scholarly journals ‘We are “free range” prison officers’, the experiences of Scottish Prison Service throughcare support officers working in custody and the community

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-374
Author(s):  
Matthew Maycock ◽  
Kenny McGuckin ◽  
Katrina Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Prior Work ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
First Time ◽  
Custodial Environment

Between 2015 and 2019, 41 throughcare support officers (TSOs) supported people serving short sentences leaving custody across 11 Scottish Prison Service establishments. The role of prison officers in the provision of throughcare in the community was an innovation in Scotland and represents a new approach to the long-standing challenges around supporting reintegration from custody. Drawing on data from semi-structured interviews with 20 TSOs, this article examines their reflections on their role, bringing attention for the first time to the front-line perspectives of those involved in this novel approach to throughcare. TSO’s reflections revealed their growing awareness of the ‘pains of desistance’ and the challenges around reintegration, insights which had not been apparent to them in their prior work as officers working only in prison. The community ‘place’ of the TSO work also enabled a renewed awareness of the limits of rehabilitation within a prison and their own institutionalization after years of working in the custodial environment.

Mapping Innovation Diplomacy in Denmark and Sweden

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Didzis Kļaviņš
Keyword(s):  
Systems Approach ◽  
Innovation Systems ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Technological Forecasting ◽  
Innovation Diplomacy ◽  
Innovation Approach ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

Summary The aim of this article is to identify and map innovation diplomacy actions in Denmark and Sweden using the ‘functions of innovation systems’ approach. Based on Hekkert et al.’s seven key system functions (Marko P. Hekkert, Roald A. A. Suurs, Simona O. Negro, Stefan Kuhlmann and Ruud E. H. M. Smits, ‘Functions of Innovation Systems: A New Approach for Analysing Technological Change’, Technological Forecasting & Social Change 74 (4) (2007), 413-432), the article assess the role of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) in meeting governments’ innovation targets. The empirical analysis, including twelve semi-structured interviews with seventeen career diplomats, reveals the key initiatives that countries are taking in furthering their homeland’s innovation aims or ambitions. The study also asks whether the ‘diplomacy for innovation’ approach of both Scandinavian MFAs are consistent with the ‘whole-of-government’ and ‘whole-of-society’ approaches.

scholarly journals Who Remains When Professional Farmers Give up? Some Insights on Hobby Farming in an Olive Groves-Oriented Terraced Mediterranean Area

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Sabine Gennai-Schott ◽  
Tiziana Sabbatini ◽  
Davide Rizzo ◽  
Elisa Marraccini
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
First Time

Many land use systems in Mediterranean sloping areas risk abandonment because of nonprofitability, while their hydro-geological stability depends on an appropriate management. However, who are the land managers? What are their practices? Our research on the traditional olive groves of the Monte Pisano (Tuscany, Italy) reveals for the first time the quantitatively important role of hobby farmers as land managers in the area. We used a three-step-method: first, a database was constructed using several data sources to identify and map the population of olive growers; then, 35 semi-structured interviews were conducted, and finally, the data were analyzed to highlight the contribution of olive growers to the land management, along with their motivations and constraints. Our results found that hobby farmers constitute about 90% of all land managers in the study area and manage more than half of the agricultural land. They are a very uneven group, and there are no clear categories detectable by analyzing sociodemographic factors, practices and farm characteristics. They are the “same but different”, not following any market rules, as they are not profit-oriented. Their farming practices are quite homogeneous and mainly in-line with professional farming practices of that area, oriented versus a minimum input management.

scholarly journals Meanings attributed to fatherhood by adolescents

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karla Jimena Araújo de Jesus Sampaio ◽  
Wilza Vieira Villela ◽  
Eleonora Menicucci de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Positive Experience ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Material Synthesis ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
First Time ◽  
Young Father

OBJECTIVE: To understand how adolescents perceive the experience and what meanings they attribute to fatherhood.METHODS: Research of a qualitative method, using interviews of 25 young people who had become fathers for the first time. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, taped and transcribed in their entirety. Data analysis occurred using an initial and then an exhaustive reading of the material, synthesis of the results obtained, and identification of implicit content.RESULTS: The analysis and interpretation of this material allowed us to identify three thematic categories: the role of the young father; gains and losses with fatherhood, and solutions adopted during the experienced difficulties. It was evident that the exercise of fatherhood contributed to the assumption of masculinity, to play the role of guardian of the home and provider for the family.CONCLUSION: Fatherhood was seen as a positive experience that transformed teenagers into adults.

