scholarly journals Explaining the visible and the invisible: Public knowledge of genetics, ancestry, physical appearance and race in Colombia

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 886-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto Schwartz-Marín ◽  
Peter Wade
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Physical Appearance ◽  
Genetic Ancestry ◽  
Public Knowledge ◽  
Authoritative Knowledge ◽  
Mechanistic Explanations ◽  
Genetic Essentialism ◽  
Genetic Science ◽  
Using Data

Using data from focus groups conducted in Colombia, we explore how educated lay audiences faced with scenarios about ancestry and genetics draw on widespread and dominant notions of nation, race and belonging in Colombia to ascribe ancestry to collectivities and to themselves as individuals. People from a life sciences background tend to deploy idioms of race and genetics more readily than people from a humanities and race-critical background. When they considered individuals, people tempered or domesticated the more mechanistic explanations about racialized physical appearance, ancestry and genetics that were apparent at the collective level. Ideas of the latency and manifestation of invisible traits were an aspect of this domestication. People ceded ultimate authority to genetic science, but deployed it to work alongside what they already knew. Notions of genetic essentialism co-exist with the strategic use of genetic ancestry in ways that both fix and unfix race. Our data indicate the importance of attending to the different epistemological stances through which people define authoritative knowledge and to the importance of distinguishing the scale of resolution at which the question of diversity is being posed.

scholarly journals Genetic Ancestry Testing among White Nationalists

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Panofsky ◽  
Joan Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Online Discussions ◽  
Genetic Ancestry ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Genetic Knowledge ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Genetic Science ◽  
White Nationalism ◽  
Interpretive Framework

Using a data set drawn from the website Stormfront, this paper presents a qualitative analysis of online discussions of white nationalist individuals’ genetic ancestry test (GAT) results. Seeking genetic confirmation of personal identities and having a strong ideology of the genetic basis of race and the value of white “purity,” white nationalists using GATs are sometimes confronted with information they consider evidence of non-white or non-European ancestry. Despite their essentialist views of race, Stormfront posters use GAT information to police individuals’ membership far less commonly than working to develop a variety of scientific and anti-scientific responses enabling them to repair identities by rejecting or reinterpreting GAT results. Simultaneously, however, Stormfront posters use the particular relationships made visible by GATs to debate the collective boundaries and constitution of white nationalism. Bricoleurs with genetic knowledge, white nationalists use a “racial realist” interpretive framework that departs from canons of genetic science but cannot be dismissed simply as ignorant.

scholarly journals EVALUASI PELAPORAN KAMSELTIBCAR LANTAS DALAM MENDUKUNG PELAPORAN DEKADE AKSI KESELAMATAN JALAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Nunung Nuring Hayati ◽  
Ni Nyoman Suartini ◽  
Achmad Wicaksono ◽  
Ike Fibriani ◽  
Mirtha Firmansyah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Public Knowledge ◽  
Traffic Law ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Self Protection ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

Kamsebtibcar Lantas or secure, safety, orderliness, and fluency of traffic are made in support of road safety actions reporting on traffic due to the lack of public knowledge about the importance of using self-protection tools that have been determined in traffic law number 22 of 2009 concerning traffic and road transport. By using this program, you can find out the relationship between the factors that cause accidents. From those collected from various regions in East Java, taken from 2016 to 2018. The data obtained can be processed using data mining techniques. This technique works by using a pattern that is a reference for decision making. By using the Fp-Growth algorithm that works with the data tree system to find out the patterns of reporting activities that are happening, this pattern is determined by two parameters, namely support (support value) and confidence (certainty value). With this system, it can help the parties concerned to improve facilities in various Kamseltibcar Lantas reporting activities. Kamsebtibcar lantas atau keamanan, keselamatan, ketertiban, dan kelancaran lalu lintas dibuat dalampedalam mendukung pelaporan aksi keselamatan jalan pada lalu lintas yang dikarenakan minimnya pengetahuan masyarakat tentang pentingnya penggunaan alat perlindungan diri yang telah ditentukan pada undang-undang nomor 22 tahun 2009 tentang lalu lintas dan angkutan jalan. Dengan menggunakan program ini dapat mengetahui hubungan antara faktor-faktor penyebab kecelakaan. Data yang dikumpulkan dari berbagai daerah yang ada di wilayah Jawa Timur diambil pada tahun 2016 sampai dengan 2018. Data yang telah didapat dapat diolah menggunakan teknik data mining. Teknik ini berfungsi dengan menggunakan pola yang menjadi acuan untuk penentuan keputusan. Dengan menggunakan algoritma Fp-Growth yang bekerja dengan sistem data tree untuk mengetahui pola kegiatan pelaporan kamsebticar lalu lintas yang sedang terjadi, pola ini ditentukan dengan dua parameter, yaitu support (nilai penunjang) dan confidence (nilai kepastian). Dengan sistem ini dapat membantu pihak yang berkaitan untuk meningkatkan fasilitas dalam berbagai kegiatan pelaporan Kamseltibcar Lantas.

