Measurement of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation in Asymptomatic Tennis Players and Swimmers

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1017-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Rangel Torres ◽  
João Luiz Ellera Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Overhead Sports ◽  
The Difference

Background Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, often diagnosed in players of overhead sports, has been associated with the development of secondary shoulder lesions. Hypothesis Asymptomatic players of different overhead sports will exhibit variable degrees of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit. Study Design Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods Fifty-four asymptomatic male volunteers (108 shoulders) divided into 3 groups (tennis players, swimmers, control group) underwent measurements of glenohumeral internal and external rotation using clinical examination with scapular stabilization. Measurements of dominant and nondominant shoulders were compared within and between groups. Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) was defined as the difference in internal rotation between the nondominant and dominant shoulders. Results In tennis players, mean GIRD was 23.9° ± 8.4° (P < .001); in swimmers, 12° ± 6.8° (P < .001); and in the control group, 4.9° ± 7.4° (P = .035). Dominant shoulders showed significant difference between all groups, and the difference in internal rotation of the dominant shoulder between the group of tennis players in comparison with the control group (27.6°, P < .001) was greater than the difference in internal rotation of the dominant shoulder found in the group of swimmers compared with the control group (17.9°, P < .001). Between tennis players and swimmers, the difference in internal rotation of the dominant shoulder was 9.7° (P = .002). Conclusion Dominant limbs showed less glenohumeral internal rotation than the nondominant limbs in all groups, with the deficit in the group of tennis players about twice the deficit found for swimmers. Mean difference between limbs in the control group was less than 5°, which is within normal parameters according to most studies. There were statistically significant differences between all groups when dominant shoulders were compared with each other, differences that were not compensated by external rotation gain. Tennis players had the least range of motion, followed by swimmers.

The Effect of Glenohumeral Internal-Rotation Deficit on Functional Rotator-Strength Ratio in Adolescent Overhead Athletes

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hande Guney ◽  
Gulcan Harput ◽  
Filiz Colakoglu ◽  
Gul Baltaci
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Shoulder Injuries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

Context:Glenohumeral (GH) internal-rotation deficit (GIRD) and lower eccentric external-rotator (ER) to concentric internal-rotator (IR) strength (ER:IR) ratio have been documented as risk factors for shoulder injuries, but there is no information on whether GIRD has an adverse effect on ER:IR ratio in adolescent overhead athletes.Objectives:The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GIRD on functional ER:IR ratio of the adolescent overhead athletes.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:University research laboratory.Participants:52 adolescent overhead athletes.Main Outcome Measures:To determine GIRD, the range of GH IR and ER motion was measured with a digital inclinometer. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to assess eccentric and concentric IR and ER muscle strength of the dominant and nondominant shoulders. One-way ANCOVA where sport type was set as a covariate was used to analyze the difference between athletes with and without GIRD.Results:After standardized examinations of all shoulders, the athletes were divided into 2 groups, shoulders with (n = 27) and without GIRD (n = 25). There was a significant difference between groups in functional ER:IR ratio (P < .001). Athletes with GIRD had lower ER:IR ratio (0.56) than athletes without GIRD (0.83).Conclusions:As GIRD has an adverse effect on functional ratio of the shoulder-rotator muscles, interventions for adolescent overhead athletes should include improving GH-rotation range of motion.

Shoulder Range of Motion Deficits in Youth Throwers Presenting With Elbow Pain

2021 ◽  
pp. 194173812110363
Author(s):  
Michael Rosen ◽  
Karim Meijer ◽  
Scott Tucker ◽  
C. Luke Wilcox ◽  
Hillary A. Plummer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pain Group ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Elbow Pain ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion

Background: Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) and total arc of motion difference (TAMD) have been associated with elbow injuries in throwing athletes. Hypothesis: Youth pitchers with elbow pain will have greater GIRD and TAMD compared with youth pitchers without elbow pain. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Glenohumeral range of motion of 25 consecutive throwing athletes presenting with elbow pain and that of a matched control group of 18 asymptomatic throwing athletes were compared. Bilateral glenohumeral internal rotation, external rotation, and horizontal adduction at 90° were measured and GIRD and TAMD were then calculated. An analysis of variance was performed to compare range of motion between throwers with and without elbow pain. Results: The average GIRD of the elbow pain group was 32.7° compared with 14.5° in the control group ( P < 0.05). The average TAMD in the elbow pain group was 28.3° compared with 6.7° in the control group ( P < 0.05). GIRD and TAMD were present in 88% (22 of 25) and 96% (24 of 25) of the elbow pain group versus 33.3% (6 of 18) and 55.6% (10 of 18) of the control group, respectively. Conclusion: Compared with asymptomatic youth pitchers, those presenting with elbow pain have a statistically significant GIRD and TAMD. Clinical Relevance: This study suggests that a GIRD and TAMD may predispose youth pitchers to present with symptomatic elbow pain.

