Effects of formaldehyde and xylene on CD4- and CD8-positive T cells in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue in rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 471-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Sandikci ◽  
U Eren ◽  
S Kum
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
Two Agents ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

The aim of this study was to determine the localization and number of CD4- and CD8-positive T lymphocytes in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) of the embryos and newborns or young and adult rats exposed to formaldehyde (6 ppm), technical xylene (300 ppm), or a combination of these two agents (3 ppm + 150 ppm) for 6 weeks (8 h/day). A total of 96 female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The CD4-positive cells were localized predominately in area under the epithelium and in the periphery of BALT follicles after the exposure period. However, CD8-positive cells were localized mainly in the periphery of BALT follicles after the exposure period. The number of CD4- and CD8-positive lymphocytes significantly increased in exposed young and adult rats compared to the respective controls. These results suggest that formaldehyde and/or xylene may affect the local immunity in BALT particularly in young and adult rats.

Inhalation of formaldehyde and xylene induces apoptotic cell death in the lung tissue

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 455-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sandikci ◽  
K. Seyrek ◽  
H. Aksit ◽  
H. Kose
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Apoptotic Cells ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Lymphoid Follicles ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

The aim of this study was to determine the localization and number of apoptotic cells in lung tissue and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) of newborns, young, and adult rats exposed to formaldehyde (6 ppm) or technical xylene (300 ppm) for 6 weeks (8 h/day). A total of 27 female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Apoptotic cells were mainly localized around the bronchus and bronchioles and relatively less frequently on the walls of alveoli and interalveolar septa both in control and experimental groups. In the BALT, reactive cells were localized in the area under the epithelium and distributed homogenously within the lymphoid follicles. The numbers of apoptotic cells in the lung tissue including the BALT were significantly higher in young and adult rats exposed to formaldehyde and xylene than those detected in control groups.

scholarly journals Effects of adolescent caffeine consumption on cocaine self-administration and reinstatement of cocaine seeking

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-144
Author(s):  
Tracey A Larson ◽  
Casey E O’Neill ◽  
Michaela P Palumbo ◽  
Ryan K Bachtell
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Extinction Training ◽  
Schedules Of Reinforcement ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Caffeine Consumption ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Cocaine Seeking ◽  
Administration Procedure

Background: Caffeine consumption by children and adolescents has risen dramatically in recent years, yet the lasting effects of caffeine consumption during adolescence remain poorly understood. Aim: These experiments explore the effects of adolescent caffeine consumption on cocaine self-administration and seeking using a rodent model. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats consumed caffeine for 28 days during the adolescent period. Following the caffeine consumption period, the caffeine solution was replaced with water for the remainder of the experiment. Age-matched control rats received water for the duration of the study. Behavioral testing in a cocaine self-administration procedure occurred during adulthood (postnatal days 62–82) to evaluate how adolescent caffeine exposure influenced the reinforcing properties of cocaine. Cocaine seeking was also tested during extinction training and reinstatement tests following cocaine self-administration. Results: Adolescent caffeine consumption increased the acquisition of cocaine self-administration and increased performance on different schedules of reinforcement. Consumption of caffeine in adult rats did not produce similar enhancements in cocaine self-administration. Adolescent caffeine consumption also produced an upward shift in the U-shaped dose response curve on cocaine self-administration maintained on a within-session dose-response procedure. Adolescent caffeine consumption had no effect on cocaine seeking during extinction training or reinstatement of cocaine seeking by cues or cocaine. Conclusions: These findings suggest that caffeine consumption during adolescence may enhance the reinforcing properties of cocaine, leading to enhanced acquisition that may contribute to increased addiction vulnerability.

scholarly journals Protective effects of dietary fibre against manganese-induced neurobehavioral aberrations in rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu-Quan Shi ◽  
Wei Yan ◽  
Ke-Yue Wang ◽  
Qi-Yuan Fan ◽  
Yan Zou
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Neurobehavioral Performance ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Applied Dose ◽  
Mn Concentrations

