scholarly journals Trusting the Corona-Warn-App? Contemplations on trust and trustworthiness at the intersection of technology, politics and public debate

2021 ◽  
pp. 026732312110283
Author(s):  
Judith Simon ◽  
Gernot Rieder
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
Moral Duties ◽  
Moral Demands

Ever since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, questions of whom or what to trust have become paramount. This article examines the public debates surrounding the initial development of the German Corona-Warn-App in 2020 as a case study to analyse such questions at the intersection of trust and trustworthiness in technology development, design and oversight. Providing some insights into the nature and dynamics of trust and trustworthiness, we argue that (a) trust is only desirable and justified if placed well, that is, if directed at those being trustworthy; that (b) trust and trustworthiness come in degrees and have both epistemic and moral components; and that (c) such a normatively demanding understanding of trust excludes technologies as proper objects of trust and requires that trust is directed at socio-technical assemblages consisting of both humans and artefacts. We conclude with some lessons learned from our case study, highlighting the epistemic and moral demands for trustworthy technology development as well as for public debates about such technologies, which ultimately requires attributing epistemic and moral duties to all actors involved.

scholarly journals Pivoting in the Time of COVID-19: An in-Depth Case Study at the Nexus of Food Insecurity, Resilience, System Re-Organizing, and Caring for the Community

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah Fox ◽  
Joshua Frye
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
School Nutrition ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
School Lunches ◽  
The Public ◽  
Northwest Arkansas ◽  
Meaningful Engagement

According to the School Nutrition Association, nearly 100,000 schools serve free or reduced school lunches and breakfasts daily to approximately 34. 34 million students nationwide. However, as COVID-19 forced many schools to close, students who depended on the public schools to meet the majority of their nutritional needs faced an even larger battle with food insecurity. Recognizing this unmet need, and that food insecurity was intertwined with other needs within the community, the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art and its satellite contemporary art space the Momentary, partnered with the Northwest Arkansas Food Bank and over 30 additional partner organizations to pivot their existing outreach services. In this case study, we identify lessons learned by Crystal Bridges that might be useful for other organizations who seek to foster meaningful engagement with the public, especially in times of crisis. Specifically, we focus on three main lessons: 1) how the museum created a plan to learn through the pivot in order to capture their own lessons, 2) how the members of the organization experienced a sense of coming together (congregation) during the pivot, and 3) how the organization planned to improve both internal and external communication.

scholarly journals A case study demonstrates a democratic methodology for making risk based decisions

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Corin ◽  
Asela Atapattu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Survey Methodology ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
The Public ◽  
Stakeholder Groups ◽  
Continuous Scale ◽  
Public Debates

Risk is a subjective notion, but the limits between our role as risk practitioners and decision makers can become blurred. A belief that the public misunderstands risk and the need to control the process are two barriers to effective engagement. We believe that a lack of engagement and the ability to enable citizens to decide their own future can contribute to the controversy we see on important public debates. In our study, using an existing risk assessment and decision, we survey four stakeholder groups in New Zealand in order to determine how they rate the costs and benefits. Our survey methodology incorporates a continuous scale along three axes that represent the biophysical outcomes of economic, environmental and human health. This design enables costs and benefits to be traded-off between individuals, giving them a representative voice. We use these results to investigate whether or not it would be feasible to use such an approach in order to make decisions, and what this may mean. Our results indicate that public decision making is possible, and in this case broadly the public view broadly agrees with the official decision. Such an approach holds promise for expanding the role in the risk assessment process.

Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities in Mobile Fare Payment Applications: A Case Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (11) ◽  
pp. 616-624
Author(s):  
Kevin Dennis ◽  
Maxat Alibayev ◽  
Sean J. Barbeau ◽  
Jay Ligatti
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
The Public ◽  
It Systems ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Fare Management

Mobile fare payment applications are becoming increasingly common in the public transportation industry as a convenience for customers and as part of an effort to reduce fare management costs and improve operations for agencies. However, there is relatively little literature on vulnerabilities and liabilities in mobile fare payment applications. Furthermore, few public agencies or supporting vendors have policies or established processes in place to receive vulnerability reports or patch vulnerabilities discovered in their technologies. Given the rapidly increasing number of data breaches in general industry IT systems, as well as that mobile fare payment apps are a nexus between customer and agency financial information, the security of these mobile applications deserves further scrutiny. This paper presents a vulnerability discovered in a mobile fare payment application deployed at a transit agency in Florida that, because of the system architecture, may have affected customers in as many as 40 cities across the United States, an estimated 1,554,000 users. Lessons learned from the vulnerability disclosure process followed by the research team as well as recommendations for public agencies seeking to improve the security of these types of applications are also discussed.

scholarly journals Konflikt pamięci czy konflikt władzy? Strategie językowe w dyskusji nad zmianą nazwy ulicy w Poznaniu

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-99
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Fabiszak ◽  
Anna Weronika Brzezińska
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Linguistic Landscape ◽  
Political Regimes ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
The Public ◽  
The City

The aim of this article is to present the public debate about the renaming of 23rd of February Street to Lt. J. Lewandowska Street in Poznań in 2017. Newspaper articles from the regional press and social media posts have been analysed with the use of Critical Discourse Analytic tools. The focus is on the question of whether the renaming of the street was a conflict of memory or a conflict of power. This case study is inspired by research on the ideologically motivated changes in the linguistic landscape of the city and shows that the change in political regimes is followed by attempts to harmonize the symbolic indicators of values and collective memory. Our results demonstrate that these changes may be contested by both the opposition and the city inhabitants and may lead to a broader political debate.

scholarly journals Passionate Speech: On the Uses and Abuses of Anger in Public Debate

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 153-176
Author(s):  
Alessandra Tanesini
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Defensive Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Moral Demands

AbstractAnger dominates debates in the public sphere. In this article I argue that there are diverse forms of anger that merit different responses. My focus is especially on two types of anger that I label respectively arrogant and resistant. The first is the characteristic defensive response of those who unwarrantedly arrogate special privileges for themselves. The second is often a source of insight and a form of moral address. I detail some discursive manifestations of these two types of anger. I show that arrogant anger is responsible for attempts to intimidate and humiliate others with whom one disagrees. Whilst resistant anger can be intimidating, it is also essential in communicating moral demands.

