Advancing a Three-Tier Personality Framework for Posttraumatic Growth

2021 ◽  
pp. 089020702110623
Author(s):  
Nic M. Weststrate ◽  
Eranda Jayawickreme ◽  
Cornelia Wrzus
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Posttraumatic Growth ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Narrative Identity ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
The Face ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Event Based

Adversity has been assumed to foster positive personality change under certain conditions. In this article, we examine this assumption within the context of the three-tier personality framework integrating traits, characteristic adaptations, and narrative identity to provide a comprehensive understanding of personality growth. We first review findings on how adverse events affect personality on each of these three levels. Second, we summarize knowledge on event-based and person-based predictors of personality change in the face of adversity. Third, we specify affective, behavioral, and cognitive processes that explain personality change across levels of personality. Innovatively, our proposed process model addresses change at all three levels of personality, as well as similarities and differences in processes across the levels. We conclude by discussing unresolved issues, asking critical questions, and posing challenging hypotheses for testing this framework.

Inefficient Encoding as an Explanation for Age-Related Deficits in Recollection-Based Processing

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Friedman ◽  
Ray Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Semantic Retrieval ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Face ◽  
Episodic Memories

A cardinal feature of aging is a decline in episodic memory (EM). Nevertheless, there is evidence that some older adults may be able to “compensate” for failures in recollection-based processing by recruiting brain regions and cognitive processes not normally recruited by the young. We review the evidence suggesting that age-related declines in EM performance and recollection-related brain activity (left-parietal EM effect; LPEM) are due to altered processing at encoding. We describe results from our laboratory on differences in encoding- and retrieval-related activity between young and older adults. We then show that, relative to the young, in older adults brain activity at encoding is reduced over a brain region believed to be crucial for successful semantic elaboration in a 400–1,400-ms interval (left inferior prefrontal cortex, LIPFC; Johnson, Nessler, & Friedman, 2013 ; Nessler, Friedman, Johnson, & Bersick, 2007 ; Nessler, Johnson, Bersick, & Friedman, 2006 ). This reduced brain activity is associated with diminished subsequent recognition-memory performance and the LPEM at retrieval. We provide evidence for this premise by demonstrating that disrupting encoding-related processes during this 400–1,400-ms interval in young adults affords causal support for the hypothesis that the reduction over LIPFC during encoding produces the hallmarks of an age-related EM deficit: normal semantic retrieval at encoding, reduced subsequent episodic recognition accuracy, free recall, and the LPEM. Finally, we show that the reduced LPEM in young adults is associated with “additional” brain activity over similar brain areas as those activated when older adults show deficient retrieval. Hence, rather than supporting the compensation hypothesis, these data are more consistent with the scaffolding hypothesis, in which the recruitment of additional cognitive processes is an adaptive response across the life span in the face of momentary increases in task demand due to poorly-encoded episodic memories.

Embodying algorithms, enactive artificial intelligence and the extended cognition: You can see as much as you know about algorithm

2021 ◽  
pp. 016555152098549
Author(s):  
Donghee Shin
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Extended Cognition ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Personalized Recommendation ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Concise Guide

The recent proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) gives rise to questions on how users interact with AI services and how algorithms embody the values of users. Despite the surging popularity of AI, how users evaluate algorithms, how people perceive algorithmic decisions, and how they relate to algorithmic functions remain largely unexplored. Invoking the idea of embodied cognition, we characterize core constructs of algorithms that drive the value of embodiment and conceptualizes these factors in reference to trust by examining how they influence the user experience of personalized recommendation algorithms. The findings elucidate the embodied cognitive processes involved in reasoning algorithmic characteristics – fairness, accountability, transparency, and explainability – with regard to their fundamental linkages with trust and ensuing behaviors. Users use a dual-process model, whereby a sense of trust built on a combination of normative values and performance-related qualities of algorithms. Embodied algorithmic characteristics are significantly linked to trust and performance expectancy. Heuristic and systematic processes through embodied cognition provide a concise guide to its conceptualization of AI experiences and interaction. The identified user cognitive processes provide information on a user’s cognitive functioning and patterns of behavior as well as a basis for subsequent metacognitive processes.

scholarly journals Development of training method for vessel traffic service based on cognitive process

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binbing Song ◽  
Hiroko Itoh ◽  
Yasumi Kawamura
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
International Association ◽  
Tokyo Bay ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Training Method ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Maritime Traffic

