Immunoglobulin-A Profile in Breast Milk from Mothers Delivering Full Term and Preterm Infants

1. Mn and Cu intake and retention in twenty full-term infants and six preterm infants were studied on the basis of 72 h balances. The age of the infants was 2–16 weeks and the gestational age of the preterm infants (triplets) 34 and 36 weeks. Three nutrition schemes were pursued: breast-fed, formula-fed with unsupplemented adapted formula and formula-fed with trace element supplementation.2. The mean Mn concentration of all breast-milk samples (n 2339) was 6·2 μg/1. The two formulas had similar Mn concentrations (77 and 99 μg/1) but had different Fe, Cu (121 and 619 μg/1), Zn and I contents. The mean Cu concentration in mother's milk was 833 μg/1.3. The following mean daily Mn intakes and retentions (μg/kg) respectively were measured: breast-fed fullterm 1·06 (sd 0·43) and 0·43 (sd 0·65), formula-fed full-term 14·2 (sd 3·1) and 2·8 (sd 4·8), formula-fed preterm 15·0 (sd 2·2) and 0·06 (sd 5·87). The results for Cu were 114·5 (sd 22·3) and 88·0 (sd 46·5) μg/kg in breast-fed, 19–8 (sd 4·2) and 4·6 (-11·5–9·6) in the unsupplemented formula-fed and 106·4 (sd 18·9) and 55·5 (sd 20·3) in the supplemented formula full-term infant group. No significant influence of the trace element contents of the formulas on the relative retention of Mn or Cu was found.4. Young preterm infants, and to some degree young full-term infants, often had negative Mn balances caused by a high faccal excretion. The formulas with a Mn concentration below 100 μg/l gave a sufficient supply of Mn. Preterm infants fed on the unsupplemented formula had a marginal Cu supply and their first balances were negative (-3·8 (sd 1·8) μg/kg).5. In accordance with the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (recommended dietary allowances), formula-fed infants receive much more Mn than breast-fed infants and their absolute retention is higher.6. Cu from breast-milk had a significantly better biological availability than that from cow's milk formula. If retentions similar to those in breast-fed infants are intended, we conclude, therefore, that cow's milk formula should be fortified with Cu up to a level of at least 600 μg/l.

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Secretory immunoglobulin A in preterm infants: determination of normal values in breast milk and stool

Pediatric Research ◽

10.1038/s41390-021-01930-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Claire L. Granger ◽

Christopher A. Lamb ◽

Nicholas D. Embleton ◽

Lauren C. Beck ◽

Andrea C. Masi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Normal Values ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Secretory Immunoglobulin A ◽

Secretory Immunoglobulin

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Evidence for Defective Skeletal Mineralization in Low-Birthweight Infants: The Absorption of Calcium and Fat

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.57.1.16 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 16-25

Author(s):

J. C. L. Shaw

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Low Birthweight ◽

Calcium Absorption ◽

Full Term ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Published Data ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Fat Malabsorption

Using serial metabolic balance techniques, the absorption and retention of calcium and the absorption of fat have been measured over the first 30 to 70 days of life in 11 preterm and 2 full-term light-for-dates infants. They were fed either full-cream cow's milk, half-skimmed cow's milk, the proprietary filled milk S.M.A., or breast milk. The values for calcium intake, absorption, and retention were compared with the rate of accumulation of calcium by the fetus in utero, which was calculated from published data on the chemical composition of fetal bodies. Infants fed breast milk had an absolute dietary deficiency of calcium. Those fed other milks ingested sufficient but they did not absorb enough. Though calcium absorption increased with increasing postnatal age, intrauterine rates of calcium retention were never achieved on any of the milks. The average retention of calcium by preterm infants as a percentage of intrauterine accumulation was, for cow's milk 38%, for S.M.A. 27%, and for breast milk 17%. The full-term light-for-dates infants absorbed and retained more calcium than the preterm infants; it was on average 52% of the amount accumulated by the human fetus for an equivalent weight gain. The average absorption of fat by preterm infants was, from the cow's milk preparations 55%, from S.M.A. 61%, and from breast milk 84%. The light-for-dates infants absorbed on average 87% of the breast milk fat. There was no evidence that the amount of calcium absorbed was materially influenced by fat malabsorption. The principal determinants of the amount of calcium absorbed were the length of gestation and postnatal age of the infant.

