Pre-Socratic Understandings of Moral Identity: The Theoretical Infrastructure, Development, Reliability and Validity of the Philotimo Scale

The word Philotimo has often been literally translated from Greek to English as ‘love for honour’ or a ‘sense of honour’. This love for honour is described as being a pillar of upholding societal functioning at an optimal level, and an instigator of doing what is right for oneself and others; yet, there is no literature measuring or defining Philotimo. Philotimo is a commitment to unconditional selfless acts that are aligned to a sense of a moral identity; a definition derivative of the literature search and the enquiry of the core principles of Philotimo of the present research. In six studies ( N = 1144), the development and validation of the Philotimo Scale is described. In Study 1, Greek participants were asked to rate how much they thought they possessed the trait, which correlated with the total score of the scale, while in Study 2 bilingual Greeks were asked to fill in both versions of the scale with a 2-week interval. Study 3 assessed the reliability of the scale, and Study 4 its stability over time. Study 5 assessed the factor structure, and Study 6 validated the scale against other standardised scales. Together these studies propose a reliable and valid measure that is representative of the Greek sense of Philotimo.

Eternal Today

10.1093/oso/9780198827436.003.0007 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Jenni Myllykoski ◽

Anniina Rantakari

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Constitutive Relation ◽

Human Agency ◽

Fundamental Characteristic ◽

Time Study ◽

Software Company ◽

Present Experience ◽

Managerial Strategy ◽

Over Time ◽

Strategy Making

This chapter focuses on temporality in managerial strategy making. It adopts an ‘in-time’ view to examine strategy making as the fluidity of the present experience and draws on a longitudinal, real-time study in a small Finnish software company. It shows five manifestations of ‘in-time’ processuality in strategy making, and identifies a temporality paradox that arises from the engagement of managers with two contradictory times: constructed linear ‘over time’ and experienced, becoming ‘in time’. These findings lead to the re-evaluation of the nature of intention in strategy making, and the authors elaborate the constitutive relation between time as ‘the passage of nature’ and human agency. Consequently, they argue that temporality should not be treated merely as an objective background or a subjective managerial orientation, but as a fundamental characteristic of processuality that defines the dynamics of strategy making.

Equality and Equity in Chinese Higher Education in the Post-massification Era: An Analysis Based on Chinese Scholarly Literature

The China Quarterly ◽

10.1017/s0305741020001241 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-22

Author(s):

Qiang Zha

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Literature Review ◽

Bibliometric Analysis ◽

Chinese Higher Education ◽

Scholarly Literature ◽

The Core ◽

Research Questions ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Core Issues ◽

Abstract This paper examines several research questions relating to equality and equity in Chinese higher education via an extended literature review, which in turn sheds light on evolving scholarly explorations into this theme. First, in the post-massification era, has the Chinese situation of equality and equity in higher education improved or deteriorated since the late 1990s? Second, what are the core issues with respect to equality and equity in Chinese higher education? Third, how have those core issues evolved or changed over time and what does the evolution indicate and entail? Methodologically, this paper uses a bibliometric analysis to detect the topical hotspots in scholarly literature and their changes over time. The study then investigates each of those topical terrains against their temporal contexts in order to gain insights into the core issues.

What is special about L3 processing?

Bilingualism Language and Cognition ◽

10.1017/s1366728913000448 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 130-144 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

KEES DE BOT ◽

CAROL JAENSCH

Keyword(s):

Second Language ◽

Language Processing ◽

Language Use ◽

Fundamental Question ◽

Third Language ◽

The Core ◽

Dynamic Perspective ◽

Core Issue ◽

The Brain ◽

While research on third language (L3) and multilingualism has recently shown remarkable growth, the fundamental question of what makes trilingualism special compared to bilingualism, and indeed monolingualism, continues to be evaded. In this contribution we consider whether there is such a thing as a true monolingual, and if there is a difference between dialects, styles, registers and languages. While linguistic and psycholinguistic studies suggest differences in the processing of a third, compared to the first or second language, neurolinguistic research has shown that generally the same areas of the brain are activated during language use in proficient multilinguals. It is concluded that while from traditional linguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives there are grounds to differentiate monolingual, bilingual and multilingual processing, a more dynamic perspective on language processing in which development over time is the core issue, leads to a questioning of the notion of languages as separate entities in the brain.

Parameters or cues?