Exploring Active and Passive Contributors to Turnout in Dancers and Non-Dancers

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Sutton-Traina ◽  
Jo A Smith ◽  
Danielle N Jarvis ◽  
Szu-Ping Lee ◽  
Kornelia Kulig
Keyword(s):  
External Rotation ◽  
Peak Force ◽  
Ultrasound Images ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dance Training ◽  
Femoral Version ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hip Abductor ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Bony Morphology

OBJECTIVE: Lower-extremity external rotation, or turnout, is a fundamental skill in dance. Active standing turnout has previously been measured using low-friction turnout disks. Turnout is influenced by passive range of motion (ROM) and strength, with passive ROM a function of bony morphology and ligamentous/capsular restraints. PURPOSE: Our study explored the relationship between standing active turnout and femoral bony morphology, hip passive ROM, and strength among dancers and non-dancers. METHODS: Cross-sectional cohort study. Twenty-three female dancers and 13 female non-dancers aged 18 to 30 yrs were recruited. Standing active turnout on reduced-friction disks, ultrasound images of femoral version, supine passive turnout, and hip abductor and external rotator strength were collected. RESULTS: Dancers demonstrated greater standing turnout (107º±18º) than non-dancers (92º±28º), but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.054). A significant difference was found for femoral version (p<0.001), 4.7º (±2.8º) for dancers vs 12.1º (±4.6º) for non-dancers. Dancers demonstrated greater supine turnout, 102.7º±18.8º, compared to non-dancers, 84.3º±30.4º (p=0.031). Dancers were able to achieve greater peak force in turnout compared to non-dancers: 2.44±0.44 N/kg and 1.72±0.59 N/kg, respectively (p<0.0001). Supine total turnout was the best predictor of active turnout, contributing 48% of the variance (r=0.696, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest supine turnout is the largest predictor for standing turnout. Investigating dancers and non-dancers independently, our finding were similar to previous studies suggesting the femoro-acetabular complex may be influenced by dance training, contributing to differences in bony morphology between dancers and non-dancers. Although strength did not significantly contribute to active standing turnout, dancers demonstrated greater peak force compared to non-dancers.

3D Assessment of Nasolabial Appearance in Patients With Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ieva Bagante ◽  
Inta Zepa ◽  
Ilze Akota
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Difference

Objective: Rhinoplasty in patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) is challenging, and the surgical outcome of the nose is complicated to evaluate. The aim of this study was to assess the nasolabial appearance of patients with UCLP compared with a control group. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Riga Cleft Lip and Palate Centre, Latvia. Participants: All consecutive 35 patients born between 1994 and 2004 with nonsyndromic complete UCLP were included. Of 35 patients, 29 came for checkup; the mean age was 14.7 years (range 10-18). In the control group, 35 noncleft participants at 10 years of age were included. Interventions: Nasolabial appearance was evaluated from 3-dimensional images using a 3-dimensional stereo-photogrammetric camera setup (3dMDface System), the results being analysed statistically. Results: In UCLP group, a statistically significant difference between cleft and noncleft side was found only in alar wing length ( P < .05). The difference of nasolabial anthropometric distances in the control group between the left and right side was not significant. The difference between the UCLP group and the control group was significant in all anthropometric distances except the lateral lip length to cupid’s bow. Conclusions: The nasolabial appearance with acceptable symmetry after cleft lip and reconstructive surgery of the nose was achieved. Symmetry of the nasolabial appearance in patients with UCLP differed from those in the control group. The 3D photographs with a proposed set of anthropometric landmarks for evaluation of nasolabial appearance seems to be a convenient, accurate, and noninvasive way to follow and evaluate patients after surgery.

scholarly journals The Effect of Straight-Line Long-Toss Versus Ultra-Long-Toss Throwing on Passive Glenohumeral Range of Motion Recovery After Pitching

