Alterations in Erythrocyte Morphology Induced by Blood Pumps

A scanning electron microscopy was used after in vitro and in vivo tests to investigate any alterations caused by the peristaltic roller pump in erythrocyte morphology. The electron micrographs of samples were examined as follows: 1) by image analyser; 2) by applying Bessis's classification for the qualitative study of crenated red blood cells (RBCs). The in vitro test was repeated four times using blood from healthy donors. Each basal blood sample was divided into 250 ml portions, each of which was recirculated for 12 minutes at different flow rates. In order to verify any persistent erythrocyte damage caused by the peristaltic pump, 15 minutes after recirculation at 450 ml/min, another sample was prepared using the blood remaining from the last test. A statistically significant direct correlation was found between blood flow (Qb) increase and the percentage of morphologically altered RBCs, when either using an image analyser (r = 0.97; p < 0.05) or Bessis's classification (r = 0.95; p < 0.05). However, neither method showed any statistically significant difference between the percentage of deformed RBCs, determined in the basal sample, or in the percentage found at the end of the 450 ml/min test after standing 15 minutes at room temperature. The in vivo test was carried out on 6 patients over 2 dialysis sessions, which differed only for the Qb: 250 versus 400 ml/min. The two dialysis sessions gave comparable results when using both study methods regarding the presence of deformed RBCs. While Bessis's classification showed a significant drop in the post-dialysis percentage of dysmorphic RBCs compared to the pre-dialysis value, both with a Qb of 250 ml/min and 400 ml/min, no significant change was found with the image analyser. The contradictory results of the two tests can be attributed to the presence of spherocytes and stomatocytes in the in vivo test which on the other hand were absent in the in vitro test and not easily distinguished by the image analyser with the parameter used. Reduction in the number of deformed RBCs after dialysis in the in vivo test can be attributed to improvement in the acidosis, correction of the hydroelectric imbalances and removal of toxic substances as a result of dialysis, thus allowing the echinocytes, spherocytes and stomatocytes to be transformed into discocytes.

Download Full-text

EFEKTIVITAS SENYAWA NONATSIRI DARI Curcuma spp. TERHADAP PENEKANAN PENYAKIT ANTRAKNOSA PADA BUAH CABAI

Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat ◽

10.21082/bullittro.v31n1.2020.21-30 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 21

Author(s):

Anella Retna Kumala Sari ◽

Firdaus Auliya Rahmah ◽

Syamsuddin Djauhari

Keyword(s):

Curcuma Longa ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

Test Results ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Vitro Test ◽

Rotary Vacuum

One of the important diseases on chili is anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum capsici. Curcuma extracts and their essential oils were known as antifungal, but nonessential compounds have not been widely tested. This study aimed to assay the effectiveness of nonessential compounds of Curcuma longa, C. zedoaria, and C. aeruginosa to C. annuum. This study was conducted in November 2014 until Mei 2015 at Brawijaya University. The nonessential compound was obtained by soaking rhizome of C. longa, C. zedoaria, and C. aeruginosa in methanol, then distilled byusing rotary vacuum evaporator. Nonessential chemical compunds were identified by using HPLC. Effectiveness evaluation of nonessential compounds from three species of Curcuma was done by in vitro and in vivo test. Tested treatments were three species of Curcuma spp and 6 concentration levels of nonessential compounds (0 ppm, 4 ppm, 6 ppm, 8 ppm, 10 ppm, and 12 ppm). The xperiment was performed in Factorial Complete Randomized Design, with 18 treatments combination, and replicated three times. Results of HPLC analysis showed the rhizomes of the three Curcuma species contained curcumin and desmethoxycurcumin in various concentrations. The highest level was found in the C. longa extract (13.792 ppm curcumin and 67.156 ppm desmethoxycurcumin). However, in vitro test results showed nonessential compound of C. zedoaria was most effective in inhibiting C. annuum growth. The 10 ppm concentration inhibited 81.53 % of fungal growth. Further, the in vivo test, also indicated the same, it’s most effective in hampering the growth of anthracnose symptoms. Therefore, curcumin and desmethoxycurcumin from three species of Curcuma have potential to be developed as botanical fungicide.

