scholarly journals The Effect of Metoclopramide on the Lower Oesophageal Sphincter in Late Pregnancy

1978 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Brock-utne ◽  
T. G. B. Dow ◽  
S. Welman ◽  
G. E. Dimopoulos ◽  
M. G. Moshal
Keyword(s):  
Normal Control ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Lower Oesophageal Sphincter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Obstetrical Anaesthesia ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Gastric Contents

The effects of intravenous metoclopramide (Maxolon) on the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) were studied in three groups of patients, one group being normal control and the other two being pregnant females, one without heartburn and the other with. Metoclopramide increases the LOS pressure 20.5, 15.2 and 10.2 cm H2 O respectively (p<0.005, p<0.005 and p<0.05). These findings suggest that for patients undergoing elective or emergency obstetrical anaesthesia, intravenous metoclopramide may help reduce the incidence of regurgitation of gastric contents.

DIE AUSSCHEIDUNG VON TESTOSTERON UND EPITESTOSTERON BEI FRAUEN AM ENDE DER SCHWANGERSCHAFT

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-585
Author(s):  
K. Schollberg ◽  
E. Seiler ◽  
J. Holtorff
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Female Foetus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
In Pregnancy

ABSTRACT The urinary excretion of testosterone and epitestosterone by women in late pregnancy has been studied. The mean values of 22 normal women in pregnancy mens X are 12.9 ± 9.2 μg/24 h in the case of testosterone and 16.1 ± 16.2 μg/24 h in the case of epitestosterone. Both values do not differ significantly from those of non-pregnant females. The excretion values of mothers bearing a male foetus (17.3 ± 8.9 μg/24 h) are higher than those of mothers with a female foetus (6.4 ± 4.8 μg/24 h). The difference is statistically significant with P = 0.01.

CHANGES IN THE COMPOSITION AND YIELD OF THE MAMMARY SECRETION OF COWS DURING THE INITIATION OF LACTATION

1973 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. HARTMANN
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Abrupt Increase ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Casein Protein ◽  
Two Phases

SUMMARY Mammary secretion (1·2–2·0 ml) was collected from the milk sinus of each mammary gland (quarter) of two pregnant heifers and eight pregnant cows (dry period 49–229 days), first at weekly intervals from 40 days before parturition, then with increasing frequency as parturition approached. The progressive changes in the concentration of lactose, glucose, casein, non-casein protein and fat in the mammary secretion were determined. Calves were separated from the cows immediately after birth and the yield and composition of milk from individual quarters were determined for 5 days after parturition. Two quarters (milked quarters) of each of a further five cows were milked throughout pregnancy, while the other two quarters (unmilked quarters) of each cow were allowed to involute (dry off) 63– 104 days before parturition. Small samples (5–10 ml) of secretion were collected from the unmilked quarters, first at weekly intervals after drying off and then every second day from 10 to 15 days before parturition. On the days that the unmilked quarters were sampled, corresponding composite milk samples were collected from the milked quarters and the progressive changes in the yield of milk, lactose and fat were determined. The changes in the concentration of lactose and glucose in the mammary secretion, during drying off in late lactation, were determined in an additional five cows. In most cows allowed a usual dry period, and in the unmilked quarters of cows in which two quarters were milked throughout pregnancy, the concentration of lactose gradually increased from about 8 to 12 days before parturition to reach levels of about half those found in normal milk just before parturition. However, in some cows the concentration of lactose was low until 1–2 days before parturition and then increased abruptly, whereas in others the concentration of lactose increased slowly from as early as 32 days before parturition. A further rapid increase in the concentration of lactose in the mammary secretion occurred between 0 and 4 days before parturition in all cows. This latter increase was accompanied by an abrupt increase in the yield of milk, lactose and fat in the milked quarters of the cows in which two quarters were milked throughout pregnancy. These observations suggest that the initiation of lactation in the cow develops in two phases, a limited secretion of milk constituents occurs in late pregnancy and then 0–4 days before parturition copious secretion (lactogenesis) occurs.

scholarly journals Pregnancy Changes the Response of the Vomeronasal and Olfactory Systems to Pups in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinta Navarro-Moreno ◽  
Maria Jose Sanchez-Catalan ◽  
Manuela Barneo-Muñoz ◽  
Rafael Goterris-Cerisuelo ◽  
Maria Belles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Piriform Cortex ◽  
Vomeronasal Organ ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Bed Nucleus ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Pup Retrieval ◽  
Olfactory Systems ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Pregnancy Hormones