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Clarification

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.61.1.153a ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 153-154

Author(s):

Lewis A. Barness ◽

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Iron Deficiency ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Iron Supplementation ◽

Full Term ◽

Available Information ◽

Breast Fed

The statement on iron supplementation for infants indicates that breast-fed infants are to some degree protected against iron deficiency, but it then does not proceed to make separate recommendations for this group. This apparent conservatism of the Committee was based on the fact that data are still too scant to warrant the elimination of the recommendation for iron supplementation of all full-term breast-fed infants. The available information indicates that preterm infants who are fed breast milk require iron supplementation.

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Antenatal Influenza A-Specific IgA, IgM, and IgG Antibodies in Mother’s Own Breast Milk and Donor Breast Milk, and Gastric Contents and Stools from Preterm Infants

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11071567 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1567 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Veronique Demers-Mathieu ◽

Robert K. Huston ◽

Andi M. Markell ◽

Elizabeth A. McCulley ◽

Rachel L. Martin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Influenza A ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Influenza Virus Infection ◽

Immunoglobulin M ◽

Gastric Contents ◽

Additional Protection ◽

Igg Isotypes

Antenatal milk anti-influenza antibodies may provide additional protection to newborns until they are able to produce their own antibodies. To evaluate the relative abundance of milk, we studied the antibodies specific to influenza A in feeds and gastric contents and stools from preterm infants fed mother’s own breast milk (MBM) and donor breast milk (DBM). Feed (MBM or DBM) and gastric contents (MBM or DBM at 1 h post-ingestion) and stool samples (MBM/DBM at 24 h post-ingestion) were collected, respectively, from 20 preterm (26–36 weeks gestational age) mother-infant pairs at 8–9 days and 21–22 days of postnatal age. Samples were analyzed via ELISA for anti-H1N1 hemagglutinin (anti-H1N1 HA) and anti-H3N2 neuraminidase (anti-H3N2 NA) specificity across immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotypes. The relative abundance of influenza A-specific IgA in feeds and gastric contents were higher in MBM than DBM at 8–9 days of postnatal age but did not differ at 21–22 days. Anti-influenza A-specific IgM was higher in MBM than in DBM at both postnatal times in feed and gastric samples. At both postnatal times, anti-influenza A-specific IgG was higher in MBM than DBM but did not differ in gastric contents. Gastric digestion reduced anti-H3N2 NA IgG from MBM at 21–22 days and from DBM at 8–9 days of lactation, whereas other anti-influenza A antibodies were not digested at either postnatal times. Supplementation of anti-influenza A-specific antibodies in DBM may help reduce the risk of influenza virus infection. However, the effective antibody dose required to induce a significant protective effect remains unknown.

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Emotion Regulation in Full Term and Very Low Birthweight Preterm Infants

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e694922007-001 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Peggy C. Maclean ◽

Sarah J. Erickson ◽

Jean Lowe

Keyword(s):

Emotion Regulation ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Low Birthweight ◽

Full Term ◽

Very Low Birthweight

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BREAST MILK AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES IN EXTREMELY PRETERM INFANTS

Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health ◽

10.1111/jpc.14409_71 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (S1) ◽

pp. 29-29

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽

Extremely Preterm ◽

Extremely Preterm Infants

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Infant–Father Attachment in Infants Born Preterm - A Brief Report

International Journal of Developmental Science ◽

10.3233/dev-200299 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Ruediger Kissgen ◽

Sebastian Franke ◽

Nino Jorjadze ◽

Bernhard Roth ◽

Angela Kribs

Keyword(s):

