure the results of potentially meaningful research.

Personality and Cognitive Learning among Alcoholics with Different Intervals of Sobriety

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1125-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. White
Keyword(s):  
Alcoholics Anonymous ◽  
Concept Formation ◽  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Personality Structure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Object Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test

This study was directed toward two select populations of Alcoholics Anonymous: 25 members with a verified sobriety interval of 1 to 3 mo., and 25 members with a verified sobriety interval of more than 3 yr. The 50 Ss were given Cattell's 16 PF and the Gelb-Goldstein-Weigl-Scheerer Object Sorting Test. A significant difference ( P < .05) was reported on 9 of 16 personality factors; a marked difference ( P < .001) was apparent when the groups were examined for a capacity to make any abstract-volitional shifts. Results support the hypothesis of heterogeneity of personality structure and divergent concept formation among male alcoholics in Alcoholics Anonymous and point to the meaningfulness of the length of sobriety in evaluating psychological characteristics of these Ss.

Objective Measures of Thinking Integrated with Psychiatric Symptoms

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 539-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Concept Formation ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Thought Disorder ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Factor Scores

Considering (1) overinclusion to be related to symptoms of paranoia, delusions, thought-disorder, and ideas of reference, and (2) retardation of speed to be related to depression and slowness, scores for 66 patients were examined on 11 tests of these dimensions. Thirty-eight variables in rotated principal components gave these factors: (a) overinclusion, (b) poor concept formation, and (c) conceptual retardation. The overinclusion hypothesis was confirmed except for ideas of reference. Overinclusion and retardation defined as symptom entities provided better differentiation on factor scores than did the diagnoses of schizophrenia and depression. It was proposed that generalization and mental speed have a curvilinear relationship in which the extremes are directly related to symptoms of disordered thinking and depression.

Comorbidity: Cognition and biology count!

2010 ◽  
Vol 33 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 168-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orly Rubinsten ◽  
Avishai Henik
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Disorders ◽  
The Core ◽  
Brain Levels ◽  
Core Deficit

AbstractWe agree with Cramer et al. that pure cases of behavioral disorders with no symptom overlaps are rare. However, we argue that disorders do exist and the network idea is limited and limiting. Networks of symptoms are observed mainly at behavioral levels. The core deficit is commonly at the cognitive or brain levels, and there the story is completely different.

scholarly journals Association among depression, cognitive impairment and executive dysfunction after stroke

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Terroni ◽  
Matildes F.M. Sobreiro ◽  
Adriana B. Conforto ◽  
Carla C. Adda ◽  
Valeri D. Guajardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Stroke Survivors ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Post Stroke Depression ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT The relationship between depression and cognitive impairment, frequent after stroke, is complex and has not been sufficiently elucidated. Objective: To review the relationship between post-stroke depression and cognitive impairment. Methods: We performed a PubMed database search spanning the last ten years, using the terms post-stroke depression, cognitive dysfunction, cognitive impairment and neuropsychological tests. Our target studies were original quantitative studies that investigated the relationship between post-stroke depression (PSD) and cognitive impairment in stroke patients. Articles published in English, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese were considered. Selection criteria were the use of neuropsychological tests to assess cognitive function, and of either instruments to diagnose major depression, or scales to assess depressive symptoms, within the first three months after stroke. Results: Six original quantitative studies fulfilled the criteria. The prevalence of PSD within the first three months after stroke ranged from 22% to 31%. Incidence ranged from 25% to 27% and was evaluated in only two studies. PSD was associated with increased cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment was reported in 35.2% to 87% of the patients. Post-stroke cognitive deficits were reported mostly in executive function, memory, language, and speed of processing. Conclusion: Executive dysfunction and depression occur in stroke survivors, are frequently coexistent, and also associated with worse stroke prognosis. Healthcare professionals need to address and provide adequate treatment for depression and executive dysfunctions in stroke patients early in the first three months after stroke. Future studies should evaluate the efficacy of programs evaluating the early detection and treatment of PSD and executive dysfunction in stroke survivors.