Motherhood entails changes in behavior with increased motivation for pups, induced in part by pregnancy hormones acting upon the brain. This work explores whether this alters sensory processing of pup-derived chemosignals. To do so, we analyse the expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) in the vomeronasal organ (VNO; Egr1) and centers of the olfactory and vomeronasal brain pathways (cFos) in virgin and late-pregnant females exposed to pups, as compared to buttons (socially neutral control). In pup-exposed females, we quantified diverse behaviors including pup retrieval, sniffing, pup-directed attack, nest building and time in nest or on nest, as well as time off nest. Pups induce Egr1 expression in the VNO of females, irrespective of their physiological condition, thus suggesting the existence of VNO-detected pup chemosignals. A similar situation is found in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) and posteromedial part of the medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTMPM). By contrast, in the medial amygdala and posteromedial cortical amygdala (PMCo), responses to pups-vs-buttons are different in virgin and late-pregnant females, thus suggesting altered sensory processing during late pregnancy. The olfactory system also shows changes in sensory processing with pregnancy. In the main olfactory bulbs, as well as the anterior and posterior piriform cortex, buttons activate cFos expression in virgins more than in pregnant females. By contrast, in the anterior and especially posterior piriform cortex, pregnant females show more activation by pups than buttons. Correlation between IEGs expression and behavior suggests the existence of two vomeronasal subsystems: one associated to pup care (with PMCo as its main center) and another related to pup-directed aggression observed in some pregnant females (with the BSTMPM as the main nucleus). Our data also suggest a coactivation of the olfactory and vomeronasal systems during interaction with pups in pregnant females.

Active and resting behaviour of virgin and pregnant females ofGlossina morsitans morsitansWestwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in the laboratory

1982 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rowcliffe ◽  
L. H. Finlayson
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Clear Preference ◽  
Resting Sites ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Resting Behaviour ◽  
Visual Contrast ◽  
Light Gradient

AbstractActivity in virgin and pregnant females ofGlossina morsitans morsitansWestw. was very low and mostly took the form of short bursts of flight. Recently-fed virgins and females in early and mid-pregnancy were least active. In late pregnancy, activity increased and more walking occurred. In all classes of females, activity was least around midday, but the V-shaped curve became less pronounced as parturition approached. There was evidence of a slight preference for black over white surfaces whenlandingbut a clear preference for blackrestingsites. Virgin females preferred to alight and rest on vertical surfaces at the borders of areas of visual contrast; pregnant females preferred to alight and rest on horizontal surfaces and showed no attraction to regions of contrast. In a horizontal light gradient, pregnant females selected lighter resting sites as the day progressed. In late pregnancy, there was an increasing tendency to rest in darker sites. Increasing the temperature in the light gradient caused an increase in activity around 34°C and a switch to photonegative behaviour. After larviposition, the females became strongly photopositive even at high temperature (38°C), but after a feed they reverted to the ‘normal’ photonegative response to high temperature.

Effect of time of joining and rate of stocking on the production of Corriedale ewes in southern Victoria. 3. Wool growth and the composition and availability of pasture

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (73) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
PA Kenney ◽  
IF Davis
Keyword(s):  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Brome Grass ◽  
Stocking Rates

A study was made during a three year period (1 968-1 970) of wool production by a flock of 540 ewes grazing annual pasture at Werribee, Victoria. The ewes were stocked at three rates (5, 7 1/2 and 10 ewes ha-1) and lambed between July 6 and August 20 or between September 10 and October 29 each year. Fibre diameter and length of wool samples were measured in 1968, 1969 and 1970 ; in 1970 growth of greasy wool was calculated from staples of dye-banded wool. Wool growth was reduced in all ewes during late pregnancy and early lactation but was not affected during late lactation in ewes lambing in September. The proportion of tender fleeces from all ewes was greater in 1970 and the weight of fleeces from only those ewes bearing single lambs was less in all years for ewes lambing in July than for ewes lambing in September. More ewes were barren and fewer ewes had twins in July and consequently the mean fleece weights of all ewes from both groups were similar. Fleeces from ewes stocked at 10 ha-1 were lighter, shorter and finer than fleeces from ewes stocked at 5 and 7 1/2 ha-1, but the proportion of tender fleeces did not differ between the groups. Wool production of ewes stocked at 5 and 7 1/2 ha-1 increased from 1968 to 1970, whereas that of ewes at 10 ha-1 did not. This was associated with differences in pasture availability and composition. At 10 ewes ha-1 less pasture was present in winter and spring in 1970 than in 1968, whereas at the other stocking rates it was greater. In 1970 the density of weeds in autumn was greater and in spring more silver grass (Vulpia spp.) and less brome grass (Bromus spp.) was available at the high stocking rate.

scholarly journals Responses of pregnant ewes and young lambs to ovalbumin immunization, antiovalbumin antibody transfer to lambs, and temporal changes in antiovalbumin antibody1,2