scholarly journals What Regulation, Who Pays? Public Attitudes to Charity Regulation in England and Wales

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eddy Hogg
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Public Knowledge ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Charity Commission ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Charity Regulation

Funding for England and Wales’ Charity Commission has been cut by 48% between 2007 and 2016, affecting its ability to deliver its core regulatory functions. Conversations around what charity regulation should look like and how it should be funded have, therefore, gained momentum. These debates, however, are not limited to England and Wales, and in this article, we contribute to them by exploring public attitudes to these questions, presenting the findings of four focus groups. We find that although public knowledge of charity regulation is low, people are, nonetheless, clear that charities should be regulated. There is no clear preferred method of funding a charity regulator and a significant amount of complexity and nuance in public attitudes. People trust charities, but this can be eroded if they do not have confidence in how they operate. A visibly effective regulator supporting and supported by charities is central to maintaining trust.

scholarly journals Implementasi Program Penanggulangan TB Paru dengan Strategi Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse di Puskesmas Panyabungan Jae Kabupaten Mandailing Natal

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Mawaddah Marahmah ◽  
Rapotan Hasibuan
Keyword(s):  
Control Program ◽  
Public Knowledge ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Data Presentation ◽  
Tb Control ◽  
Directly Observed Treatment ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Tb Control Program

TB cases in Southeast Asia contribute 40% of the world's TB cases and causes the highest mortality in Indonesia. Panyabungan Jae Health Center (PJHC) itself has the highest number of TB cases in Mandailing Natal Regency. This study, therefore, aimed to determine the implementation of the TB Control Program with the Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse Strategy (DOTS) at PJHC.Qualitative methods with descriptive approach was used for this research. In-depth interviews was conducted with 5 informants in July 2020. The data were analyzed using data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing.The research found that communication between the TB program officer and the DOTS strategy worked well in the PJHC as well as the disposition, resources and bureaucratic structures. Political commitment in the DOTS strategy with cross-sectoral cooperation has an important influence in the handling of TB cases,however village authorities have not played a role in efforts to reduce for number of TB cases. The patients had lack of understanding about TB and some localshad views TB as a disease caused by poison becomes an obstacle in treating patients. TB prevention with the DOTS strategy at the PJHC runs according to standard guidelines, and complemented by the Puskesmas innovation "Tor Tor Libas TB".The MNDHO officersare advised to collaborate with entire stakeholders in overcoming TB by strengthening education in the form of routine counseling to increase public knowledge about TB

scholarly journals Do I Look Gawky? The Association between Pubertal Asynchrony and Peer Victimization

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 794
Author(s):  
Misaki N. Natsuaki ◽  
Sofia T. Stepanyan ◽  
Jenae M. Neiderhiser ◽  
Daniel S. Shaw ◽  
Jody M. Ganiban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peer Victimization ◽  
Peer Relationships ◽  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Physical Appearance ◽  
Breast Development ◽  
Growth Spurt ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Voice Change ◽  
Adoption Study ◽  
Using Data