Intracranial Pressure Modulates Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions

Neurosurgery ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric M. Bershad ◽  
Mian Z. Urfy ◽  
Alina Pechacek ◽  
Mary McGrath ◽  
Eusebia Calvillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Otoacoustic Emissions ◽  
Permutation Test ◽  
Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Distortion Product ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Opening And Closing ◽  
First Time

Abstract BACKGROUND: There is an important need to develop a noninvasive method for assessing intracranial pressure (ICP). We report a novel approach for monitoring ICP using cochlear-derived distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), which are affected by ICP. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that changes in ICP may be reflected by altered DPOAE responses via an associated change in perilymphatic pressure. METHODS: We measured the ICP and DPOAEs (magnitude and phase angle) during opening and closing in 20 patients undergoing lumbar puncture. RESULTS: We collected data on 18 patients and grouped them based on small (<4 mm Hg), medium (5–11 mm Hg), or large (≥15 mm Hg) ICP changes. A permutation test was applied in each group to determine whether changes in DPOAEs differed from zero when ICP changed. We report significant changes in the DPOAE magnitudes and angles, respectively, for the group with the largest ICP changes and no changes for the group with the smallest changes; the group with medium changes had variable DPOAE changes. CONCLUSION: We report, for the first time, systematic changes in DPOAE magnitudes and phase in response to acute ICP changes. Future studies are warranted to further develop this new approach.

THE NATURE-CONCEPT IN THE NOVELS OF Sh.MURTAZA

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-288
Author(s):  
А. Seitenova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Idea ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Personal View ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
First Time ◽  
Black Pearl

In the article, the oeuvre of Sherkhan Murtaza are discussed in the context of the conceptual-figurative character of natural phenomena for the first time. The literary texts which have been previously studied in the context of various aspects have been analyzed in view of a new approach to the study of the artistic role of landscape. The landscape is considered to be a personal view of the world, reproduced by the writer, and in this regard, research along this cognitive line. As exemplified in the novels of “Aisha”, “Black Pearl”, and “Red Arrow” by Sherkhan Murtaza, the parallels of landscape sketches with the author’s intention are analyzed, resulting in uncovering of artistic concepts of earth, sky, fire, and water. A general idea of the concept-forming role of the artistic landscape in the poetry of Sh. Murtaza was systematized and formed.

Is Problem Driven Iterative Adaptation (pdia) a Re-Statement of Organization Development (od)?

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 696-715
Author(s):  
Mohsen Abu Muamar
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Organization Development ◽  
Change Agents ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Detailed Explanation ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
Iterative Adaptation

This study examines the emergence of Problem Driven Iterative Adaptation (pdia) and asks whether or not it is a representation of Organization Development (od). It starts by consideringpdiaas a political science phenomenon, and then moves on to consider it from an organizational point of view in light of the disciplinary backgrounds, the preferred strategies of intervention, and the role of change agents of both approaches. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five senior development officials utilizingpdiaat their work to gain a detailed explanation ofpdiain practice. In addition, the author corresponded with the co-originator ofpdia, Matt Andrews, for further analysis. During the course of the study it emerged thatpdiadoes constitute a new approach—in its focus on the gradual discovery of solutions for locally-led problems and broad engagement of multi-agent leadership groups. In addition,pdia’s emphasis on iteration facilitates learning and adjustment. Although these elements have their roots inodand other earlier approaches, the combination is genuinely innovative.

The Medical Surrogate as Fiduciary Agent

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-420
Author(s):  
Dana Howard
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Advance Care Planning ◽  
Care Planning ◽  
Surrogate Decision Making ◽  
Best Interest ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Advance Care ◽  
Surrogate Decision

Within bioethics, two prevailing approaches structure how we think about the role of medical surrogates and the decisions that they must make on behalf of incompetent patients. One approach views the surrogate primarily as the patient's agent, obediently enacting the patient's predetermined will. The second approach views the surrogate as the patient's custodian, judging for herself how to best safeguard the patient's interests. This paper argues that both of these approaches idealize away some of the ethically relevant features of advance care planning that make patient preferences so inscrutable and surrogate decision-making so burdensome. It proposes a new approach to surrogate decision-making, the Fiduciary Agency Approach. On this novel approach, the surrogate has authority to not only act on the patient's behalf as the patient's agent but also to decide on the patient's behalf as the patient's fiduciary. One upshot of this new approach is that surrogates must sometimes go against the expressed dictates of the patients' advance directives not necessarily because doing so would be in the patient's best interest but rather because doing so would best represent the patients' will.

scholarly journals Intercultural Mobility and European Identity: Impact of the Erasmus Exchange Programme in Terms of Cultural Differences

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-94
Author(s):  
Fatih Goksu
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
European Identity ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Exchange Programme ◽  
First Time