Download Full-text

In-vitro and In-vivo Determinations of Sun Protection Factors (SPF) of Skin Lotions Containing Mountain Papaya Fruit and Mangosteen Peel Ethanolic Extract

Majalah Obat Tradisional ◽

10.22146/mot.49931 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Heru Sasongko ◽

Natasya Advaita ◽

Ratih Guswinda Lestari ◽

Karimah Umar Aidid

Keyword(s):

Sun Exposure ◽

Sun Protection ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

Garcinia Mangostana ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Antioxidants Activity ◽

Mangosteen Peel ◽

Vitro Test

Indonesia is a high sun exposure country. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) causes various kinds of skin disorders such as erythema, sunburn, aging, and cancer. Mountain papaya fruit (Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC.) and mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) contains metabolite compounds that can protect the skin from sunlight because of its antioxidants activity. The purpose of this study to determine whether the combination of the mountain papaya fruit and mangosteen peel extracts in skin lotion can be used as sun protectors through the in-vitro and in-vivo study. The experiment was done by extracting the mountain papaya fruit and mangosteen peel through the maceration method. The extracts were formulated into skin lotion in three different formulas with the ratio of mountain papaya fruit extract: mangosteen peel extract as follows F1(1:1), F2(1:3), and F3(3:1). In vitro test was done by using UV-VIS spectrophotometry to determine the SPF value and in vivo test was used erythema-induced rats by exotera beam light. The result of in vitro test gained a high enough SPF value for all three formulas F1=23,23; F2=21,70 and F3=28,64 and the result of in vivo test showed that all three formulas did not indicate the existence of erythema value. It can be concluded that three skin lotion formulas containing mountain papaya fruit and mangosteen peel ethanol extract have the effect of sun protection.

Download Full-text

Potential of Chromolaena odorata Leaf as A Cure of Aeromonas hydrophila on Giant Gouramy (Osphronemus gouramy)

Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia ◽

10.19027/jai.4.139-144 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 139 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Y. Hadiroseyani ◽

. Hafifuddin ◽

M. Alifuddin ◽

H. Supriyadi

Keyword(s):

Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

Chromolaena Odorata ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Treated Fish ◽

Vitro Test

This study was conducted to examine the potency of Chromolaena odorata leaf extract as a medicine for skin eruption disease caused by Aeromonas hydrophila in giant gouramy Osphronemus gouramy. Leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata for in vitro test was 0 (as control), 13000, 15000, 17000, 19000 and 21000 ppm, poured onto TSA medium containing bacteria 103 cfu/ml, and then is incubated for 24 hours. In vivo test was performed by injecting bacteria 0.1 ml of 109 cfu/ml intramuscularly into giant gouramy (14 g weight), and then fish were maintained in the water containing 15000 ppm of Chromolaena odorata leaf extract. In vitro study showed that prevention area of leaf extract against Aeromonas hydrophila was increase by increasing the concentration of leaf extract used, reached 9,33 mm. Prevention zone of leaf extract by difusion tends to constant, reached 7,6 mm. By in vivo test, survival rate of giant gouramy infected by Aeromonas hydrophila was no significantly different between dosages of leaf extract. All treated fish, excluded control died after 24 hours infection. Keywords: Aeromonas hydrophila, Osphronemus gouramy, Chromolaena odorata ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi daun kirinyuh Chromolaena odorata sebagai obat untuk penyakit cacar yang diakibatkan oleh Aeromonas hydrophila pada ikan gurame Osphronemus gouramy. Konsentrasi ekstrak daun Chromolaena odorata untuk uji in vitro adalah 13000, 15000, 17000, 19000 dan 21000 serta 0 ppm sebagai kontrol, yang diletakkan di atas media TSA yang telah mengandung biakan bakteri 103 cfu/ml dan diinkubasi selama 24 jam. Uji in vivo dilakukan dengan menginjeksikan bakteri sebanyak 0,1 ml (109 cfu/ml) secara intramuskular ke ikan gurame (berat 14 g) dan kemudian ikan dipelihara dalam air yang mengandung ekstrak daun kirinyuh 15000 ppm. Hasil uji in virto menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi konsentrasi ekstrak daun kirinyuh basah semakin efektif dalam menghambat perkembangan A. hydrophila dengan zona hambat tertinggi mencapai 9,33 mm. Zona hambat yang dihasilkan melalui metode difusi cenderung konstan, mencapai 7,6 mm. Melalui uji in vivo, tingkat kelangsungan hidup ikan gurame yang tidak berbeda nyata pada masing-masing perlakuan, bahkan terjadi kematian total dalam 24 jam pada semua perlakuan, kecuali kontrol. Kata kunci: Aeromonas hydrophila, Osphronemus gouramy, Chromolaena odorata

