scholarly journals Racial/Ethnic Residential Segregation and the First Wave of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Rates: A Spatial Analysis of Four U.S. Cities

2021 ◽  
pp. 073112142110419
Author(s):  
Kathryn Freeman Anderson ◽  
Angelica Lopez ◽  
Dylan Simburger
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
New York ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Structural Mechanism ◽  
Ethnic Residential Segregation ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Previous research has linked racial/ethnic residential segregation to a number of poor health conditions, including infectious disease. Here, we examine how racial/ethnic residential segregation is related to the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. We examine infection rates by zip code level segregation in four major cities across the U.S.: New York City, Chicago, Houston, and San Diego. We also include a number of area-level Census variables in order to analyze how other factors may help account for the infection rate. We find that both Black and Latino residential clustering are significantly and positively related to a higher SARS-CoV-2 infection rate across all four cities, and that this effect is strong even when accounting for a number of other social conditions and factors that are salient to the transmission of infectious disease. As a result, we argue that neighborhood-level racial/ethnic patterning may serve as an important structural mechanism for disparities in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Racial/Ethnic Residential Segregation and Self-Reported Hypertension Among US- and Foreign-Born Blacks in New York City

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 904-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. White ◽  
L. N. Borrell ◽  
D. W. Wong ◽  
S. Galea ◽  
G. Ogedegbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
York City ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Ethnic Residential Segregation ◽  
Racial Ethnic

scholarly journals Modeling risk of infectious diseases: a case of Coronavirus outbreak in four countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Mazharul Islam ◽  
Md. Monirul Islam ◽  
Md. Jamal Hossain ◽  
Faroque Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
New York ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
New York State ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Identification Rate ◽  
Case Identification ◽  
Calculated Risk ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

AbstractBackgroundThe novel coronavirus (2019-nCOV) outbreak has been a serious concern around the globe. Since people are in tremor due to the massive spread of Coronavirus in the major parts of the world, it requires to predict the risk of this infectious disease. In this situation, we develop a model to measure the risk of infectious disease and predict the risk of 2019-nCOV transmission by using data of four countries—US, Australia, Canada and China.MethodsThe model underlies that higher the population density, higher the risk of transmission of infectious disease from human to human. Besides, population size, case identification rate and travel of infected passengers in different regions are also incorporated in this model.ResultsAccording to the calculated risk index, our study identifies New York State in United States (US) to be the most vulnerable area affected by the novel Coronavirus. Besides, other areas (province/state/territory) such as Hubei (China, 2nd), Massachusetts (US, 3rd), District of Columbia (US, 4th), New Jersey (US, 5th), Quebec (Canada, 20th), Australian Capital Territory (Australia, 29th) are also found as the most risky areas in US, China, Australia and Canada.ConclusionThe study suggests avoiding any kind of mass gathering, maintaining recommended physical distances and restricting inbound and outbound flights of highly risk prone areas for tackling 2019-nCOV transmission.

scholarly journals A Review on 2019-nCoV (SARS-CoV-2) in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
Pawan Kumar Mahawar ◽  
Abhay Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Populous Country

Background: The outbreak of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19, has been declared a pandemic by the WHO on March 11th of 2020. Novel Coronavirus infection mediated pandemic started in China in December 2019 and is still killing 1000s of people throughout the world. The second most populous country, India too is fighting against this infectious disease. The country is taking effective measures to curb the pandemic by exerting extensive campaigning on sanitation and strict social distancing measures to quell the explosion of the infection rate.  Treatment: No drugs are currently approved for Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), although some have been tried. In view of recent studies and discussion on tested drugs on COVID-19 patients of India, I aimed to review existing literature and relevant websites regarding these drugs used in India including allopathic, plasma therapy,Ayurvedic and homeopathic medication.  