European mobility programmes have been seen as a promising method to promote European identity, particularly with a focus on young generations. In this article, I discussed the constructing role of the Erasmus exchange programme by employing the result of direct crosscultural interaction. Data from Eurobarometer surveys and outcomes concluded from the semistructured interviews revealed that socialising with other Europeans strengthened European identity but contact with the host country remained limited. Diff erent from other studies, this paper also reveals that the national identity of the participants precisely empower as a result of coaction. Furthermore, for the first time in the literature, semi-structured interviews unveiled that cultural differences such as stereotypes and prejudices have no negative effect in promoting European identity among students. Rather, it generates a positive impact for the awareness of national identity.

scholarly journals Intracellular Ca2+, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and additional signalling in the stimulation by platelet-activating factor of prostaglandin E2 formation in P388D1 macrophage-like cells

1994 ◽  
Vol 298 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Asmis ◽  
C Randriamampita ◽  
R Y Tsien ◽  
E A Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Prostaglandin E2 ◽  
Platelet Activating Factor ◽  
Pge2 Production ◽  
Activation Mechanism ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
New Approach ◽  
First Time ◽  
Phospholipase A2 Activity ◽  
Subsequent Addition

In the P388D1 macrophage-like cell line, phospholipase A2 activity and prostaglandin production are stimulated by platelet-activating factor (PAF) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We have investigated the role of Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ca2+ in signal transduction of PAF-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) formation in these cells. The role of Ca2+ in the activation mechanism was studied by fluorescence imaging of intracellular Ca2+ in individual adherent cells and by determining the PGE2 production in the same population of cells. This new approach enabled us to correlate directly events on the single-cell level with a physiologically relevant response of the cell population. Priming the cells with LPS was required for PAF to stimulate PGE2 formation, yet LPS affected neither the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) nor the PAF-induced rise in [Ca2+]i. In addition, basal and PAF-stimulated Ins(1,4,5)P3 levels were not affected by LPS priming. However, the Ca2+ transient, the release of Ins(1,4,5)P3 and the formation of PGE2 induced by PAF were inhibited in cells pretreated with pertussis toxin. Buffering the [Ca2+]i with intracellular BAPTA [bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-NNN'N'-tetra-acetic acid] blocked the PAF-stimulated rise in [Ca2+]i and PGE2 formation. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ during PAF stimulation prevented the influx of Ca2+, but did not affect the initial [Ca2+]i transient, nor did it inhibit PGE2 formation. Under the same conditions, ionomycin stimulated an identical [Ca2+]i transient, but, in contrast with PAF stimulation, no PGE2 formation was observed. PGE2 production could be rescued by prompt subsequent addition of PAF, which caused no further [Ca2+]i change on its own. These results show that the transient initial rise in [Ca2+]i, produced either by PAF via the formation of Ins(1,4,5)P3 or directly by ionomycin, is necessary, but not sufficient for the formation of PGE2 in LPS-primed P388D1 cells. Furthermore, we have demonstrated for the first time that PAF triggers a second signal that is not mediated by a change in [Ca2+]i. However, both signals are required to induce PGE2 formation.

Hydrogen sulfide and its possible roles in myocardial ischemia in experimental rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhun Zhu ◽  
Zhong Jing Wang ◽  
Peiying Ho ◽  
Yoke Yun Loke ◽  
Yi Chun Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Sodium Hydrosulfide ◽  
Infarct Area ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
First Time

The role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in myocardial infarction (MI) has not been previously studied. We therefore investigated the effect of H2S in a rat model of MI in vivo. Animals were randomly divided into three groups ( n = 80) and received either vehicle, 14 μmol/kg of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), or 50 mg/kg propargylglycine (PAG) everyday for 1 wk before surgery, and the treatment was continued for a further 2 days after MI when the animals were killed. The mortality was 35% in vehicle-treated, 40% in PAG-treated, and 27.5% in NaHS-treated ( P < 0.05 vs. vehicle) groups. Infarct size was 52.9 ± 3.5% in vehicle-treated, 62.9 ± 7.6% in PAG-treated, and 43.4 ± 2.8% in NaHS-treated ( P < 0.05 vs. vehicle) groups. Plasma H2S concentration was significantly increased after MI (59.2 ± 7.16 μM) compared with the baseline concentration (i.e., 38.2 ± 2.07 μM before MI; P < 0.05). Elevated plasma H2S after MI was abolished by treatment of animals with PAG (39.2 ± 5.02 μM). We further showed for the first time cystathionine-gamma-lyase protein localization in the myocardium of the infarct area by using immunohistochemical staining. In the hypoxic vascular smooth muscle cells, we found that cell death was increased under the stimuli of hypoxia but that the increased cell death was attenuated by the pretreatment of NaHS (71 ± 1.2% cell viability in hypoxic vehicle vs. 95 ± 2.3% in nonhypoxic control; P < 0.05). In conclusion, endogenous H2S was cardioprotective in the rat model of MI. PAG reduced endogenous H2S production after MI by inhibiting cystathionine-gamma-lyase. The results suggest that H2S might provide a novel approach to the treatment of MI.

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