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-591
Author(s):  
G. S. Lewis ◽  
S. Wang ◽  
J. B. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Injection Type ◽  
Neonatal Lambs ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Original Type

Abstract Factors affecting the decay of maternally derived IgG and ability of neonatal lambs to produce protective amounts of their own IgG are not well understood. Thus, we conducted 3 experiments to quantify the 1) response of pregnant ewes to ovalbumin immunization, 2) antiovalbumin antibody (OV-IgG) transfer to lambs, 3) changes over time in OV-IgG in lambs, and 4) response of young lambs to ovalbumin immunization. In Exp. 1, ewes (n = 10/group) either received control (adjuvant + saline) or ovalbumin (ovalbumin + adjuvant + saline) injections at ≈ 42 and 14 d prepartum. Ovalbumin increased (P &lt; 0.001) ewe serum and colostrum OV-IgG. Serum OV-IgG was greater (P &lt; 0.0001) in lambs from ovalbumin-treated than in lambs from control ewes. In Exp. 2, lambs (n = 20/group), which were from ewes that had received ovalbumin prepartum, were given either control or ovalbumin injections on d 1 and 15 of age. From d 1 to 15, maternally derived OV-IgG was less (P &lt; 0.04) in ovalbumin-treated than in control lambs. After d 15, OV-IgG was greater (P &lt; 0.001) in ovalbumin-treated than in control lambs. In Exp. 3, lambs (n = 20/group), which were from ewes naïve to ovalbumin, received 1 of 4 treatments: 1) d-1 + d-15 control injections; 2) d-1 + d-15 ovalbumin; 3) d-28 + d-42 control; and 4) d-28 + d-42 ovalbumin. In d-1 + d-15 ovalbumin lambs, OV-IgG increased (P &lt; 0.001) from d 7 to 21 after treatment and then decreased (P &lt; 0.004) after d 28. In d-28 + d-42 ovalbumin lambs, OV-IgG increased (P &lt; 0.001) steadily until d 21 after treatment and then stabilized after d 21. At ≈ 159 d of age, lambs in each group received injections consistent with their original type. After the d-159 treatment, ovalbumin injection increased (P &lt; 0.0001) OV-IgG, and the injection type × time interaction was significant (P &lt; 0.0001). In d-28 + d-42 ovalbumin lambs, OV-IgG just before the d-159 injections was greater (P &lt; 0.006) than that in the other groups. In this study, late pregnant ewes produced OV-IgG after ovalbumin injections and then transferred OV-IgG to lambs via colostrum. Ovalbumin treatment of young lambs reduced circulating maternally derived OV-IgG, but it also induced an immune response in the lambs. Overall, our results support recommendations to vaccinate ewes against common pathogens during late pregnancy and to ensure that lambs receive adequate colostrum soon after birth.

The plasma pattern of growth hormone in conscious rats during late pregnancy

1990 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Carlsson ◽  
S. Edén ◽  
J.-O. Jansson
Keyword(s):  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Fourfold Increase ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Basal Plasma ◽  
Analysis Computer ◽  
Plasma Gh

ABSTRACT The plasma GH levels of female rats during late pregnancy were determined using an automatic method for repetitive blood sampling from conscious animals. The plasma GH patterns were analysed by a pulse analysis computer program (PULSAR). The mean plasma GH levels were about twofold higher in pregnant females on days 15, 18 and 22 of gestation than in age-matched non-pregnant females. The basal plasma GH levels were also increased, while there was no change in GH pulse amplitude or frequency. The augmentation of GH release was even more pronounced on day 20 of gestation, with a fourfold increase in mean plasma GH levels compared with those in non-pregnant females. This increase reflected an increase in both basal plasma GH levels and GH pulse amplitude, but there was no increase in pulse frequency. In female rats that delivered on day 22 of gestation, the basal and mean plasma GH levels increased during parturition. Pregnant females consistently responded to multiple i.v. infusions of 1 μg human GH-releasing factor analogue (hGRF(1–29)-NH2) given at 45-min intervals on day 18 of gestation. Both basal and GRF analogue-stimulated plasma GH levels were undetectable after hypophysectomy of pregnant rats. The present study demonstrates an increase in basal plasma GH levels during late pregnancy and a marked increase in both basal plasma GH levels and GH pulse amplitude on day 20 of gestation. Furthermore, hypophysectomy of pregnant rats results in undetectable GH levels, indicating that the high levels of GH during pregnancy are derived from the pituitary. Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 124, 191–198

scholarly journals Low-dose brain estrogen prevents menopausal syndrome while maintaining the diversity of the gut microbiomes in estrogen-deficient rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (1) ◽  
pp. E99-E109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunmin Park ◽  
Da Sol Kim ◽  
Eun Seon Kang ◽  
Da Bin Kim ◽  
Suna Kang
Keyword(s):  
Normal Control ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Menopausal Symptoms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Ovx Rats ◽  
Control Serum ◽  
17Β Estradiol

