A Concept of Two Authors: Commons and Williamson on Transactions

2021 ◽  
pp. 026010792110374
Author(s):  
Sebastião Neto Ribeiro Guedes ◽  
Rodrigo Constantino Jeronimo
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Research Context ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Neoclassical Economy

The idea of transactions in social sciences was conceived by John Rogers Commons in the beginning of the 1920s, representing a mental instrument capable of describing capitalism and its peculiarities. On the other hand, Oliver Williamson’s approach in late 1970s reduced the concept to the mere transfer of goods and services in institutions that are or are not guided by the price system. The aim of this article is to present the characteristics of these two different approaches to the concept of transactions, evidencing the role of epistemological aspects and investigative purposes (referred to relevant research context and problem originated in it) as the causes of its metamorphosis. John Commons’ effort to build up a concept not only capable of transcending the idea of exchange but also of giving a totalising perspective to the interpretation of capitalism is emptied in Williamson’s appropriation of the term. By utilising Commons’ conception of transactions and trying to subsume it to his ‘general theory of transaction costs’, Williamson limits its scope and meaning, adjusting it without producing rupture with the neoclassical economy. This article tries to catch the vicissitudes of this concept found in both authors. JEL: B15, B25, B31

Al-Nawawī's Typology of Muftīs and its Significance for a General Theory of Islamic Law

1996 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Calder
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
General Character ◽  
Recent Debate ◽  
Closed Door

AbstractThis essay offers, in Section 2, a translation of al-Nawawī's presentation of the hierarchy of Muftīs. The context of the passage and its terminology and arguments are explored in the other Sections in order to assess their implications for the general character of Islamic juristic activities. Section 1 identifies two themes central to the text, namely loyalty to madhhab and differentiation of the task of the teaching jurist and the muftī. The first of these is elaborated in Section 3, which points to formal qualities of presentation and argument which assert the hermeneutical continuity of the school tradition; and in Section 4, which deals with the pivotal role of the founding imām in the legitimation of the school tradition. Section 5 takes up the terms taqlīd and ijtihād and shows that al-Nawawī's usage points towards a complex resolution of the recent debate about the open/closed door of ijtihād. The last Section returns to the original two themes to make two suggestions: (1) that taqlīd may be assessed as a principal of vitality within a hermeneutical tradition; (2) that the author-jurist (not the practising muftī) is the dominant creative agent within the ongoing juristic traditions.

scholarly journals Peranan Maahad Tahfiz Ad-Din Dalam Melahirkan Huffaz di Negeri Perak Darul Ridzuan

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Khairul Firdhaus Abdullah ◽  
Mohamad Marzuqi Abdul Rahim ◽  
Wahyu Hidayat Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Good Level ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Goals And Objectives

This study aims to evaluate the role of Maahad Tahfiz ADDIN to produce huffaz in the State of Perak Darul Ridzuan based on the implementation of the Tahfiz Al-Quran curriculum with important instruments of collecting quantitative data (questionnaires). A survey method which was used involved 366 students from the Maahad Tahfiz Al-Quran ADDIN in the state of Perak who are randomly selected. The subjects of the study were students aged 13 years to 17 years old. A questionnaire was developed to collect the required data. The findings were analyzed descriptively by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22.0. The results show that the implementation of the goals and objectives of the Quranic Tahfiz curriculum at Maahad Tahfiz ADDIN was the highest mean of 3.60. The conclusions from this study show that the goal and objectives of tahfiz are at a good level and can be further enhanced. On the other hand, the content of the curriculum and time allocation for the Quranic memorization should be given due attention and improvements so that Maahad Tahfiz ADDIN can actually filling the gap in producing more quality huffaz in the state of Perak Darul Ridzuan.