Download Full-text

RADIATION DOSES OF A FINGER FROM TECHNICS IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE : (A) In Vitro Test : (B) In Vivo Test

Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology ◽

10.6009/jjrt.kj00003105524 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 340-348

Author(s):

TADAKAZU FUJII ◽

SHUJI NOBEZAWA ◽

TAMOTSU OSAWA ◽

TOSHIHIKO KANNO ◽

YUKITAMI EGUCHI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Medicine ◽

Radiation Doses ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Vitro Test

Download Full-text

Control of Some Phytopathogenic Fungi Using Clove Essential Oil (Syzygium aromaticum L.)

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International ◽

10.9734/jeai/2019/v39i330332 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Tiago Silva Lima ◽

Kevison Romulo da Silva França ◽

Plinio Tércio Medeiros de Azevedo ◽

Yaroslávia Ferreira Paiva ◽

José Carlos Santos Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Syzygium Aromaticum ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Maize Seeds ◽

Vitro Test ◽

Clove Essential Oil

Aims: This study evaluates the inhibitory potential of the clove essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum L.) on phytopathogenic fungi in vitro and on maize seeds. Study Design: The experiments comprised completely randomized designs: Seven treatments with five replicates on in vitro test; and four treatments with five replicates each, on in vivo test. Place and Duration of Study: The work was carried out at the Center for Agrifood Science and Technology of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Pombal, Brazil, from April to May 2018. Methodology: In the in vitro test, the essential oil was incorporated into the PDA (Potato-Dextrose-Agar) culture medium. The treatments comprised five concentrations of the oil (0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%), a negative control (0.0%), and a positive control (Tiram). Plates were inoculated with the tested fungi, Fusarium verticillioides, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Macrophomina pseudophaseolina, then incubated for seven days at 27±2°C. The percentage of mycelial growth inhibition (PGI) and mycelial growth rate index (MGRI) were estimated. In the in vivo test, maize seeds (AG1051 hybrid) were treated with the essential oil on concentrations equal or superior to the minimum inhibitory concentration found in the in vitro test, besides the negative and positive controls. The artificial inoculation was carried out in fungi colonies for 32 hours and the seed sanity test was performed. The percentage of seeds infected by the fungus was evaluated after seven days. Results: In vitro conditions, clove oil totally inhibited the mycelial growth of F. verticillioides, M. phaseolina and M. pseudophaseolina at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.1%, respectively. At 0.2% concentration significantly reduced the incidence of colonies of fungi M. phaseolina and M. pseudophaseolina in hybrid corn seeds AG 1051. Conclusion: The clove essential oil had a fungitoxic effect on the phytopathogens evaluated, under in vitro and in the treatment of maize seeds.

Download Full-text

AVALIAÇÃO DE DIVERSAS FORMAS DE DESINFECÇÃO DO ALGINATO COM CLOREXIDINA

International Journal of Science Dentistry ◽

10.22409/ijosd.v0i55.40957 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Karin Weig