Sick on the Frontlines:A Cross Sectional Study on COVID-19 Infection, Symptom Severity Amongst Emergency Medicine Residents and Fellows in Urban Academic Hospital Settings (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey Frisch ◽  
Sarah Jones ◽  
James Willis ◽  
Richard Sinert
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Academic Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Time Period ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Specific Symptoms

BACKGROUND COVID-19, an illness caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, affected many aspects of healthcare worldwide in 2020. From March to May of 2020, New York City (NYC) experienced a large surge of cases. OBJECTIVE The authors aimed to characterize the amount of illness experienced by residents and fellows in 2 NYC hospitals during this time period. METHODS This was a cross-sectional observational study. An IRB-exempt survey was distributed to emergency medicine housestaff in May 2020 and submissions were accepted through August 2020. RESULTS 64 residents and fellows responded to our survey (a 62% response rate). 42% of responders tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Most residents experienced symptoms that could be consistent with COVID-19 however few received PCR testing. Fevers and/or chills along with loss of smell and/or taste were the most specific symptoms for COVID-19, with p-values <0.05. All 13 housestaff who reported no symptoms during the study period tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that the rate of COVID-19 illness among emergency department housestaff is much higher than previously reported. Further studies are needed to characterize illness among medical staff in emergency departments across the nation. The high infection rate among emergency medicine trainees stresses the importance of supplying adequate PPE for healthcare professionals.

scholarly journals Age-dependence of mortality from novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in highly exposed populations: New York transit workers and residents and Diamond Princess passengers.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher T Leffler ◽  
Matthew C Hogan
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
New York State ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cruise Ship ◽  
Age Dependence ◽  
York State ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Available Information

Background. Populations heavily exposed to the novel coronavirus provide an opportunity to estimate the mortality from COVID-19 in different age groups. Methods. The mortality reported by May 13 from COVID-19 among Diamond Princess cruise ship passengers, and New York residents and Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) workers was estimated based on publicly available information. Results. The mortality among children (age 0 to 17 yrs) in New York City was 1 in 172,692. The mortality in New York state was 1 in 322,217 for ages 10-19 yrs., and 1 in 36,725 for ages 20-29 yrs. The mortality among New York transit workers was estimated to be 1 in 7,329 for ages 30-39 years; 1 in 1,075 for ages 40-49 yrs.; 1 in 343 for ages 50-59 yrs.; and 1 in 178 for ages 60-69 yrs. Among Diamond Princess passengers, the mortality was estimated to be 1 in 145 for ages 70-79, and 1 in 54 for ages 80-89. Conclusions: Mortality among populations exposed to the novel coronavirus increases with age, ranging from about 1 in 170,000 below the age of 18 years, to 1 in 54 above the age of 80 years.

scholarly journals Vertical Transmission

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Dena Lyras
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Local Part ◽  
Rapid Dissemination ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact

As we begin 2020, Microbiology is dominating the news with the emergence and rapid dissemination of the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The impact of COVID-19 on public health, with significant financial, logistical and social repercussions, has quickly become apparent. As microbiologists we have an important role to play during this time because we can use our knowledge, expertise and experience to educate the community around us, and to reduce the panic that results from fear and misinformation. It is also critical that we ensure that racial groups are not stigmatised because of an infectious disease. A co-ordinated global effort is required to tackle this new infectious threat, and we are an important local part of this effort. It is also important to develop strategies that can be deployed when the next threat emerges, as it surely will.

scholarly journals Nanotechnology against the novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2): diagnosis, treatment, therapy and future perspectives

Nanomedicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 497-516
Author(s):  
Hamid Rashidzadeh ◽  
Hossein Danafar ◽  
Hossein Rahimi ◽  
Faezeh Mozafari ◽  
Marziyeh Salehiabar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Rapid Diagnosis ◽  
Socioeconomic Impact ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Significant Mortality

COVID-19, as an emerging infectious disease, has caused significant mortality and morbidity along with socioeconomic impact. No effective treatment or vaccine has been approved yet for this pandemic disease. Cutting-edge tools, especially nanotechnology, should be strongly considered to tackle this virus. This review aims to propose several strategies to design and fabricate effective diagnostic and therapeutic agents against COVID-19 by the aid of nanotechnology. Polymeric, inorganic self-assembling materials and peptide-based nanoparticles are promising tools for battling COVID-19 as well as its rapid diagnosis. This review summarizes all of the exciting advances nanomaterials are making toward COVID-19 prevention, diagnosis and therapy.

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