We tested the hypothesis that dietary fi bre (DF) has protective effects against manganese (Mn)-induced neurotoxicity. Forty-eight one-month old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, 16 % DF, Mn (50 mg kg-1 body weight), Mn+ 4 % DF, Mn+ 8 % DF, and Mn+ 16 % DF. After oral administration of Mn (as MnCl2) by intragastric tube during one month, we determined Mn concentrations in the blood, liver, cerebral cortex, and stool and tested neurobehavioral functions. Administration of Mn was associated with increased Mn concentration in the blood, liver, and cerebral cortex and increased Mn excretion in the stool. Aberrations in neurobehavioral performance included increases in escape latency and number of errors and decrease in step-down latency. Irrespective of the applied dose, the addition of DF in forage decreased tissue Mn concentrations and increased Mn excretion rate in the stool by 20 % to 35 %. All neurobehavioral aberrations were also improved. Our fi ndings show that oral exposure to Mn may cause neurobehavioral abnormalities in adult rats that could be effi ciently alleviated by concomitant supplementation of DF in animal feed.

Kinetic impairment of nitrogen and muscle glutamine metabolisms in old glucocorticoid-treated rats

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (3) ◽  
pp. E558-E564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regine Minet-Quinard ◽  
Christophe Moinard ◽  
Françoise Villie ◽  
Stephane Walrand ◽  
Marie-Paule Vasson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Synthetase Activity ◽  
Aged Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Glucocorticoid Treatment ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
End Of Treatment ◽  
Catabolic State ◽  
Old Rats

Aged rats are more sensitive to injury, possibly through an impairment of nitrogen and glutamine (Gln) metabolisms mediated by glucocorticoids. We studied the metabolic kinetic response of adult and old rats during glucocorticoid treatment. The male Sprague-Dawley rats were 24 or 3 mo old. Both adult and old rats were divided into 7 groups. Groups labeled G3, G5, and G7 received, by intraperitoneal injection, 1.50 mg/kg of dexamethasone (Dex) for 3, 5, and 7 days, respectively. Groups labeled G3PF, G5PF, and G7PF were pair fed to the G3, G5, or G7 groups and were injected with an isovolumic solution of NaCl. One control group comprised healthy rats fed ad libitum. The response to aggression induced specifically by Dex (i.e., allowing for variations in pair-fed controls) appeared later in the aged rats (decrease in nitrogen balance from day 1 in adults but only from day 4 in old rats). The adult rats rapidly adapted to Dex treatment, whereas the catabolic state worsened until the end of treatment in the old rats. Gln homeostasis was not maintained in the aged rats; despite an early increase in muscular Gln synthetase activity, the Gln pool was depleted. These results suggest a kinetic impairment of both nitrogen and muscle Gln metabolisms in response to Dex with aging.

scholarly journals Hypertensive female Sprague-Dawley rats require an intact nitric oxide synthase system for compensatory increases in renal regulatory T cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 319 (2) ◽  
pp. F192-F201
Author(s):  
Lindsey A. Ramirez ◽  
Ellen E. Gillis ◽  
Jacqueline B. Musall ◽  
Riyaz Mohamed ◽  
Elizabeth Snyder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Albumin Excretion ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Oxide Synthase

We have previously shown that hypertensive female rats have more regulatory T cells (Tregs), which contribute more to blood pressure (BP) control in female versus male rats. Based on known protective properties of Tregs, the goal of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms by which female rats maintain Tregs. The present study was designed to 1) compare the impact of three hypertension models on the percentage of renal Tregs and 2) test the hypothesis that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition prevents increases in renal Tregs and exacerbates renal damage in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats (11–14 wk old) were randomized to one of the following four groups: control, norepinephrine (NE) infusion, angiotensin II infusion, or the NOS inhibitor Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) in drinking water. BP was measured via tail cuff. After 2 wk of treatment, kidneys were isolated and processed to measure Tregs via flow cytometric analysis and renal injury via urinary albumin excretion, plasma creatinine, and histological analyses. Hypertensive treatments increased BP in all experimental animals. Increases in BP in norepinephrine-and angiotensin II-treated rats were associated with increases in renal Tregs versus control. In contrast, l-NAME treatment decreased Tregs compared with all groups. l-NAME treatment modestly increased albumin excretion. However, plasma creatinine was comparable among the groups, and there was no histological evidence of glomerular or tubular injury. This study provides insights into the mechanisms regulating renal Tregs and supports that an intact NOS system is crucial for female rats to have BP-related increases in renal Tregs.