Academic and public attitudes to the notion of ‘standard’ Canadian English

English Today ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Dollinger
Keyword(s):  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Canadian English ◽  
Scholarly Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
Canadian Context ◽  
Public Debates

This paper reflects on ‘standards’ in Canadian English in scholarly research and the public debate about English in Canada from a number of viewpoints. The goals of these reflections are three-fold. First, I aim to characterize the chasm between scholarly and public debates about a language ‘standard’ in Canadian English (CanE). While this debate is not new (e.g. Kretzschmar, 2009: 1–5 for a recent example), its application in the Canadian context is a desideratum. Second, I aim to characterize the standard in CanE from a demographic point of view: what is this standard and, above all, which Canadians (and, more importantly, how many) presently speak it? And third, what can linguists who research Canadian English offer to the public, and how can the perceived gap in knowledge be bridged?

scholarly journals Indoor Air Quality in Naturally Ventilated Classrooms. Lessons Learned from a Case Study in a COVID-19 Scenario

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8446
Author(s):  
Alberto Meiss ◽  
Héctor Jimeno-Merino ◽  
Irene Poza-Casado ◽  
Alfredo Llorente-Álvarez ◽  
Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Public ◽  
Simple Protocol ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Ventilation Strategies ◽  
The Government

This paper describes the implementation of a series of ventilation strategies in a nursery and primary school from September 2020, when the government decided to resume the students’ face-to-face activity in the middle of a COVID scenario. Air quality and hygrothermal comfort conditions were analysed before the pandemic and compared for different ventilation configurations in a post-COVID scenario. Ventilation strategies included the protocols issued by the Public Administration, while others were developed based on the typological configuration and use of the school. Results revealed that it is advisable to implement certain strategies that reduce the risk of infection among the occupants of the spaces, without a significant decrease in hygrothermal comfort. Given the importance of maintaining better IAQ in the future within classrooms, and regarding the pre-COVID situation, these strategies may be extended beyond this pandemic period, through a simple protocol and necessary didactic package to be assumed by both teachers and students of the centre.

scholarly journals Enterprise Architecture Implementation Is a Bumpy Ride: A Case Study in the Norwegian Public Sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Kristin S. Ajer ◽  
Dag Håkon Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Enterprise Architecture ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Governance Mechanisms ◽  
The Public ◽  
External Consultants

Enterprise architecture (EA) is a widespread approach for the development of new digital solutions in a planned and controlled way for large and complex organisations. EA is also viewed as a prerequisite for the digitalisation of the public sector. However, public sector organisations struggle to implement EA programmes, and research has demonstrated that organisational and managerial issues are critical obstacles to EA implementation. This study aims to increase our understanding of EA implementation in the public sector by investigating the central challenges for EA initiatives and to trace the progress of current EA initiatives in the Norwegian public sector. An additional goal is to disclose some ways to improve the situation. We conducted three interpretive case studies in the hospital, higher education, and labour and welfare sectors. We have identified 28 challenges to the EA initiatives. We find that organisational and technical complexities, as well as a limited understanding of EA and lack of formal EA governance mechanisms, are significant obstacles. Among others, the lack of understanding of EA and its methodology will lead to problems with anchoring the EA approach in the organisation and facilitating the necessary EA arrangements to induce the promised benefits of EA, which are necessary requirements to establish the EA initiative’s legitimacy and foster the organisation’s willingness to implement change. Our study provides four lessons learned for planning and implementing EA initiatives, as follows: #1. It is advisable to take small steps. #2. The use of external consultants should be carefully considered. #3. Formal architectural governance mechanisms are important for legitimacy and enforced use. #4. Executive commitment and understanding of EA are crucial for achieving a sustainable EA initiative. Finally, we find a common evolution of the EA initiatives through the phases of optimism, resistance, decline and finally, reconsolidation of the most persistent ones.

scholarly journals Lending against warehouse receipts: Evidence from Serbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-355
Author(s):  
Vlado Kovačević ◽  
Irena Janković ◽  
Vesna Paraušić
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
The Public ◽  
Guarantee System ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Fast Development ◽  
Computational Analyses

The paper examines factors influencing development of the public warehouse system. Public warehouse system primary role is to provide stakeholders in agribusiness financing against stored commodity as collateral. Case study is conducted in Serbia. Interviews with banks, analyses of the public warehouse results, computational analyses and intensive literature research were conducted. Most important factors for lending against warehouse receipts from bankers' perspectives are guarantee system performances followed by efficient enforcement procedure, efficient public warehouse surveillance, favourable central bank's rating of warehouse receipts and subsidies. According to the results, Serbian public warehouse legal framework is properly established resulting in fast development of the public warehouse system in first years. After 2014 system deteriorated primarily due to the absence of inspection and Indemnity fund low guarantee performance. Lessons learned from Serbia point out that besides proper legal framework, implementation and favourable business environment are paramount for successful public warehouse system.

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