THE METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING CIVIL PROCEDURE (MEMORIES OF MIKHAIL KONSTANTINOVICH TREUSHNIKOV)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 22-33
Author(s):  
E.V. KUDRYAVTSEVA
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Legal Education ◽  
Civil Procedure ◽  
The Other ◽  
State University ◽  
Civil Proceedings ◽  
Law Faculty ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
Moscow State University

The article is dedicated to the memory of Mikhail Konstantinovich Treushnikov, Doctor of Law, Professor, Honored Scientist, Head of the Department of Civil Procedure of the Law Faculty of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. The article analyzes the methodology of teaching civil procedure, focuses on the methodology of lecturing, seminars, and game processes. Mikhail Konstantinovich paid great attention to the methodology of teaching civil procedure. The author of the article offers a study of the section “Methods of Teaching Law” from the book “Creative Search in the Science of Civil Procedure Law” by M.K. Treushnikov published in 2020. This section presents methodological recommendations on how to prepare and give lectures for newly elected judges at the republican training courses for legal officers on two subjects: “Preparation of civil cases for trial is a mandatory stage of the process”, “Types of evidence in civil proceedings”. The other two articles in this section are devoted to different issues. One is devoted to the methodology of teaching law in non-law universities (on the example of Moscow State University), the other is written on the basis of a speech “Traditions and Innovations in Legal Education” at the conference meeting of the heads of the departments of social sciences of the Lomonosov Moscow State University on 16 February 2007 and shows the role of departments in solving the problems of legal education.

The 'Unattainable1 Objects of Psychosociological Analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Lévy
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Social Organizations

During its (very brief) history, psychosociology has experienced many changes, affecting its methods as well as its goals. It has nevertheless held a place apart among the other social sciences. Its specificity rests not so much on the objects — groups, institutions, organizations — that it has chosen to study, as on the manner according to which they have been approached, linking field and theoretical work. As a result, a different view of these objects has evolved, if not their dissolution as such. Social organizations, in particular, have appeared as complex constructs defying any general definition and, thereby, any general theory. In return, they have been revealed as the locus of events, or processes, through which history, both individual and social, is in the making.

scholarly journals Reclaiming Women’s Perspective: Feminist Anthropology and the Androcentric Bias

2019 ◽  
pp. 93-106
Author(s):  
Maja Muhić
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Power Relationship ◽  
Male Bias ◽  
The Past ◽  
Feminist Anthropology ◽  
Margaret Mead ◽  
Dialogical Relation ◽  
Ruth Benedict

The past few decades have been marked by an increasing discussion on the role of dialogue in anthropology, especially following the anthropological turn of the 80s, when the discipline was looked upon as one “writing a culture” rather than understanding it from the insider’s perspective, while the ethnographer was thought of as the epistemic dictator, incapable of establishing a dialogical relation with his subjects of inquiry. The power relationship was indeed one of the most prominent problems in creating an equal, dialogical setting between the anthropologist and the other culture. This paper aims at revisiting feminist anthropology tracing the elements which constituted it, its original inspiration, and main motifs of action mostly gathered around the strong male bias of the discipline. This bias was predominantly manifested in the monological, androcentric understanding and exploration of cultures. In tracing these aspects, and acknowledging the more egalitarian status of this discipline since its early days versus other social sciences (Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict were among the most prominent women anthropologists), the paper will look at early women anthropologists works some of which were excluded from the canon. It will also point to the existence of strong male bias in ethnography and the discipline as a whole, thus triggering the emergence of feminist anthropology with its capacity for reflexivity and accountability in ethnographic work.

scholarly journals Muslim Youths and Societal Development: The Case of Nasarawa State

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Muhammad Maga Sule
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Societal Development

A linkage between Muslim youths and societal development is obvious and enduring since the time of the first Prophet on earth, Adam (A.S.). This interaction is connected symbiotically and, furthermore, one depends on the other for its sustenance. Therefore, the role of Muslim youths in the development of Nasarawa State cannot be ignored. The wheels of the development of a country rest on the shoulders of the youths. Consequently, the youths in Nasarawa State are the engine of the growth and development because they provide the labor force for the production of goods and services to take effect in the development of the state. Thus, the role of Muslim youths in the development of Nasarawa State is crucial for the entire developmental processes and aspirations of the whole society.  In addition, the productive youths are acknowledged as the cornerstone for societal rejuvenation. Keywords:Youth, Social Development, Nasawara State

scholarly journals An interdisciplinary perspective on the theology of masculinity

