scholarly journals Did the COVID-19 Pandemic Dampen Americans’ Tipping for Food Services? Insights From Two Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-143
Author(s):  
Michael Lynn
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Food Services ◽  
Economic Crises ◽  
Employee Compensation ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Percentage Points

The recent COVID-19 pandemic raises questions about consumer willingness to give tips during such times of hardship. Analyses of a Texas pizza delivery driver’s tip records and of nationwide Square payment data for quick- and full-service restaurants explored this issue by comparing tips during the pandemic with those before it. These data suggest that the pandemic increased the average tip-per-order given to a pizza delivery driver as well as the average tip percentage given for many transactions at quick- and full-service restaurants. They also suggest that the pandemic decreased the average tip percentage for face-to-face transactions at full-service restaurants but only by a modest 1 to 2 percentage points. The findings suggest that the tipping model remains a viable means of employee compensation even during periods of public health and economic crises if the nature of the services provided does not change substantially.

scholarly journals Utilizing asynchronous email interviews for health research: overview of benefits and drawbacks

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Amri ◽  
Christina Angelakis ◽  
Dilani Logan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Data Accuracy ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Face To Face

Abstract Objective Through collating observations from various studies and complementing these findings with one author’s study, a detailed overview of the benefits and drawbacks of asynchronous email interviewing is provided. Through this overview, it is evident there is great potential for asynchronous email interviews in the broad field of health, particularly for studies drawing on expertise from participants in academia or professional settings, those across varied geographical settings (i.e. potential for global public health research), and/or in circumstances when face-to-face interactions are not possible (e.g. COVID-19). Results Benefits of asynchronous email interviewing and additional considerations for researchers are discussed around: (i) access transcending geographic location and during restricted face-to-face communications; (ii) feasibility and cost; (iii) sampling and inclusion of diverse participants; (iv) facilitating snowball sampling and increased transparency; (v) data collection with working professionals; (vi) anonymity; (vii) verification of participants; (viii) data quality and enhanced data accuracy; and (ix) overcoming language barriers. Similarly, potential drawbacks of asynchronous email interviews are also discussed with suggested remedies, which centre around: (i) time; (ii) participant verification and confidentiality; (iii) technology and sampling concerns; (iv) data quality and availability; and (v) need for enhanced clarity and precision.

scholarly journals OP0191-PARE DEVELOPMENT OF A PUBLIC AND PATIENT INVOLVEMENT (PPI) RESEARCH NETWORK FOR PEOPLE WHO HAVE RHEUMATIC CONDITIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 115.2-115
Author(s):  
L. Larkin ◽  
A. Moses ◽  
T. Raad ◽  
A. Tierney ◽  
N. Kennedy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Patient Involvement ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Ppi Network ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Public ◽  
World Cafe ◽  
Patient Representatives ◽  
The University ◽  
Public And Patient Involvement

Background:Public and patient involvement (PPI) improves quality and relevance of research (1). PPI is advocated by policy makers and funding bodies and is supported by EULAR (2). Arthritis Research Limerick (ARL) is a partnership between researchers at the University of Limerick and clinicians at University Hospitals Limerick. PPI representatives have been involved in ARL projects, however no formal PPI network had been established prior to 2020. The need for a formal PPI network to collaborate with ARL was identified by both ARL and patient representatives. This need arose from a joint ambition to promote meaningful involvement of the public and patients in ARL projects and to develop a platform through which researchers and PPI representatives could collaboratively set research priorities.Objectives:The aim of this project was to create a formal PPI network to engage with people living with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) and their families and to identify collaborative research opportunities between ARL and PPI representatives.Methods:A face-to-face PPI seminar was planned for October 2020. The seminar consisted of speakers from ARL providing an overview of research projects and a World Café research ideas session. Funding was obtained through a competitive, peer-review funding call from the PPI Ignite group at the University of Limerick to support the PPI seminar. The funding application was a joint application between ARL members and a PPI partner (iCAN - Irish Children’s Arthritis Network). The seminar was advertised through national patient organisations (iCAN and Arthritis Ireland), social media and ARL research networks.Results:Due to Covid-19 public health restrictions the PPI seminar was held virtually. The ARL PPI inaugural seminar was attended by N=19 researchers and people living with RMDs. The seminar speakers included ARL researchers and a PPI representative. The World Café event was modified to adapt to the virtual seminar delivery. Research ideas were noted by the seminar organiser and summarised for attendees at the end of the research ideas and priorities session. An ARL PPI mailing list was set-up post seminar as a means of communicating with seminar attendees and will serve as a formal PPI network for ARL. Research updates and opportunities will be communicated via this formal network to people living with RMDs and researchers alike.Conclusion:This was the first PPI seminar organised by ARL in collaboration with a PPI seminar, and has led to the creation of a formal PPI network. Delivery mode of the PPI seminar was changed due to Covid-19 public health restrictions. This change may also have impacted engagement and attendance at the PPI seminar, given that virtual events are not accessible to all of the RMD population. Future PPI seminars will consider a hybrid approach of face-to-face and virtual attendance, to enhance accessibility. A formal PPI communication network has been established. Future work will focus future collaborative opportunities between the PPI panel and the ARL group, including project development, co-led research funding applications and joint research dissemination.References:[1]INVOLVE. (2012). Briefing notes for researchers: Involving the public in NHS, public health and social care research. Retrieved from www.invo.org.uk 7th January 2020.[2]de Wit MPT, Berlo SE, Aanerud GJ, et al (2011). European League Against Rheumatism recommendations for the inclusion of patient representatives in scientific projects. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 70:722-726Disclosure of Interests:None declared

scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemic: The Urgent Dental Hub experience from a primary care perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Zohaib Khwaja ◽  
Awais Ali ◽  
Manraj Rai
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Dental Care ◽  
Specialist Care ◽  
Health Message ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
General Dental Practitioner ◽  
Public Health Message ◽  
The Uk

In response to the nationwide lockdown on 23 March 2020 in the UK, urgent dental hubs (UDHs) were established in the community to provide emergency dental care. Consecutive referrals to a primary care UDH were prospectively analysed over a one-month period, from 18 May 2020 to 18 June 2020. Of 400 referrals received, the most common were in relation to pain (87%). In 63% neither a radiograph nor photograph was provided with the referral. Seventy percent of patients were telephone triaged within 24 hours of receipt of referral. Fifty-three percent of referrals were accepted for face-to-face treatment, of which 69% were treated by extraction. Of rejected referrals (n=179; 45%), 79% were due to symptoms having settled or being manageable by the time of triage. A small number of referrals were redirected for specialist care. Referrals that were accepted were more likely to have been prescribed antibiotics and less likely to have been referred by the general dental practitioner (GDP) they regularly saw (p <0.01). Patients that were older and those that identified themselves as not having a regular GDP were less likely to have been referred to an UDH. The quality of referrals was poor and there may be a role for virtual consultations moving forwards. We found pre-referral antimicrobial prescriptions were high and a confused public health message may have been sent.

Effects of Government-Implemented Cash Plus Model on Violence Experiences and Perpetration Among Adolescents in Tanzania, 2018‒2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (12) ◽  
pp. 2227-2238
Author(s):  
Tia Palermo ◽  
Leah Prencipe ◽  
Lusajo Kajula ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Sexual Debut ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Percentage Points

Objectives. To examine the impacts of a government-implemented cash plus program on violence experiences and perpetration among Tanzanian adolescents. Methods. We used data from a cluster randomized controlled trial (n = 130 communities) conducted in the Mbeya and Iringa regions of Tanzania to isolate impacts of the “plus” components of the cash plus intervention. The panel sample comprised 904 adolescents aged 14 to 19 years living in households receiving a government cash transfer. We estimated intent-to-treat impacts on violence experiences, violence perpetration, and pathways of impact. Results. The plus intervention reduced female participants’ experiences of sexual violence by 5 percentage points and male participants’ perpetration of physical violence by 6 percentage points. There were no intervention impacts on emotional violence, physical violence, or help seeking. Examining pathways, we found positive impacts on self-esteem and participation in livestock tending and, among female participants, a positive impact on sexual debut delays and a negative effect on school attendance. Conclusions. By addressing poverty and multidimensional vulnerability, integrated social protection can reduce violence. Public Health Implications. There is high potential for scale-up and sustainability, and this program reaches some of the most vulnerable and marginalized adolescents. (Am J Public Health. 2021;111(12):2227–2238. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306509 )

