Impact of Market-Rate Residential Parking Permit Fees on Low-Income Households

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (12) ◽  
pp. 644-654
Author(s):  
Alex Okashita ◽  
Richard Willson
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Income Class ◽  
Consumer Expenditure Survey ◽  
Market Rate ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Transportation Modes ◽  
Residential Parking ◽  
Low Income Households

On-street parking is a poorly-managed public asset. In dense neighborhoods, this results in difficult space searches, neighborhood conflict, and opposition to housing development. Market-rate residential parking permit systems are a logical solution because they manage demand. However, these programs are regressive for low-income residents who buy a permit because the permit fee is a larger percentage of their income than for higher-income groups. This paper reports on a simulation of the burden of a market-based fee on households of different income classes using three low-income neighborhoods in Los Angeles, California. Data from the American Community Survey, Consumer Expenditure Survey, and primary parking counts are the model inputs. The outputs are measures of the increase in a household’s annual transportation expenditure, by income class, after a market-rate permit fee is implemented. The results show that market-rate programs are indeed regressive for households that purchase a permit. But because many low-income households do not have a car, do not park on-street, or pursue alternative options to buying a permit, the magnitude of the effect of income class is not as large as is often assumed. The study concludes that the regressive effect of a market-rate residential parking benefit district should not be an impediment to implementing such a scheme because low-income permit purchasers can be subsidized with permit revenue from higher-income drivers in the district, resources from higher-income parking districts, or both. Additionally, revenues can be used to support transportation modes that particularly benefit all low-income residents.

scholarly journals Inequality-Reducing Effects of Tobacco Tax Increase: Accounting for Behavioral Response of Low-, Middle-, and High-Income Households in Serbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9494
Author(s):  
Marko Vladisavljević ◽  
Jovan Zubović ◽  
Mihajlo Đukić ◽  
Olivera Jovanović
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
High Income ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Household Expenditures ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Tobacco Tax ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Low Income Households

While previous research has indicated that increasing tobacco excises is a crucial instrument for lowering tobacco demand, this policy has been criticized for its alleged regressive impact on the poor. However, this critique does not take into account the behavioral response, i.e., decrease in consumption that occurs after excises and prices increase. In this paper, we examine the effect of cigarettes’ price increase on tobacco consumption, household expenditures, and tax burdens in three income groups and provide empirical arguments on the regressivity/progressivity effects of tobacco tax increase. Estimated elasticities indicate that all groups decrease their cigarettes demand with increasing prices, with demand decrease stronger for low- than for middle- and high-income households. Results further suggest that increasing tobacco excises (1) decreases tobacco expenditure of low-income households, which increases their productive consumption, such as on food, clothes, etc., and (2) redistributes the tobacco tax burden from low- to high-income households. Therefore, excise increase policies do not have an adverse effect on the position of the low-income households; on the contrary, they lower their cigarettes expenditure and their tax burden, while lower cigarettes consumption has an additional, positive effect on their health, which attenuates future inequalities.

scholarly journals Has Consumption Inequality Mirrored Income Inequality?

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (9) ◽  
pp. 2725-2756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Aguiar ◽  
Mark Bils
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Demand System ◽  
Alternative Measure ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Consumer Expenditure Survey ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Do So

We revisit to what extent the increase in income inequality since 1980 was mirrored by consumption inequality. We do so by constructing an alternative measure of consumption expenditure using a demand system to correct for systematic measurement error in the Consumer Expenditure Survey. Our estimation exploits the relative expenditure of high- and low-income households on luxuries versus necessities. This double differencing corrects for measurement error that can vary over time by good and income. We find consumption inequality tracked income inequality much more closely than estimated by direct responses on expenditures. (JEL D31, D63, E21)

scholarly journals A school salad bar increases frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption among children living in low-income households

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1490-1496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendelin M Slusser ◽  
William G Cumberland ◽  
Ben L Browdy ◽  
Linda Lange ◽  
Charlotte Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
School Children ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Elementary School Children ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Menu Option ◽  
Low Income Households

AbstractObjectiveTo measure change in fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption among elementary-school children after the introduction of a salad bar programme as a lunch menu option in the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) reimbursable lunch programme in Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD).DesignA cross-sectional sample of children was interviewed before and after a salad bar intervention (1998 and 2000, respectively) utilising a 24-hour food recall questionnaire. Frequencies of F&V consumption were calculated.SettingThe evaluation took place in three LAUSD elementary schools participating in the salad bar programme and the USDA reimbursable lunch programme.SubjectsThree hundred and thirty-seven children in 2nd–5th grade (7–11 years old).ResultsAfter the salad bar was introduced, there was a significant increase in frequency (2.97 to 4.09,P< 0.001) of F&V consumed among the children studied. The increase in frequency of F&V consumed was almost all due to an increase during lunch (84%). Mean energy, cholesterol, saturated fat and total fat intakes were significantly lower in the children after the salad bar was introduced in the schools compared with the intakes in the children before the salad bar was introduced.ConclusionA salad bar as a lunch menu option in the USDA reimbursable lunch programme can significantly increase the frequency of F&V consumption by elementary-school children living in low-income households.

scholarly journals Can Malaysia’s National Affordable Housing Policy Guarantee Housing Affordability of Low-Income Households?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 8841
Author(s):  
Jian Liu ◽  
Huay Ying Ong
Keyword(s):  
Housing Policy ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
Compliance Cost ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Households