Bilingualism Language and Cognition ◽

10.1017/s1366728904001233 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 35-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

BRIAN MACWHINNEY

Keyword(s):

Second Language ◽

Second Language Acquisition ◽

Language Acquisition ◽

Hebbian Learning ◽

Universal Grammar ◽

Back Propagation ◽

Parameter Setting ◽

Functional Categories ◽

The Core ◽

Truscott and Sharwood Smith (henceforth T&SS) attempt to show how second language acquisition can occur without any learning. In their APT model, change depends only on the tuning of innate principles through the normal course of processing of L2. There are some features of their model that I find attractive. Specifically, their acceptance of the concepts of competition and activation strength brings them in line with standard processing accounts like the Competition Model (Bates and MacWhinney, 1982; MacWhinney, 1987, in press). At the same time, their reliance on parameters as the core constructs guiding learning leaves this model squarely within the framework of Chomsky's theory of Principles and Parameters (P&P). As such, it stipulates that the specific functional categories of Universal Grammar serve as the fundamental guide to both first and second language acquisition. Like other accounts in the P&P framework, this model attempts to view second language acquisition as involving no real learning beyond the deductive process of parameter-setting based on the detection of certain triggers. The specific innovation of the APT model is that changes in activation strength during processing function as the trigger to the setting of parameters. Unlike other P&P models, APT does not set parameters in an absolute fashion, allowing their activation weight to change by the processing of new input over time. The use of the concept of activation in APT is far more restricted than its use in connectionist models that allow for Hebbian learning, self-organizing features maps, or back-propagation.

Development and Validity of Questionnaire for Healthy Adult Human Participants of Early Phase Bioequivalence Pharmacokinetic Endpoint Study

Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics ◽

10.52711/2321-5836.2021.00023 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 111-117

Author(s):

Sharad Desai ◽

Nilesh Patel

Keyword(s):

Content Validity ◽

Early Phase ◽

Literature Search ◽

Healthy Adult ◽

Face Validity ◽

Domain Identification ◽

Adult Human ◽

Human Participants ◽

Validation Of Questionnaire

Participation of humans in clinical research is always remained questionable. Hence evaluation of such doubt helps to conclude the perception about such participation. This research presents the process for development and validation of questionnaire for Healthy Adult Human Participants of Early Phase Bioequivalence Pharmacokinetic Endpoint Study. For development of questionnaire, literature search, experts’ discussion and authors’ experience was used for domain identification and its segregation for different variables. For validity of questionnaire, face validity and content validity was performed. Modification was done based on response from experts during non-quantitative face validity. % of overall agreement was 94.55 for question asked in face validity. While, Content Validity Ratio and Content Validity Index was calculated using the process mentioned by Lawshe and Lynn respectively. Initially 83 items were identified but based on validation 84 items were finalized after removal of three and addition of four questions. Deleted three items had Content Validity Ratio of 0.00, 0.67 and 0.67 and which were below accepted level of 0.99. While, I-CVI was observed from range of 0.83 to 1.00 and S-CVI values were above acceptable level of 0.90 for S-CVI (S-CVI/ Ave) and 0.80 for S-CVI (S-CVI/UA) for whole questionnaire and each part.

The Development and Validation of the Familial Support of Multiracial Experiences Scale

The Counseling Psychologist ◽

10.1177/00110000211046354 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 001100002110463

Author(s):

Annabelle L. Atkin ◽

N. Keita Christophe ◽

Hyung Chol Yoo ◽

Abigail K. Gabriel ◽

Christine S. Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

The United States ◽

Racial Groups ◽

Identity Exploration ◽

Familial Support ◽

Racial Experiences ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Group Memberships

The purpose of this study was to develop a measure of familial support of Multiracial individuals’ unique racial experiences to advance the field’s understanding of how familial processes influence Multiracial development. A sample of 422 Multiracial college students (77.7% female, Mage = 20.05) from three different regions of the United States completed the survey. Exploratory factor analysis results suggested a two-factor measure. Multiracial Conscious Support, a 15-item subscale, represented support strategies unique to Multiracial individuals’ experiences of discrimination and identity exploration. The second 7-item subscale, Multiple Heritage Validation, represented validation of membership in multiple racial groups. The factor structure was supported by confirmatory factor analysis findings with a separate sample. Support was found for the reliability and validity of each subscale. This study provides evidence validating the first measure of familial support of Multiracial experiences, highlighting two themes of support addressing unique experiences of being Multiracial, and validating multiple racial group memberships.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences ◽

Solar-flare exposure and thermoluminescence of Luna 24 core material

10.1098/rsta.1980.0203 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 297 (1428) ◽

pp. 41-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Keyword(s):