Should we Ignore Dimensional Risk Factors in Prevention of Schizophrenia? Signposts to Prevention

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. A22-A25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel McConaghy
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Abstract Thinking ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Genetic Transmission ◽  
Cognitive Markers ◽  
P300 Potentials ◽  
Object Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test

Objective The objective was to outline the development of the concept of allusive thinking as a genetic marker of predisposition to schizophrenia and relate this to other cognitive markers of this predisposition. Method Publications were reviewed which were considered relevant to the objective. Results Allusive thinking as detected clinically could be measured objectively from subjects' performance on an Object Sorting Test. Using this test it was shown that parents, both of patients with schizophrenia and of university students with allusive thinking, themselves showed allusive thinking, indicating it was familially transmitted. Subjects with allusive thinking showed reduced cortical evoked brain P300 potentials, suggesting the transmission was genetic. The hypothesis that allusive thinking was associated with weaker cortical inhibitory processes was supported by the finding that subjects with such thinking chose more remote word associations. It was suggested that reasons allusive thinking has not been used as a marker in intervention studies is that as a dimension of abstract thinking, marked allusive thinking is not associated with a high risk of developing schizophrenia, and that administration of the Object Sorting Test is time-consuming. Other dimensional cognitive factors, such as psychoticism and perceptual anhedonia and aberration, are independent of allusive thinking and are also associated with a low risk of developing schizophrenia. Genetic transmission of schizophrenia would appear to involve a number of predisposing factors distributed dimensionally in the population with the contribution of each factor being small. Conclusions As they are associated with only a low risk of predisposition to schizophrenia, cognitive markers may not be of immediate value in the prevention of schizophrenia when compared with the less specific markers used for this purpose. However, it would seem that their study will be necessary if the nature of the genetic transmission of the illness is to be understood. This understanding could be expected to ultimately lead to more effective prevention.

INECO Frontal Screening: an Instrument to assess Executive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tânia Silva ◽  
Luís Monteiro ◽  
Emanuela Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test ◽  
Experimental Group

AbstractAlthough several brief sensitive screening tools are available to detect executive dysfunction, few have been developed to quickly assess executive functioning. The INECO Frontal Screening (IFS) is a brief tool which has proved be useful for the assessment of the executive functions in patients with dementia. The aim of this study was to explore whether the IFS is as sensitive and specific as the BADS, a battery designed to assess the dysexecutive syndrome, in schizophrenia. Our sample comprised a group of 34 schizophrenic patients (Mean age = 39.59, DP = 10.697) and 31 healthy controls (Mean age = 35.52, DP = 10.211). To all groups were administered the BADS, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and IFS. The results suggest that schizophrenic patients performed significantly worse than the control group in all tests (p < .05). The IFS total score was 13.29 for the experimental group and 26.21 for the control group (p < .001). Considering a cut-off of 14 points, the IFS sensitivity was 100% and specificity 56% in detection of executive dysfunction in schizophrenia, compared with the BADS, that if we consider a cut-off of 11 points, was a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 50%. Thus, IFS is a brief, sensitive and specific tool for the detection of executive dysfunction in schizophrenia.

Developmental Dyscalculia in Adults: Beyond Numerical Magnitude Impairment

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 600-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice De Visscher ◽  
Marie-Pascale Noël ◽  
Mauro Pesenti ◽  
Valérie Dormal
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Numerical Magnitude ◽  
Developmental Dyscalculia ◽  
Common System ◽  
The Core ◽  
Magnitude Processing ◽  
Core Deficit ◽  
Face Categorization ◽  
Numerical Magnitudes

Numerous studies have tried to identify the core deficit of developmental dyscalculia (DD), mainly by assessing a possible deficit of the mental representation of numerical magnitude. Research in healthy adults has shown that numerosity, duration, and space share a partly common system of magnitude processing and representation. However, in DD, numerosity processing has until now received much more attention than the processing of other non-numerical magnitudes. To assess whether or not the processing of non-numerical magnitudes is impaired in DD, the performance of 15 adults with DD and 15 control participants was compared in four categorization tasks using numerosities, lengths, durations, and faces (as non-magnitude-based control stimuli). Results showed that adults with DD were impaired in processing numerosity and duration, while their performance in length and face categorization did not differ from controls’ performance. Our findings support the idea of a nonsymbolic magnitude deficit in DD, affecting numerosity and duration processing but not length processing.

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