Pubertal synchrony is defined as the degree of coherence to which puberty-related body changes (e.g., breast development, growth spurt, voice change, underarm hair growth) are coordinated. During the pubertal transition, youth’s body parts grow asynchronously, making each youth’s physical appearance unique. Physical appearance is a known correlate of youth’s psychosocial functioning during adolescence, but we know little about how pubertal asynchrony plays a role in their peer relationships. Using data from an adoption study (the Early Growth and Development Study; n = 413; 237 boys, 176 girls), this study examined the effect of pubertal asynchrony on peer victimization. Results revealed sex-specific effects of pubertal asynchrony; pubertal asynchrony was associated with a higher risk of peer victimization for girls but a lower risk for boys. Findings highlight the intersection of physical development and social context in understanding youth’s experiences of puberty.

scholarly journals Biogeographic Ancestry, Cognitive Ability and Socioeconomic Outcomes

Psych ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emil Kirkegaard ◽  
Michael Woodley of Menie ◽  
Robert Williams ◽  
John Fuerst ◽  
Gerhard Meisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Genetic Models ◽  
Genetic Ancestry ◽  
Cognitive Differences ◽  
Socioeconomic Outcomes ◽  
Environmental Models ◽  
Evolutionary Genetic ◽  
American Children ◽  
Using Data

The cause(s) of ubiquitous cognitive differences between American self-identified racial/ethnic groups (SIREs) is uncertain. Evolutionary-genetic models posit that ancestral genetic selection pressures are the ultimate source of these differences. Conversely, sociological models posit that these differences result from racial discrimination. To examine predictions based on these models, we conducted a global admixture analysis using data from the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study (PING; N = 1,369 American children). Specifically, we employed a standard methodology of genetic epidemiology to determine whether genetic ancestry significantly predicts cognitive ability, independent of SIRE. In regression models using four different codings for SIRE as a covariate, we found incremental relationships between genetic ancestry and both general cognitive ability and parental socioeconomic status (SES). The relationships between global ancestry and cognitive ability were partially attenuated when parental SES was added as a predictor and when cognitive ability was the outcome. Moreover, these associations generally held when subgroups were analyzed separately. Our results are congruent with evolutionary-genetic models of group differences and with certain environmental models that mimic the predictions of evolutionary-genetic ones. Implications for research on race/ethnic differences in the Americas are discussed, as are methods for further exploring the matter.

Paradoxes of Intersectionality: Theorizing Inequality in the Dutch Police Force through Structure and Agency

Organization ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendy Boogaard ◽  
Conny Roggeband
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Ethnic Inequality ◽  
Structure And Agency ◽  
Organizational Identities ◽  
Intersecting Identities ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Minority Officers

While gender and ethnic inequality have been extensively studied in the context of organizations, research into how the intersection of these and other identity categories (re)produces inequality in organizations is still scarce. In this article, we examine inequality from an intersectional perspective in the context of a diverse and multifaceted organization: the Dutch police force. Using data collected through direct observation and focus groups, we analyse how organizational inequality is (re)produced and called into question by drawing on intersecting gender, ethnic and organizational identities. The analysis on the findings through an intersectional lens sheds light onto two paradoxes. The first paradox points to the fact that, by deploying more positive identities to empower themselves, individuals can de facto contribute to reproducing inequalities along those same identity axes. The second suggests, on the contrary, that acknowledging female and ethnic minority officers’ specific valuable competences calls into question inequality along gender and ethnicity within the executive police force. In analysing our material, we approach individuals as agents reflecting and engaging with intersecting identities and the unequal power relations deriving from them. We show that, while they occasionally openly challenge inequality derived from one’s social identity, they often actually reproduce it in order to preserve their own individual power.

scholarly journals Public knowledge, attitudes, social distance and reporting contact with people with mental illness 2009–2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (16) ◽  
pp. 2717-2726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily J. Robinson ◽  
Claire Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Common Mental Disorder ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Simple Random Sample ◽  
Public Knowledge ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Demographic Subgroups