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Rybicki ◽  
Andrzej K. Jastrzębski
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Interdisciplinary Collaboration ◽  
Identity Crisis ◽  
Theological Reflection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The Social ◽  
Spiritual Theology ◽  
Feminist Movements

In contemporary academic discourse, there has been a strong tendency to shape theology according to a viewpoint based on the achievements of other sciences, especially those found in philosophy, psychology, sociology and anthropology. This has been particularly illustrated in the issue of masculinity. In this context, a question arises as follows: does theology have something to say to the social sciences? Or, does it only have to submit to them and simply fulfil the role of a commentator? The setting of this study has been the contemporary crisis in understanding masculinity, and the theological reflection that this situation calls for. To address this challenge, we have used a historical-analytical method in which we traced the historical and philosophical underpinnings of the concept of masculinity, with a special focus on modernity, in order to clearly understand the present state of the debate around masculinity.As a result, we have proposed some direction for future theological development, demonstrating that theology may also influence and inspire the other sciences. In conclusion, we have encouraged a deeper collaboration of various sciences that have already developed a reflection on masculinity, whilst avoiding unnecessary biases and simplification; we have sought to establish a better collaboration between feminist movements and theological reflection as well as making use of theology’s potential to inspire other sciences such as psychology, sociology and anthropology in this endeavour.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: Using such an interdisciplinary collaboration, theology can supply a more positive and hope-giving picture of the contemporary male human being facing an identity crisis, as is demonstrated predominantly in the social sciences. Special attention to this topic has been given in Spiritual Theology.

Vertical Connections on the Construction Market

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
Aneta Marichova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Product Market ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bilateral Monopoly ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Construction Market ◽  
Construction Firm ◽  
Vertical Chain ◽  
Construction Product

Abstract The specificity of construction as an economic activity and of the construction product (goods and services) determine the existence of a complex vertical chain of links, involving different actors, which they perform simultaneously the function of the buyer of the product from a previous participant and vendor product to the next participant. In practice, this means that in every unit of the vertical chain construction firm as a buyer of resources and services can be monopsony or oligopsony, on the other hand as the seller of the created product may be in the role of a monopoly or oligopoly on the market. The aim of the study is the analysis the model of a bilateral monopoly on the resource and product market, the conditions of equilibrium and the behavior of the construction firm at the entrance and the exit, taking into account the specificities of different segments of the construction market.

Waiting

2021 ◽  
pp. 342-368
Author(s):  
Anne Storch
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Spirit Possession ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Interests ◽  
The Social ◽  
Getting Lost ◽  
Epistemic Approach ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The One

This chapter explores the dialectics of walking and resting, and of mobility and waiting, with regards to creativity in language. It thereby focuses on the interruption and unintended break as an opportunity for interactions and encounters across linguistic epistemes, boundaries and norms. Walking as a methodology and epistemic approach has been discussed in anthropology, the social sciences and literary critique, but met very little interest in linguistics. This chapter on the one hand consequently attempts to address walking as a substantial approach to the study of multilingualism and improvisation, but on the other aims at highlighting disruption and stillness as creating the very liminal space and practice through which language creativity can emerge and be realized. It touches upon various practices that are crucial: being stuck, passing time, getting lost. Points of special interests interest include the role of language in the love songs and other genres, especially in the context of the Mediterranean, disruptions associated with migrations and peoples’ movements, the context of tourism, and the linguistic effects of spirit possession.

On the Reasonable Nature Management in the Economy and Other Spheres of Human Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 122-129
Author(s):  
Vladimir A. Persianov ◽  
◽  
Anna V. Kurbatova ◽  
Tatyana M. Gainochenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Cost

The article dwells on a complex of issues related to rational use of natural resources. It is shown that development of the economy requires not only clear state goal-setting, serious technical and economic calculations, but also other types of substantiations. The cost of goods and services has not yet been thoroughly studied. Pricing in its entirity does not take into account material components that initially exist by nature and are created without human participation. The role of environmental factors in development of economic and other social sciences is revealed

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