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Bacterial Growth ◽

Visual Observation ◽

Dental Arch ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Vitro Test ◽

Plaster Model

RESUMOO alginato é um material usado na odontologia para moldagem de arcada dentária. Sua propriedade de embebição permite absorver fluidos da cavidade oral, que infectam o molde e o modelo de gesso. Por isso a importância da desinfecção, prevenindo contaminação e potencial infecção cruzada. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a eficácia da clorexidina associada ao alginato na inibição do crescimento de microrganismos presentes na cavidade oral. O alginato foi avaliado de 4 formas distintas: sem clorexidina; com clorexidina borrifada após geleificação, com clorexidina incorporada em sua fórmula e manipulado com clorexidina 0,3%. No teste in vitro a eficácia foi avaliada frente a uma cultura de Streptococcus mutans. No teste in vivo foram feitas moldagens em 4 voluntários e os moldes de alginato e modelos de gesso avaliados microbiologicamente. Ambos os testes foram semeados em ágar sangue, incubados a 35o C por 20h e feita observação visual de crescimento bacteriano. Como resultado obteve-se: no teste in vitro houve crescimento bacteriano somente no alginato sem a clorexidina; já nos testes in vivo o alginato borrifado com clorexidina não teve crescimento em 75% dos modelos de gesso; os alginatos com clorexidina diluída, incorporada e sem clorexidina não tiveram crescimento em 12,5% dos modelos. Como conclusão obteve-se que a clorexidina foi eficiente na inibição do crescimento do S. mutans, mas aumentando a população bacteriana, o método mais efetivo foi a clorexidina borrifada, diminuindo o risco de infecção cruzada.Palavras-chave: alginato, desinfecção, clorexidina, alginate, desinfection, chlorhexidineABSTRACT Alginate is a material used in dentistry for dental arch molding. Its imbibing property allows it to absorb oral fluids, which infect the mold and plaster model. Therefore disinfection is very important to prevent contamination and potential cross infection. The objective of this study was to analyze the efficacy of alginate-associated chlorhexidine in inhibiting the growth of microorganisms present in the oral cavity. The alginate was analized in 4 different forms: no chlorhexidine; with chlorhexidine sprinkled after gelation, chlorhexidine incorporated into its formula and handled with 0.3% chlorhexidine. In the in vitro test its efficacy was evaluated considering a culture of Streptococcus mutans during the manipulation. In the in vivo test 4volunteers were molded and the alginate molds and plaster models were avaluated microbiologic. Both tests were seeded on blood agar, incubated at 35 ° C for 20h, and visual observation of bacterial growth. As a result it was obtained: in the in vitro test there was bacterial growth only in alginate without chlorhexidine; already in the in vivo test the alginate sprinkled with chlorhexidine had no bacterial growth in 75% of the gypsum models; the alginates with chlorhexidine diluted, incorporated and without chlorhexidine had no bacterial growth in 12.5% of the models. As a conclusion, chlorhexidine was efficient in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans but increasing the bacterial population. The most effective method was chlorhexidine sprayed, reducing the risk of cross infection.Keywords: alginato, desinfecção, clorexidina, alginate, desinfection, chlorhexidine

Download Full-text

Effect of hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Datura stramonium on pathogenic Candida albicans

The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.30539/iraqijvm.v39i2.178 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 55-61

Author(s):

Ali Y. Salman

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Datura Stramonium ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Vitro Test

This research aimed at studying the effect of different concentration of hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Datura stramonium concentration against pathogenic Candida albicans isolated from clinical cases of diarrhea in cows and dogs in Baghdad province. Hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of Datura stramonium were prepared in different concentrations for In vitro and In vivo study against Candida albicans. In vitro test includes the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.12 and 1.75mg/1ml), and it was found that the minimum inhibitory concentration was 3.12 mg/1ml. Whereas the in vivo test was performed for the determination of sensitivity test of Candida albicans in concentration of plant 10, 15 and 20 mg/1ml which was compared with same concentration of Nystatin. The study was performed in seven groups of mice according to different concentrations. The infective dose of Candida albicans was 1X108, which was proved by histopathology changes after eight day. The result obtained from invivo study revealed that after the end of the therapeutic period that lasted for 8 days. Confirm the efficacy of Datura stramonium extract at 20% as a treatment for mice infected with Candida albicans.

Download Full-text

Efficacy of some Egyptian native plant extracts against Haemonchus contortus in vitro and in experimentally infected sheep along with the associated haematological and biochemical alterations

Bulletin of the National Research Centre ◽

10.1186/s42269-021-00636-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Noha M. F. Hassan ◽

Ahmed A. Zaghawa ◽

Nadia M. T. Abu-Elezz ◽

Mohamed A. Nayel ◽

Akram A. Salama

Keyword(s):