Nursing Home Food Services Linked with Risk of Malnutrition

2007 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Carrier ◽  
Denise Ouellet ◽  
Gale E. West
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Food Delivery ◽  
Food Services ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Service Characteristics ◽  
Food Packages ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
Cognitively Intact ◽  
Service Factors

Purpose: Links between food service characteristics and residents’ risk of malnutrition were examined. Methods: Cognitively intact residents meeting inclusion criteria and living in one of 38 participating nursing homes were randomly sampled. The final sample consisted of 132 residents, who were screened for risk of malnutrition and completed a face-to-face interview questionnaire about dining experiences. Additional data came from participants’ medical charts, and each institution's food service manager completed a written questionnaire. Frequencies and logistic regressions were used to describe the sample and to examine relationships between risk of malnutrition and food service characteristics. Results: Overall, 37.4% of participants were at risk of malnutrition. Food service factors, including food packages, lids, and dishes that were difficult to manipulate (β=0.285, p=0.009), bulk food-delivery systems (β=1.329, p=0.036), overall food satisfaction (β=0.253, p=0.044), menu cycle length (β=-2.162, p=0.003), and porcelain dishes (β=-0.345, p=0.052), all were significantly associated with risk of malnutrition. Conclusions: Our findings clearly show a need for nursing homes to modify certain aspects of food service that may increase the risk of malnutrition among cognitively intact residents.

scholarly journals ‘If a fight starts, watch the crowd’: The effect of violence on popular support for social movements

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Muñoz ◽  
Eva Anduiza
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Popular Support ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Street Violence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Social movements often face tactic diversification. In otherwise nonviolent movements, some groups or radical flanks may resort to violent actions such as street rioting. This article analyzes the impact that these violent episodes can have on popular support for the movement as a whole. To estimate the causal effect of violence, it exploits an unexpected riot outbreak that occurred during the fieldwork of a face-to-face survey in Barcelona in May 2016, led by a squat group linked to the anti-austerity movement known as the 15-M or indignados that emerged during the financial crisis. By comparing respondents interviewed before and after the riots, it finds that the street violence episode reduced support for the 15-M movement by 12 percentage points on average. However, the magnitude of the effect is highly conditional on the respondents’ predispositions towards the movement. Core supporters, that are expected to share the frame of the movement in justifying violent actions, are the least affected by the violent outbreak. On the other extreme, weak supporters, opposers, and non-aligned citizens reduce their support to a larger extent. Results are robust to different specifications and a wide range of robustness checks. These findings have potentially important implications for movements concerned with broadening their support base.

scholarly journals Trust at a Distance—Trust in Online Communication in Environmental and Global Health Research Projects

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper de Vries ◽  
Séverine van Bommel ◽  
Karin Peters
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Online Communication ◽  
Online Collaboration ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Global Health Research ◽  
Trust Development ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Shared Identity ◽  
Project Structure

Online collaboration to deal with (global) environmental and public health problems continues to grow as the quality of technology for communication improves. In these collaborations, trust is seen as important for sustainable collaborations and organizations. However, face-to-face communication, which is often lacking in these contexts, is seen as a pre-requisite for trust development. Therefore, this paper aims to explore empirically which factors influence the emergence of trust in the early stages of online collaboration. Using the relevant literature, we conducted a series of interviews around projects in the field of public health and the environment on the interface between science and practice. The results show that trust does develop between participants. This trust is strongly influenced by perceived ability and integrity, fostered by reputation, third-party perceptions, and project structure. In these contexts, these types of trust facilitate collaboration but are also influenced by a wider set of aspects such as power, expectations, and uncertainty. However, from the results we also conclude that online collaboration does not create benevolence and a shared identity, thereby limiting further trust development and leading to less strong relations. Strong relations, however, are deemed important to reach creative and innovative solutions and long-term sustainable collaboration and organizations.

scholarly journals Trends in Special Education Eligibility Among Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, 2002-2010