Preterm Infants ◽

Full Term ◽

Strange Situation ◽

Term Infants ◽

Attachment Quality ◽

Attachment Research ◽

Neurodevelopmental Problems ◽

Strange Situation Procedure ◽

Father Attachment

This study examines the infant–father attachment in infants born preterm (< 1500 g at birth and/or < 37 weeks gestation) in comparison to full-term infants. The infant–father attachment was assessed using the Strange Situation Procedure at a (corrected) age of 15 months. We found at least half of preterm and full-term infants (50.0% and 56.5 % respectively) securely attached to their fathers, and no significant overall difference was observed concerning the distribution of attachment quality comparing the two groups. In light of the fact that preterm infants tend to have numerous neurodevelopmental problems, it is encouraging that significant differences were not found in the distribution of the attachment quality among the groups. Therefore, from the perspective of attachment research, it would be highly beneficial to include fathers in the care of their preterm infants.

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Tube Feeding Practices and Transition to Breastfeeding Experiences of Mothers of Preterm Infants at a Kangaroo Mother Care Unit of a Tertiary Hospital in South Africa

Global Pediatric Health ◽

10.1177/2333794x211037032 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 2333794X2110370

Author(s):

Sphiwe Madiba ◽

Malmsey Sengane

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Neonatal Intensive Care ◽

Tube Feeding ◽

Feeding Practices ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Very Preterm Infants ◽

Mothers Of Preterm Infants ◽

Group Interviews

To receive human milk, most preterm infants initially receive the mothers’ expressed milk through a nasogastric tube. However, breast milk feeding the preterm infant and making the transition to direct breast-feeding come with significant challenges. The study explored and described the experiences of mothers of preterm infants regarding initiation and expressing breast milk, tube feeding practices, and transition to breastfeeding during the infants’ stay in a kangaroo care unit (KMC) of an academic hospital in South Africa. Using a qualitative design, focus group interviews were conducted with 38 mothers of preterm infants after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). We analyzed transcripts following the 5 steps for qualitative thematic data analysis. Tube feeding and breastfeeding preterm infants was challenging and exhausting for the mothers. Many described their experiences of initiating expression and sustaining milk supply as negative. They had constant concerns about their ability to produce adequate milk volumes to feed their infants. They had immense dislike of expressing, which they described as physically exhausting, stressful, and painful. Those who had initiated breastfeeding were highly motivated to breastfeed their preterm infants. They described breastfeeding as a positive bonding experience that they derived pleasure from. The mothers’ dislike of expressing was overshadowed by their emotional obligation toward their preterm infants. Although the KMC unit promotes breastfeeding, mothers encountered problems and struggled to initiate expression and sustain milk production. Mothers of extreme and very preterm infants need support to continue with milk expression during the long NICU and KMC stay.

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Olfactory Stimulation of Preterm Infants with Breast Milk

Clinical Nursing Research ◽

10.1177/10547738211018913 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 105477382110189

Author(s):

Woon Ae Lee ◽

Jin Suk Ra

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Nursing Intervention ◽

Olfactory Stimulation ◽

Control Group ◽

Repeated Measures Analysis ◽

Equivalent Control ◽

Experimental Group

Maintaining stable physiological responses may be important for the growth and development of preterm infants. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effects of olfactory stimulation with maternal breast milk on the occurrence of abnormal physiological responses in preterm infants. With a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design, 13 preterm infants in the experimental group and 18 preterm infants in the control group completed the intervention. The intervention was implemented three times a day for 5 days in a row with 2 hours of administration per intervention. The frequency of abnormal physiological responses was assessed over 6 days (one day before intervention administration and 5 days during intervention administration). With repeated-measures analysis of variance, the experimental group showed a significantly lower frequency of apnea than the control group ( p = .021). Olfactory stimulation with maternal breast milk may be an effective nursing intervention for reducing apnea episodes in preterm infants.

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