Haemonchus Contortus ◽

Anthelmintic Activity ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

Native Plant ◽

Reference Drug ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Vitro Test ◽

G Ratio

Abstract Background Haemonchosis is a serious disease affecting ruminants’ productivity worldwide. Medicinal plants are deemed one of the most natural bio-products safely used as alternatives to the synthetic anthelmintics. In the present study, comparative efficacy of crude ethanolic extracts (CEEs) of Artemisia herba-alba (A. herba-alba), Balanites aegyptiaca (B. aegyptiaca) and Allium sativum (A. sativum) as alternative treatments was tested on Haemonchus contortus ( H. contortus). An in vitro test to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of various concentrations of extracts at 25, 30 and 50 mg/ml was accomplished on motility and viability of adult worms in comparison with albendazole, reference drug at 10 μg/ml at various time intervals. An in vivo test was carried out in lambs experimentally infected with H. contortus to detect anthelmintic activity of CEEs of A. herba-alba and B. aegyptiaca compared to albendazole. Fifteen parasite-free Baladi Egyptian lambs aged 4–8 months old were categorized into five groups, each of three lambs as follows: G1 was kept as uninfected untreated one, G2 was utilized as infected untreated group, G3 was given CEE of A. herba-alba, G4 was received CEE of B. aegyptiaca, and G 5 was treated with albendazole. Results The in vitro test revealed that CEE of B. aegyptiaca had the most significant anthelmintic activity on adult H. contortus followed by A. herba-alba, while A. sativum was of the lowest effect. The in vivo test showed that the CEE of B. aegyptiaca achieved an excellent faecal egg reduction (100%) at the 7th day post-treatment. The most efficient treatments that improved the haematological parameters and regained the level of serum total protein, albumin and A/G ratio, serum globulin, SGoT, SGPT, urea and creatinine to the almost normal levels were CEE of B. aegyptiaca, albendazole and CEE of A. herba-alba, respectively. Conclusions This study highlighted the marked anthelmintic potency of the CEEs of B. aegyptiaca and A. herba-alba on H. contortus and the superiority of CEE of B. aegyptiaca as a talented anti-parasitic medicinal plant for sheep.

Download Full-text

Chitosan and phenolic compounds in the control of anthracnose in mango

Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura ◽

10.1590/0100-29452021052 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Luana Sabrine Silva ◽

Edson Hiydu Mizobutsi ◽

Regina Cássia Ferreira Ribeiro ◽

Fernando da Silva Rocha ◽

Gisele Polete Mizobutsi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Mangifera Indica ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

Dunnett Test ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Mango Peel ◽

Total Growth ◽

Vitro Test

Abstract Mango (Mangifera indica L.) has great socioeconomic importance to Brazil, but its production is affected by anthracnose. Chitosan films have shown potential in controlling this disease. In this study, the effect of the association of chitosan with phenolic compounds and extracts on the Colletotrichum tropicaledevelopment was evaluated. Phenolic compounds and extracts from mango peel were incorporated into 2.0% chitosan solutions and tested in vitro. In the in vivo experiment, after pathogen inoculation and application of treatments, fruits were evaluated for anthracnose incidence and severity. Controls consisted of the application of water or pure culture medium and fungicide imazalil. The experimental design was completely randomized and data were submitted to analysis of variance. In the in vitro test and in the assessment of disease intensity, means were compared using the Scott-Knott and Tukey tests (p <0.05), respectively. Controls were compared to the other treatments using the Dunnett test (p <0.05). Total growth inhibition, conidia production and C. tropicale germination were verified with the incorporation of citric, pyrocatecoic and transcinamic acids to chitosan, with no significant difference between them and the fungicide. Low anthracnose incidence and severity was observed in mangoes treated with chitosan combined with phenolic compounds.

Download Full-text

Assessment of Three In Vitro Tests and an In Vivo Test for Chloroquine Resistance in Plasmodium falciparumClinical Isolates

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.36.1.243-247.1998 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 243-247 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Jean Bickii ◽

Leonardo K. Basco ◽

Pascal Ringwald

Keyword(s):

Host Factors ◽

Chloroquine Resistance ◽

In Vitro Assays ◽

In Vitro Tests ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

In Vivo Evaluation ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Vitro Test

Three in vitro assays (the isotopic semimicrotest [700 μl per well; 24-well plates], the isotopic microtest [200 μl per well; 96-well plates], and the rapid in vitro test) and the standard in vivo test for chloroquine resistance were compared for 99 clinical isolates of Plasmodium falciparum obtained from symptomatic African patients. The 50% inhibitory concentrations determined by the two isotopic tests were similar and were highly correlated (r = 0.965; P < 0.05), showing a high concordance between the semimicrotest and the microtest. There was a moderate agreement between these two isotopic tests and the in vivo test. Most of the discordant results were probably due to host factors, including reinfections, pharmacokinetic variations, and immunologic response, which are eliminated in in vitro assays. The rapid in vitro test based on the inhibition of chloroquine efflux in the presence of verapamil was poorly concordant with the other tests. Despite some discordant results, isotopic in vitro assays are useful to characterize the phenotypes of individual isolates without the interference of host factors and are complementary to in vivo evaluation of drug efficacy. However, in vitro assays need to be standardized to allow direct comparison of results between different laboratories.

Download Full-text