Housing affordability is a long-held issue in Malaysia, and housing policies have been implemented for low-income households over the years. However, there is a contradiction that housing affordability of low-income households has not been met, while the bulk of affordable housing is still vacant. In 2019, Malaysia enacted the National Affordable Housing Policy (DRMM) which was intended to improve housing affordability for low-income groups. This paper aims to answer why Malaysia’s long-term implementation of affordable housing policies cannot guarantee housing affordability, and whether the DRMM can effectively improve housing affordability as expected, by comparing the empirical factors of housing affordability. A literature review and a comparative analysis are adopted in the research. The paper concludes that low household income, high land price, construction cost and compliance cost, mismatch of supply and demand in terms of quantity, the instability of the national economy, low home financing ability, and incomprehensive housing planning have caused low housing affordability of low-income groups in Malaysia. The DRMM as anticipated can improve housing affordability by supplying affordable housing more precisely, lowering housing costs, and improving home financing ability. However, the exclusion of household income and economic factors may cause the ineffectiveness of the DRMM in improving housing affordability for low-income households.

A Survey Study on the Defects Found in Low-Income Housing: Case Study Seongnam City Korea

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-117
Author(s):  
Bong-Kuk Ko ◽  
Woo-Jung Lee ◽  
Jae-Hoon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
Safety Hazards ◽  
Residential Housing ◽  
Income Class ◽  
Massive Distribution ◽  
Low Income Housing ◽  
Low Income Households

The purpose of this study is to understand what health and safety hazards low-income households are subject to by surveying the real conditions of the defective housing of low-income households, and to find improvement strategies. For this purpose, we visited the concentrated areas of the multi-dwelling unit (MDU) (also known as multi-family residential) housing in Jungwon-gu and Sujeong-gu in Seongnam City, Kyunggi-do, one of the representative areas in Korea with a massive distribution of the low-income class. Based on the survey data, the level of housing defects were comparison analyzed per income decile (decile 1, decile 2, deciles 3–4), and per housing location, in the categories of subsidence, cracks in the wall, delamination, water leakage/infiltration, condensation, and contamination. The housing condition per income class was more defective in the decile 2 households rather than in the decile 2 households, and in the substructure more than in the superstructure. Among the six defects, contamination problems, caused by sub-standard living conditions, were the most frequent cases. Structural defects, subsidence and cracks in the wall, were found in the main living areas—the bedrooms and the living rooms. It was confirmed in this study that the conditions of low-income housing are serious, and that it is necessary to explore specific countermeasures in the near future.

scholarly journals Prevalence and predictors of food insecurity among low-income households in Los Angeles County

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 791-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce W Furness ◽  
Paul A Simon ◽  
Cheryl M Wold ◽  
Johanna Asarian-Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Los Angeles County ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Income Households

AbstractObjectives:To assess the prevalence and identify the predictors of food insecurity among households in Los Angeles County with incomes below 300% of the federal poverty level.Methods:The Six-Item Short Form of the US Department of Agriculture's Household Food Security Scale was used as part of a 1999 county-wide, population-based, telephone survey.Results:The prevalence of food insecurity was 24.4% and was inversely associated with household income. Other independent predictors of food insecurity included the presence of children in the household (odds ratio (OR) 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–2.3) and a history of homelessness in the past five years (OR 5.6, 95% CI 3.4–9.4).Conclusion:Food insecurity is a significant public health problem among low–income households in Los Angeles County. Food assistance programmes should focus efforts on households living in and near poverty, those with children, and those with a history of homelessness.

scholarly journals Household Expenditure and the Income Tax Rebates of 2001

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 1589-1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S Johnson ◽  
Jonathan A Parker ◽  
Nicholas S Souleles
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Aggregate Consumption ◽  
Nondurable Goods ◽  
Consumption Expenditures ◽  
Consumer Expenditure Survey ◽  
Federal Income Tax ◽  
Consumption Demand

Using questions expressly added to the Consumer Expenditure Survey, we estimate the change in consumption expenditures caused by the 2001 federal income tax rebates and test the permanent income hypothesis. We exploit the unique, randomized timing of rebate receipt across households. Households spent 20 to 40 percent of their rebates on nondurable goods during the three-month period in which their rebates arrived, and roughly two-thirds of their rebates cumulatively during this period and the subsequent three-month period. The implied effects on aggregate consumption demand are substantial. Consistent with liquidity constraints, responses are larger for households with low liquid wealth or low income.

An Empirical Analysis of the Association Between Cigarette Smoking and Participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-169
Author(s):  
Grace Bagwell Adams
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ◽  
Tobacco Prevention ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Supplemental Nutrition ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Nutrition Assistance ◽  
Low Income Households

Purpose: To examine the association between smoking and participation in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) among low-income families. Design: A quasi-experimental design using pooled cross-sectional data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Expenditure Diary Survey. Setting: A national, representative sample of US households from 2005 through 2012. Participants: A total of 19 395 low-income households. Measures: US poverty thresholds were used, in conjunction with household income, to create a sample of families at 130% of the federal poverty level and below. Expenditures on cigarettes and self-reported enrollment in SNAP were used to measure smoking behavior and program participation, respectively. Analysis: Estimation of a maximum likelihood model was used to predict the probability of smoking given participation in SNAP. Results: The SNAP participation among low-income households was associated with a 30% ( P < .01) increase in the likelihood of a household containing at least 1 smoker, relative to low-income non-SNAP households. Among smokers, SNAP households do not spend more money on tobacco products than non-SNAP households. Conclusion: Given the strong association found between SNAP participation and smoking, connecting program participants who smoke to effective smoking cessation programs could be an effective tool in reducing the prevalence of smoking among the low-income population. States have a unique opportunity to use SNAP-Education programs to integrate tobacco prevention and cessation into curriculum for direct client impact.

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