2021 ◽  
pp. 194173812098001
Author(s):  
T. David Luo ◽  
Aaron D. Sciascia ◽  
Austin V. Stone ◽  
Chukwuweike U. Gwam ◽  
Christopher A. Grimes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Baseball Pitchers

Background: Repetitive throwing in baseball pitchers can lead to pathologic changes in shoulder anatomy, range of motion (notably glenohumeral internal rotation deficit), and subsequent injury; however, the ideal strengthening, recovery, and maintenance protocol of the throwing shoulder in baseball remains unclear. Two strategies for throwing shoulder recovery from pitching are straight-line long-toss (SLT) throwing and ultra-long-toss (ULT) throwing, although neither is preferentially supported by empirical data. Hypothesis: ULT will be more effective in returning baseline internal rotation as compared with SLT in collegiate pitchers after a pitching session. Study Design: Cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: A total of 24 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I baseball pitchers with mean age 20.0 ± 1.1 years were randomized to either the ULT group (n = 13; 9 right-hand dominant, 4 left-hand dominant) or SLT group (n = 11; 10 right-hand dominant, 1 left-hand dominant). Measurements (dominant and nondominant, 90° abducted external rotation [ER], internal rotation [IR], and total range of motion [TROM]) were taken at 5 time points across 3 days: before and immediately after a standardized bullpen session on day 1; before and immediately after a randomized standardized ULT or SLT session on day 2; and before practice on Day 3. Results: ULT demonstrated significantly greater final ER compared with baseline (+10°; P = 0.05), but did not demonstrate significant IR changes. Similarly, SLT demonstrated significantly greater post-SLT ER (+12°; P = 0.02) and TROM (+12°; P = 0.01) compared with baseline, but no significant IR changes. Final ER measurements were similar between ULT (135° ± 14°) and SLT (138° ± 10°) ( P = 0.59). There was also no statistically significant difference in final IR between ULT (51° ± 14°) and SLT (56° ± 8°) ( P = 0.27). Conclusion: The routine use of postperformance, ULT throwing to recover from range of motion alterations, specifically IR loss, after a pitching session is not superior to standard, SLT throwing. Based on these findings, the choice of postpitching recovery throwing could be player specific based on experience and comfort. Clinical Relevance: The most effective throwing regimens for enhancing performance and reducing residual impairment are unclear, and ideal recovery and maintenance protocols are frequently debated with little supporting data. Two strategies for throwing shoulder recovery from pitching are SLT and ULT throwing. These are employed to help maintain range of motion and limit IR loss in pitchers. The routine use of ULT throwing for recovery and to limit range of motion alterations after a pitching session is not superior to SLT throwing.

scholarly journals Acute effect of posterior deltoid static stretching on Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit in elite swimmers after competition. A randomized trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (6_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967118S0004
Author(s):  
M Solana-Tramunt ◽  
R Lopez-Vidriero ◽  
E Lopez-Vidriero
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽  
Experimental Group

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether a static stretch of posterior deltoid could reduce the glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) and the total arc of movement deficit (TAMD) in professional swimmers after competition. Methods: Participants: A total of 74 professional swimmers aged from 16-33 years volunteered to participated in the study. Their competition experience were more than 2 years at national level. All the subjects were informed in written and verbal form and signed their informed consent before being assessed. Design and procedures: A randomized repeated measures design was used to assess the glenohumeral rotation in 3 moments: prior to the race, just after finishing their trial and after performing a static passive stretch of posterior deltoid muscles of 90-sec. In randomized order the computer selected 20 subjects as a control group (CG) who didn’t perform the stretching. The experimental group (EG) included 54 swimmers. The glenohumeral internal and external rotation (IR and ER) were recorded by a video camera (IPhone 6 S, version 10.1), in sagittal plane, with the center of the screen at shoulder high. Subjects were laying on supine position over a massage table, with the glenohumeral joint at 90° of abduction, the elbow at 90° of flexion, and the researcher controlling the scapula movements by pushing the shoulder over coracoid apophasis. The App Thechnique (Ubersense ©) was used to measure the glenohumeral rotation degrees between the vertical line (controlled by a plumb) and the forearm segment. Results: The multifactorial ANOVA showed that there were significant differences on GIRD and TAMD between the experimental and the control group performing the stretching F(2,70)=49.150, P=0.000, η2p=0.992. The experimental group reduced the GIRD a16.2% and the TAMD a 6.7%. The dominant IR mean values changed significantly from 66.3±12.5 to 79.2±10.4 degrees for EG ( P=0.00) and non-significantly for CG, from 74.6±12.7 to 77.6±13.9 degrees ( P=0.11). The dominant TAM means changed significantly in EG from 173.2±16.8 to 192.0±17.0 degrees ( P=0.00) and non- significantly for CG 181.5±21.7 to 188.2±23.3 degrees ( P=0.12). Conclusion: To apply a static passive stretching on posterior deltoid during 90-sec reduced GIRD and the TAMD in professional swimmers after competition, which suggest a reduced risk of shoulder injury in these overhead athletes.