Solar Flare ◽

Core Material ◽

Substantial Fraction ◽

Natural Radiation ◽

Mixing Properties ◽

Local Component ◽

The Core ◽

Radiation History ◽

Solar Flare Tracks ◽

Mineral grains from three depths within the Luna 24 drill core ( ca . 90, 125 and 196 cm) have been examined for solar-flare tracks. Large proportions (55-100%) of grains from all three levels are found to be track-rich (with central track densities p e > 10 8 cm -2 ), and a substantial fraction ( ca . 25-50%) of all grains display trackdensity gradients. These observations indicate that most of the mineral grains have been cycled through the top ca . 1 mm of the lunar surface at some time in their history. Some degree of submaturity is observed towards the bottom of the core. The most likely depositional model envisages rapid infall of highly irradiated material into a less mature local component with rather little subsequent reworking. Thermoluminescence (t.l.) studies indicate a lower natural radiation dose in samples from the 196 cm level compared with those from the two upper levels. This can result either from random variations in the local internal radioactivity or from mixing properties of the pre-irradiated material over time scales of less than ca . 100 ka. Radiation sensitization of samples suggests a possible use of t.l. sensitivity for the interpretation of lunar radiation history.

The Development of Xunzi’s Theory of Xing, Reconstructed on the Basis of a Textual Analysis of Xunzi 23, “Xing E” 性惡 (Xing is Bad)

Early China ◽

10.1017/s0362502800007252 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 99-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Dan Robins

Keyword(s):

Human Nature ◽

Textual Analysis ◽

Detailed Examination ◽

The Core ◽

The section of the Xunzi called “Xing e” 性惡 (xing is bad) prominently and repeatedly claims that people's xing is bad. However, no other text in the Xunzi makes this claim, and it is widely thought that the claim does not express Xunzi's fundamental ideas about human nature. This article addresses the issue in a somewhat indirect way, beginning with a detailed examination of the text of “Xing e”: identifying a core text, removing a series of interpolations, analyzing the structure of the core text, and distinguishing between three positions that are defended there. This analysis shows that the claim that people's xing is bad is not really central to “Xing e.” More ambitiously, it supports the conclusion that Xunzi's ideas about people's xing changed over time. Though Xunzi did claim that people's xing is bad, he later abandoned the claim, and replaced it with an account of wei 偽 “artifice.”

Development and validation of the Core Beliefs Questionnaire in a sample of individuals with social anxiety disorder

Journal of Affective Disorders ◽

10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.020 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 207 ◽

pp. 121-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Quincy J.J. Wong ◽

Bree Gregory ◽

Jonathan E. Gaston ◽

Ronald M. Rapee ◽

Judith K. Wilson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Social Anxiety ◽

Social Anxiety Disorder ◽

Core Beliefs ◽

The Core ◽

Development And Validation

The mHealth App Usability Questionnaire (MAUQ): Development and Validation Study (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.11500 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Leming Zhou ◽

Jie Bao ◽

I Made Agus Setiawan ◽

Andi Saptono ◽

Bambang Parmanto

Keyword(s):

Reliability And Validity ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Internal Consistency Reliability ◽

Mobile App ◽

Target User ◽

System Usability Scale ◽

System Usability ◽

Study Participants ◽

Mhealth Apps

BACKGROUND After a mobile health (mHealth) app is created, an important step is to evaluate the usability of the app before it is released to the public. There are multiple ways of conducting a usability study, one of which is collecting target users’ feedback with a usability questionnaire. Different groups have used different questionnaires for mHealth app usability evaluation: The commonly used questionnaires are the System Usability Scale (SUS) and Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ). However, the SUS and PSSUQ were not designed to evaluate the usability of mHealth apps. Self-written questionnaires are also commonly used for evaluation of mHealth app usability but they have not been validated. OBJECTIVE The goal of this project was to develop and validate a new mHealth app usability questionnaire. METHODS An mHealth app usability questionnaire (MAUQ) was designed by the research team based on a number of existing questionnaires used in previous mobile app usability studies, especially the well-validated questionnaires. MAUQ, SUS, and PSSUQ were then used to evaluate the usability of two mHealth apps: an interactive mHealth app and a standalone mHealth app. The reliability and validity of the new questionnaire were evaluated. The correlation coefficients among MAUQ, SUS, and PSSUQ were calculated. RESULTS In this study, 128 study participants provided responses to the questionnaire statements. Psychometric analysis indicated that the MAUQ has three subscales and their internal consistency reliability is high. The relevant subscales correlated well with the subscales of the PSSUQ. The overall scale also strongly correlated with the PSSUQ and SUS. Four versions of the MAUQ were created in relation to the type of app (interactive or standalone) and target user of the app (patient or provider). A website has been created to make it convenient for mHealth app developers to use this new questionnaire in order to assess the usability of their mHealth apps. CONCLUSIONS The newly created mHealth app usability questionnaire—MAUQ—has the reliability and validity required to assess mHealth app usability.