AbstractBackgroundOur aim was to investigate patterns of change in public knowledge, attitudes, desire for social distance and reporting having contact with people with mental health problems in England during the Time to Change (TTC) programme to reduce stigma and discrimination 2009–2017.MethodsUsing data from an annual face-to-face survey of a nationally representative quota sample of adults, we evaluated longitudinal trends of the outcome measures with regression analyses and made assumptions on the basis of a simple random sample. We tested interactions between year and demographic subgroups.ResultsThere were improvements in all outcomes in 2017 compared with baseline measures (2008 or 2009). Reported in s.d. units [95% confidence interval (CI)], the improvement for knowledge was 0.17 (0.10–0.23); for attitudes 0.25 (0.18–0.31); and for social distance 0.29 (0.23–0.35). A higher likelihood of reporting contact was also associated with most recent survey year (odds ratio 1.47, 95% CI 1.27–1.71). Statistically significant interactions between year and region of England suggest greatest improvements in attitudes and intended behaviour in London, where both outcomes were significantly worse in the early years of the survey. However, for attitudes, this interaction was only significant among women. Other significant interactions suggest that attitudes improved most in the target age group (25–44).ConclusionsThe results provide support for the effectiveness of TTC across demographic groups. However, other societal changes may influence the results, such as the increasing prevalence of common mental disorder in young women.

scholarly journals Exploring patients’ and carers’ views about the clinical use of ketamine to inform policy and practical decisions: mixed-methods study

BJPsych Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sagar Jilka ◽  
Claire Murray ◽  
Ania Wieczorek ◽  
Helena Griffiths ◽  
Til Wykes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Support Cost ◽  
Roll Out

Background Only one-third of patients with major depressive disorder achieve remission. One new and promising treatment, ketamine, may prove challenging to implement because of its abuse potential. Although clinicians' views have been sought, we need patients' views before large scale roll-out is considered. Aims To explore patients’ and carers' views to inform policy and practical decisions about the clinical use of ketamine. Method We carried out a mixed-methods study using data from 44 participants in 21 focus groups in three sessions and an online survey with patients, carers and advocates during a consultation day. Focus groups explored participant's views about ketamine as a form of treatment and the best way for ketamine to be prescribed and monitored. The qualitative data were analysed by two patient–researchers using an exploratory framework analysis and was supplemented by a survey. Results The ten themes generated were monitoring, information, effect on daily life, side-effects, recreational use, effectiveness, appropriate support, cost, stigma and therapy. Participants wanted better evidence on the safety of ketamine after long-term use and felt that monitoring was required. Collecting this information would provide evidence for ketamine's safe use and administration. There were, however, concerns about the misuse of this information. Practical issues of access were important: repeated travelling to clinics and a lack of sufficiently informed medical staff were key barriers. Conclusions Clinicians have some similar and some different views to those of patients, carers and advocates, which need to be considered in any future roll-out of ketamine. Declaration of interest R.M. has had UK National Institute for Health Research grant funding to study ketamine, is participating in trials of esketamine, runs a clinic that provides ketamine treatment, and has consulted for Johnson & Johnson and Eleusis.

Scientific Practice in Modeling Diseases: Stances from Cancer Research and Neuropsychiatry

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-128
Author(s):  
Marta Bertolaso ◽  
Raffaella Campaner
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Research ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Mechanistic Models ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Mechanistic Explanations ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Mechanistic Approach ◽  
The One

Abstract In the last few decades, philosophy of science has increasingly focused on multilevel models and causal mechanistic explanations to account for complex biological phenomena. On the one hand, biological and biomedical works make extensive use of mechanistic concepts; on the other hand, philosophers have analyzed an increasing range of examples taken from different domains in the life sciences to test—support or criticize—the adequacy of mechanistic accounts. The article highlights some challenges in the elaboration of mechanistic explanations with a focus on cancer research and neuropsychiatry. It jointly considers fields, which are usually dealt with separately, and keeps a close eye on scientific practice. The article has a twofold aim. First, it shows that identification of the explananda is a key issue when looking at dynamic processes and their implications in medical research and clinical practice. Second, it discusses the relevance of organizational accounts of mechanisms, and questions whether thorough self-sustaining mechanistic explanations can actually be provided when addressing cancer and psychiatric diseases. While acknowledging the merits of the wide ongoing debate on mechanistic models, the article challenges the mechanistic approach to explanation by discussing, in particular, explanatory and conceptual terms in the light of stances from medical cases.

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