We evaluated the effects of intracerebroventricular administration (ICV) of brain estrogen and progesterone on menopausal symptoms and their effects on the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in estrogen-deficient rats. Three weeks after ovariectomy (OVX) or sham operation, OVX rats were given ICV infusions of either 17β-estradiol (4 μg/day; ICV-E), progesterone(0.8 μg/day; ICV-P), or vehicle (control) for 4 wk. OVX rats in the positive-control group were orally provided 150 μg 17β-estradiol·kg body wt−1·day−1. Sham rats had ICV vehicle infusion (normal-control). Serum 17β-estradiol levels of ICV-E and ICV-P groups were higher than the control group but much lower than the normal- and positive-control groups. Tail skin temperature was higher in the control group than the other groups. Serum FSH and LH levels were much higher in the control group than positive- and normal-control groups, but ICV-E and ICV-P lowered the levels similar to the normal-control treatment. ICV-E and ICV-P prevented the decreased energy expenditure in OVX rats. Homeostasis model assessment estimate of insulin resistance was lowered in the descending order of the control, positive-control, ICV-P, ICV-E, and normal-control treatments. The decreased bone mineral density was prevented by the positive-control, ICV-E, and ICV-P treatments. The control group exhibited decreased short-term memory and spatial memory compared with the other groups. Surprisingly, the control group exhibited a decreased richness of the gut microbiome compared with normal-control group, and ICV-E protected against the decrease the most. In conclusion, small amounts of brain estrogen and, to some extent, progesterone improved menopausal symptoms by decreasing serum FSH levels and maintaining the diversity of the gut microbiome in estrogen-deficient rats.

scholarly journals Shared Reproductive State Enhances Female Associations in Dolphins

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana M. Möller ◽  
Robert G. Harcourt
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
First Year ◽  
Reproductive State ◽  
Predominant Role ◽  
Newborn Period ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Association Coefficients ◽  
Social Clusters

Female bottlenose dolphins (genusTursiops) usually associate at moderate level with other females within social clusters called bands or cliques. It has been suggested that reproductive state may play the predominant role in determining associations within femaleT. truncatusbands. Here, we test the hypothesis that reproductive state correlates with associations of female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (T. aduncus). We found that females in similar reproductive state, which included females from late pregnancy to the first year of their calves' life or females from early pregnancy to their calves' newborn period, had higher-association coefficients with each other than they did with females in different reproductive states (females with older calves or without calves). This was observed both within and across social clusters suggesting that reproductive state, at least for pregnant females and those with young calves, plays an important role in determining who to associate with. However, a female's most frequent associate was not always with another in similar reproductive state. We suggest that several factors, including reproductive state, may be of importance in determining associations of female bottlenose dolphins.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of Fractional CO2 laser and long-pulsed ND- YAG laser in managing striae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendawy AF ◽  
Aly DG ◽  
Shokeir HA ◽  
Samy NA
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Clinical Improvement ◽  
Co2 Laser ◽  
Nd:Yag Laser ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yag Laser ◽  
Fractional Co2 Laser ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Clinical Improvement

Abstract Background: Striae Distansae (SD) are a disfiguring dermal condition, characterized by linear bands of atrophic skin, occurring at sites of dermal damage caused by stretching. They affect adolescents and more than 70% of pregnant females due to stretching of the skin. Aims: To evaluate and to compare the efficacy of 1, 064 nm Long Pulsed Nd: YAG laser and Fractional CO2 laser in the management of SD. Patients/Methods: Thirty female patients with bilateral symmetrical SD were treated with Fractional CO2 laser on one side and long-pulsed Nd: YAG laser on the other side. All patients received 3 sessions at 3 weeks interval. Global Aesthetic improvement scale (GAIS) and was used to evaluate improvement 3 months post treatment. Four mm punch biopsies were taken from each side before treatment and 3 months after the last session to measure epidermal and collagen thickness. Findings: More significant clinical improvement was noted with the Nd:YAG laser than Fractional CO2 laser. Both GAIS and satisfaction score were significantly higher in the Nd:YAG laser treated side epidermal and collagen thickness were evidently increased in the Nd: YAG laser treated lesions than those treated by Fractional CO2 laser with no significant difference. Conclusions: Long pulsed Nd-YAG laser is clinically more effective than the Fractional CO2 laser in treating SD without serious side effects, although there was no significant difference between them histopathologically.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document