scholarly journals Synergistic toxicity in an in vivo model of neurodegeneration through the co-expression of human TDP-43M337V and tauT175D protein

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander J. Moszczynski ◽  
Madeline Harvey ◽  
Niveen Fulcher ◽  
Cleusa de Oliveira ◽  
Patrick McCunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tau Protein ◽  
Sensorimotor Gating ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Motor Deficits ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Tau Pathology ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Somatic Gene Transfer

Abstract Although it has been suggested that the co-expression of multiple pathological proteins associated with neurodegeneration may act synergistically to induce more widespread neuropathology, experimental evidence of this is sparse. We have previously shown that the expression of Thr175Asp-tau (tauT175D) using somatic gene transfer with a stereotaxically-injected recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV9) vector induces tau pathology in rat hippocampus. In this study, we have examined whether the co-expression of human tauT175D with mutant human TDP-43 (TDP-43M337V) will act synergistically. Transgenic female Sprague-Dawley rats that inducibly express mutant human TDP-43M337V using the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) tetracycline response element (TRE) driver with activity modulating tetracycline-controlled transactivator (tTA) were utilized in these studies. Adult rats were injected with GFP-tagged tau protein constructs in a rAAV9 vector through bilateral stereotaxic injection into the hippocampus. Injected tau constructs were: wild-type GFP-tagged 2N4R human tau (tauWT; n = 8), GFP-tagged tauT175D 2N4R human tau (tauT175D, pseudophosphorylated, toxic variant, n = 8), and GFP (control, n = 8). Six months post-injection, mutant TDP-43M337V expression was induced for 30 days. Behaviour testing identified motor deficits within 3 weeks after TDP-43 expression irrespective of tau expression, though social behaviour and sensorimotor gating remained unchanged. Increased tau pathology was observed in the hippocampus of both tauWT and tauT175D expressing rats and tauT175D pathology was increased in the presence of cholinergic neuronal expression of human TDP-43M337V. These data indicate that co-expression of pathological TDP-43 and tau protein exacerbate the pathology associated with either individual protein.

scholarly journals Cerebral cortex does not modulate “regulated” decrease in core temperature during hypoxemia in rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (4) ◽  
pp. R1158-R1161
Author(s):  
Evvi-Lynn M. Rollins ◽  
James E. Fewell
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Cortical Spreading Depression ◽  
Spreading Depression ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
The Core ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Before And After

In newborns and adults of a number of species including humans, exposure to acute hypoxemia produces a “regulated” decease in core temperature, the mechanism of which is unknown. Considering that various cortical areas participate in autonomic regulation including thermoregulation, the present experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that the cerebral cortex plays a role in modulating the regulated decrease in core temperature during acute hypoxemia. This hypothesis was tested by determining the core temperature response to acute hypoxemia in chronically instrumented adult Sprague-Dawley rats before and after cortical spreading depression (i.e., functional decortication) was produced by the local application of potassium chloride to the dura overlying the cerebral hemispheres. There was no effect of cortical spreading depression on baseline core temperature. Core temperature decreased during acute hypoxemia in a similar fashion when the cerebral cortex was intact as well as during functional decortication. Thus our data do not support the hypothesis that the cerebral cortex modulates the regulated decrease in core temperature that occurs in adult rats during acute hypoxemia.