Femoroacetabular Impingement Patients With Decreased Femoral Version Have Different Impingement Locations and Intra- and Extraarticular Anterior Subspine FAI on 3D-CT–Based Impingement Simulation: Implications for Hip Arthroscopy

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (13) ◽  
pp. 3120-3132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Till D. Lerch ◽  
Adam Boschung ◽  
Inga A.S. Todorski ◽  
Simon D. Steppacher ◽  
Florian Schmaranzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Femoroacetabular Impingement ◽  
Hip Arthroscopy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hip Impingement ◽  
Femoral Version ◽  
Asymptomatic Control

Background: It remains unclear whether decreased femoral version (FV) causes anterior intra- or extra-articular femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Therefore, we evaluated symptomatic hips with decreased FV, with and without cam and pincer FAI, by using computed tomography (CT)–based virtual 3-dimensional (3D) impingement simulation and compared this group with patients with normal FV and with asymptomatic hips. Purpose: To investigate (1) the osseous range of motion, (2) the osseous femoral and acetabular impingement zones, and (3) whether hip impingement is extra- or intra-articular in symptomatic hips with FAI. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: An institutional review board–approved, retrospective comparative analysis was performed on a total of 84 hips in 68 participants. Of these, 37 hips in 24 symptomatic patients with FAI had decreased FV. These hips were compared with 21 hips of 18 symptomatic patients with anterior FAI with normal FV (10°-25°) and 26 asymptomatic hips with no FAI and normal FV. All patients with FAI were symptomatic and had anterior hip pain and a positive anterior impingement test. They underwent pelvic CT scans to measure FV. Decreased FV was defined as FV less than 5°. The 37 hips with decreased FV presented both with and without cam and pincer FAI. All 84 hips were evaluated by use of CT-based 3D models and a validated 3D range of motion and impingement simulation. Asymptomatic hips were contralateral normal hips imaged in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. Results: Hips with FAI combined with decreased FV had a significantly ( P < .001) lower mean flexion (114°± 8° vs 125°± 13°) and internal rotation (IR) at 90° of flexion (18°± 6° vs 32°± 9°, P < .001) compared with the asymptomatic control group. Symptomatic patients with FAI and normal FV had flexion of 120°± 16° and IR at 90° of flexion of 23°± 15°. In a subgroup analysis, we found a significantly ( P < .001) lower IR in 90° of flexion in hips with FV less than 5° combined with mixed-type FAI compared with hips with FV less than 5° without a cam- or pincer-type deformity. The maximal acetabular impingement zone for hips with decreased FV was located at the 2-o’clock position and ranged from 1 to 3 o’clock. In hips with decreased FV, most of the impingement locations were intra-articular but 32% of hips had combined intra- and extra-articular FAI in internal rotation in 90° of flexion. During the flexion-adduction-IR test performed in 10° and 20° of adduction, extra-articular subspine FAI had significantly ( P < .001) higher prevalence (68% and 84%) in hips with decreased FV compared with normal hips. Conclusion: Hips with FAI and decreased FV had less flexion and internal rotation in 90° of flexion compared with the asymptomatic control group. The majority of hip impingement due to low FV was intra-articular, but one-third of samples had combined intra- and extra-articular subspine FAI. Anterior extra- and intra-articular hip impingement can be present in patients who have FAI with decreased FV. This could be important for patients undergoing hip arthroscopy.