2017 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Rubenstein ◽  
Julie Daniels ◽  
Laura A. Schieve ◽  
Deborah L. Christensen ◽  
Kim Van Naarden Braun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Special Education ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Special Education Eligibility ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Objective: Although data on publicly available special education are informative and offer a glimpse of trends in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and use of educational services, using these data for population-based public health monitoring has drawbacks. Our objective was to evaluate trends in special education eligibility among 8-year-old children with ASD identified in the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network. Methods: We used data from 5 Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network sites (Arizona, Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, and North Carolina) during 4 surveillance years (2002, 2006, 2008, and 2010) and compared trends in 12 categories of special education eligibility by sex and race/ethnicity. We used multivariable linear risk regressions to evaluate how the proportion of children with a given eligibility changed over time. Results: Of 6010 children with ASD, more than 36% did not receive an autism eligibility in special education in each surveillance year. From surveillance year 2002 to surveillance year 2010, autism eligibility increased by 3.6 percentage points ( P = .09), and intellectual disability eligibility decreased by 4.6 percentage points ( P < .001). A greater proportion of boys than girls had an autism eligibility in 2002 (56.3% vs 48.8%). Compared with other racial/ethnic groups, Hispanic children had the largest increase in proportion with autism eligibility from 2002 to 2010 (15.4%, P = .005) and the largest decrease in proportion with intellectual disability (–14.3%, P = .004). Conclusion: Although most children with ASD had autism eligibility, many received special education services under other categories, and racial/ethnic disparities persisted. To monitor trends in ASD prevalence, public health officials need access to comprehensive data collected systematically, not just special education eligibility.

scholarly journals Creating Customized Workforce Development Plans for Medium-to-Large Public Health Departments

2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-403
Author(s):  
Brandon Grimm ◽  
Christine Arcari ◽  
Athena Ramos ◽  
Tricia LeVan ◽  
Kathleen Brandert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Workforce Development ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Training Needs ◽  
Public Health Workforce ◽  
Health Departments ◽  
Public Health Departments ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
County Health Department

Objectives: The objectives of our study were to (1) illustrate a public health workforce assessment process in a medium-sized city or county health department and (2) demonstrate the insights gained by moving from the use of aggregate department-level and competency domain-level training needs results to more granular division-level and skills-level results when creating a workforce development plan. Methods: We used a 130-question needs assessment to guide the creation of a workforce development plan for the Lincoln Lancaster County Health Department (LLCHD) in Nebraska and its 7 divisions. Using SurveyMonkey, we administered the survey to 128 (of the 129) LLCHD public health staff members in June 2015. Using a Likert scale, respondents indicated (1) the importance of the skill to their work and (2) their capacity to carry out 57 skills in 8 domains of the core competencies for public health professionals. We identified training needs as those for which the percentage of respondents who perceived moderate-to-high importance was at least 15 percentage points higher than the percentage of respondents who perceived moderate-to-high capacity. Results: LLCHD as a department had training needs in only 2 competency domains: financial planning and management (importance-capacity difference, 15 percentage points) and policy development and program planning (importance-capacity difference, 19 percentage points). The Health Promotion and Outreach division had training needs in all 8 domains (importance-capacity difference range, 15-45 percentage points). Of the 57 skills, 41 were identified by at least 1 of the LLCHD divisions as having training needs. In 24 instances, a division did not qualify as having training needs in the overall domain yet did have training needs for specific skills within a domain. Conclusions: When performing public health workforce assessments, medium-to-large public health departments can obtain detailed workforce training needs results that pertain to individual skills and that are tailored to each of their divisions. These results may help customize and improve workforce development plans, ensuring that the workforce has the necessary skills to do its job.

scholarly journals Quantifying the impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 outbreak: The case of Sweden

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Wook (Stanley) Cho
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Elderly Cohort ◽  
Nonpharmaceutical Interventions ◽  
The Impact

Summary This paper estimates the effect of nonpharmaceutical intervention policies on public health during the COVID-19 outbreak by considering a counterfactual case for Sweden. Using a synthetic control approach, I find that strict initial lockdown measures play an important role in limiting the spread of the COVID-19 infection, as the infection cases in Sweden would have been reduced by almost 75 percent had its policymakers followed stricter containment policies. As people dynamically adjust their behaviour in response to information and policies, the impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions becomes visible, with a time lag of around 5 weeks. Supplementary robustness checks and an alternative difference-in-differences framework analysis do not fundamentally alter the main conclusions. Finally, extending the analysis to excess mortality, I find that the lockdown measures would have been associated with a lower excess mortality rate in Sweden by 25 percentage points, with a steep age gradient of 29 percentage points for the most vulnerable elderly cohort. The outcome of this study can assist policymakers in laying out future guidelines to further protect public health, as well as facilitate plans for economic recovery.

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