ULTRAMORPHOMETRIC STUDIES OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX OF ADULT RATS AFTER NEONATAL ADMINISTRATION OF SEX STEROIDS

1976 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 537-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Mäusle ◽  
G. Fickinger
Keyword(s):  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Neonatal Administration ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Functional Reaction

ABSTRACT The outer zona fasciculata of 28 Sprague-Dawley rats, 8 weeks old, was studied by means of ultramorphometry. Four males and 4 females each received 1250 μg of testosterone proprionate (TP) or 300 μg oestradiol benzoate (OeB) on the second day of life. Four males and 4 females in oestrus or dioestrus served as controls. The controls showed both sex and cyclic differences: in comparison to the males, females displayed a finely dispersed lipoid pattern; enlargement of the nucleus and an increase in the amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) indicated an increased stimulation of the cortex during oestrus. Neonatal administration of TP in females causes a distinct enlargement of cells with an increase in the volumes of nucleus, mitochondria, liposomes, SER and liposomes. The mitochondria and liposomes show a small-dispersed pattern of distribution. All these function-specific morphometric parameters point to an increased activity of the individual cell. The changes are less pronounced after OeB than after TP. In the male, neonatal administration of sex steroids results in an alteration of the sizes of the mitochondria and liposomes. The liposomes are distributed finely dispersed. At the same time there is an increase in the lipoid content. According to these parameters, fasciculata cells fulfil the morphological conditions that are a prerequisite for an elevated functional reaction. This change is more marked following OeB than TP. Sex dimorphism is preserved following neonatal application of sex steroids since the alterations are much more pronounced in females than in males.

THE PRESENCE OF A MITOSIS INHIBITOR IN THE SERUM AND LIVER OF ADULT RATS

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 855-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Stich ◽  
M. L. Florian
Keyword(s):  
Partial Hepatectomy ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Mitotic Rate ◽  
Regenerating Liver ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Tissue Homogenates ◽  
Liver Homogenates

The influence of serum and tissue homogenates on the mitotic rate of regenerating liver was tested. The following fractions were injected into Sprague–Dawley rats 24 hours after partial hepatectomy: (a) serum from normal 290–340 g. rats; (b) serum from rats 24 or 72 hours following partial hepatectomy; (c) liver homogenates from normal 290–340 g. rats; (d) regenerating liver homogenates (24 hours after partial hepatectomy); and, as controls, (e) brain homogenates representing non-mitotic tissues; (f) testes homogenates representing mitotically active tissues. Serum and liver from adult animals inhibit the onset of mitosis. Serum and regenerating liver from partially hepatectomized rats, as well as heterologous tissue, show no retarding effect.The results suggest the presence of an organ-specific inhibitor of mitosis in the serum and liver of adult animals.

scholarly journals Ventilatory responses to ozone are reduced in immature rats

2000 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 2023-2030 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Shore ◽  
J. H. Abraham ◽  
I. N. Schwartzman ◽  
G. G. Krishna Murthy ◽  
J. D. Laporte
Keyword(s):  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Immature Rats ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Induced Changes

During ozone (O3) exposure, adult rats decrease their minute ventilation (V˙e). To determine whether such changes are also observed in immature animals, Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 2, 4, 6, 8, or 12 wk, were exposed to O3(2 ppm) in nose-only-exposure plethysmographs. BaselineV˙e normalized for body weight decreased with age from 2.1 ± 0.1 ml ⋅ min−1⋅ g−1in 2-wk-old rats to 0.72 ± 0.03 ml ⋅ min−1⋅ g−1in 12-wk-old rats, consistent with the higher metabolic rates of younger animals. In adult (8- and 12-wk-old) rats, O3caused 40–50% decreases in V˙e that occurred primarily as the result of a decrease in tidal volume. In 6-wk-old rats, O3-induced changes inV˙e were significantly less, and in 2- and 4-wk-old rats, no significant changes inV˙e were observed during O3exposure. The increased baseline V˙e and the smaller decrements in V˙e induced by O3in the immature rats imply that their delivered dose of O3is much higher than in adult rats. To determine whether these differences in O3dose influence the extent of injury, we measured bronchoalveolar lavage protein concentrations. The magnitude of the changes in bronchoalveolar lavage induced by O3was significantly greater in 2- than in 8-wk-old rats (267 ± 47 vs. 165 ± 22%, respectively, P < 0.05). O3exposure also caused a significant increase in PGE2in 2-wk-old but not in adult rats. The results indicate that the ventilatory response to O3is absent in 2-wk-old rats and that lack of this response, in conjunction with a greater specific ventilation, leads to greater lung injury.

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