Effects of Theraband and Lightweight Dumbbell Training on Shoulder Rotation Torque and Serve Performance in College Tennis Players

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank A. Treiber ◽  
Jason Lott ◽  
Jewell Duncan ◽  
Greg Slavens ◽  
Harry Davis
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
College Level ◽  
Resistance Training Program ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Fast Speed ◽  
Experimental Group

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a 4-week isotonic resistance training program using Theraband elastic tubing and lightweight dumbbells would significantly increase concentric shoulder rotator strength or velocity of serve or both in a group of elite-level tennis players. Twenty-two male and female varsity college tennis players were randomly assigned to control or 4-week training groups. Subjects were pre- and posttested in concentric internal and external rotation torque using an isokinetic dynamometer. Functional performance was assessed before and after training by recording the peak and average velocities of eight maximal serves. The experimental group exhibited significant gains in internal rotation torque at both slow (120 deg/sec) and fast speeds (300 deg/sec) for total work and in peak torque to body weight ratio and torque acceleration energy at the fast speed. This group also exhibited significant gains in external rotation torque for the same parameters at fast speed. Regarding speed of serve, the experimental group exhibited significantly greater increase in peak speed ( 6.0% compared with 1.8%) and average speed ( 7.9% compared with 2.3%) compared with the control group. Men exhibited greater internal and external rotation torque on all parameters and in peak and mean speed of serve on both evaluations. Men also exhibited greater imbalance in external to internal rotation torque ratios. In conclusion, resistance training using Theraband tubing and lightweight dumbbells may have beneficial effects on strength and functional performance in college-level tennis players.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PERBEDAAN JUMLAH NEUTROFIL ANTARA ANAK DOWN SYNDROME DAN ANAK SEHAT - Studi Pada SLB-C Widya Bhakti Semarang dan Mi Mirfa’ul Ulum

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Riezqia Ayu Wulandari ◽  
Sandy Christiono ◽  
Niluh Ringga
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Chromosome 21 ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children With Down Syndrome ◽  
Periodontal Infection ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Background: Down syndrome (DS) is a congenital disorder caused by abnormalities of chromosome 21, resulting in migration defect of neutrophils, specifically in GCF as a marker of increasing periodontal infection. This study aimed to analyze the difference in neutrophil numbers between down syndrome and healthy children.Method: This research was an analytic observational with cross sectional design, and divided into two groups. The control group is consisted of healthy children and the other is consisted of down syndrome children. GCF was taken using paper point number 45-50 for 30 seconds, then it smeared into object glass and painted with giemsa staining. Observations was done by light microscopy with 1000 times magnification.Result: The result of studies with p<0.05 was indicating a significant difference of neutrophil numbers between children with down syndrome and the healthy group.Conclusion: This study concluded that there was a difference in neutrophil numbers due to the migration defect of neutrophils in children with down syndrome, that can cause proneness to periodontal infections.

scholarly journals Dominant-Limb Range-of-Motion and Humeral-Retrotorsion Adaptation in Collegiate Baseball and Softball Position Players

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth E. Hibberd ◽  
Sakiko Oyama ◽  
Justin Tatman ◽  
Joseph B. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽  
Total Range ◽  
Collegiate Baseball

Context: Biomechanically, the motions used by baseball and softball pitchers differ greatly; however, the throwing motions of position players in both sports are strikingly similar. Although the adaptations to the dominant limb from overhead throwing have been well documented in baseball athletes, these adaptations have not been clearly identified in softball players. This information is important in order to develop and implement injury-prevention programs specific to decreasing the risk of upper extremity injury in softball athletes. Objective: To compare range-of-motion and humeral-retrotorsion characteristics of collegiate baseball and softball position players and of baseball and softball players to sex-matched controls. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Research laboratories and athletic training rooms at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Patients or Other Participants: Fifty-three collegiate baseball players, 35 collegiate softball players, 25 male controls (nonoverhead athletes), and 19 female controls (nonoverhead athletes). Intervention(s): Range of motion and humeral retrotorsion were measured using a digital inclinometer and diagnostic ultrasound. Main Outcome Measure(s): Glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit, external-rotation gain, total glenohumeral range of motion, and humeral retrotorsion. Results: Baseball players had greater glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit, total–range-of-motion, and humeral-retrotorsion difference than softball players and male controls. There were no differences between glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit, total–range-of-motion, and humeral-retrotorsion difference in softball players and female controls. Conclusions: Few differences were evident between softball players and female control participants, although range-of-motion and humeral-retrotorsion adaptations were significantly different than baseball players. The throwing motions are similar between softball and baseball, but the athletes adapt to the demands of the sport differently; thus, stretching/strengthening programs designed for baseball may not be the most effective programs for softball athletes.

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