AbstractVessel traffic service (VTS) is important to protect the safety of maritime traffic. Along with the expansion of monitoring area per VTS operator in Tokyo Bay, Japan, inexperienced operators must acquire the ability to quickly and accurately detect conditions that requires attention (CRAs) from a monitoring screen. In our previous study (Song B, Itoh H, Kawamura Y, Fukuto J (2018) Analysis of Cognitive Processes of Operators of Vessel Traffic Service. In: Proceedings of the 2018 International Association of Institutes of Navigation. IAIN 2018, pp 529–534, Song et al., J Jpn Inst Navig 140:48–54, 2019), we established a task analysis method based on the assumption that the cognitive process model consists of three stages: “situational awareness”, “situation judgment”, and “decision making”. A simulation experiment was conducted for VTS operators with different levels of ability and their cognitive processes were compared based on the observation of eye movements. The results showed that the inexperienced operators’ abilities to predict situation changes were lower. And it was considered that oral transmission of the knowledge is difficult, thus new training methods are needed to help the inexperienced operators to understand the prediction methods of experienced operators. In this study, based on the cognitive process of an experienced operator, we analyzed the prediction procedures of situation changes and developed an educational tool called vessel traffic routine (VTR). The training method learning VTR aims to quickly improve inexperienced VTS operators’ abilities to predict situation changes. A simulation verification experiment of the VTR effect was conducted for four inexperienced operators, who were divided into two groups with and without prior explanation of VTR. By evaluating the cognitive processes of inexperienced operators, it was confirmed that those given prior explanations of VTR were better at detecting CRAs.

Self-Control and Academic Achievement

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 373-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela L. Duckworth ◽  
Jamie L. Taxer ◽  
Lauren Eskreis-Winkler ◽  
Brian M. Galla ◽  
James J. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Academic Goals ◽  
Course Grades ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Face ◽  
Standardized Achievement Tests ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Moment

Self-control refers to the alignment of thoughts, feelings, and actions with enduringly valued goals in the face of momentarily more alluring alternatives. In this review, we examine the role of self-control in academic achievement. We begin by defining self-control and distinguishing it from related constructs. Next, we summarize evidence that nearly all students experience conflict between academic goals that they value in the long run and nonacademic goals that they find more gratifying in the moment. We then turn to longitudinal evidence relating self-control to academic attainment, course grades, and performance on standardized achievement tests. We use the process model of self-control to illustrate how impulses are generated and regulated, emphasizing opportunities for students to deliberately strengthen impulses that are congruent with, and dampen impulses that are incongruent with, academic goals. Finally, we conclude with future directions for both science and practice.

scholarly journals The Hidden Paths of Category Research: Climbing new heights and slippery slopes

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 909-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Delmestri ◽  
Filippo Carlo Wezel ◽  
Elizabeth Goodrick ◽  
Marvin Washington
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
Research Challenges ◽  
Unified Process ◽  
Stable Classification

Category research has flourished over the last decade. While this body of work has prioritized the behavioral and economic consequences of stable classification systems, the papers in this special issue challenge this orientation by highlighting the importance of category dynamics for improving our understanding of markets and fields. We show how these papers support the emergence of category maintenance, the recategorization of mature categories, and the consolidation of new categories as understudied phenomena and as the next research challenges to pursue. After connecting the main findings of the papers in this special issue into a unified process model, we discuss various alternative pathways to further explore those challenges. We also point to how this theoretical endeavor runs on slippery slopes and might lead to cul-de-sacs such as terminological balkanization. We conclude by highlighting the need for developing a more comprehensive understanding of category dynamics.

scholarly journals P030: The FAN study: intranasal fentanyl and inhaled nitrous oxide for fracture reduction

CJEM ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (S1) ◽  
pp. S88-S88
Author(s):  
J. Hoeffe ◽  
E. D. Trottier ◽  
B. Bailey ◽  
D. Shellshear ◽  
M. Lagacé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
University Of Michigan ◽  
Median Difference ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Oxygen ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
The Face ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
Sedation And Analgesia

Introduction: Recently, intranasal (IN) fentanyl and inhaled nitrous oxide/oxygen (N2O) mixture have been increasingly used for procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) alone or in combination. There is a lack of data on the efficacy of these combined agents. Methods: The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of IN fentanyl and N2O as PSA for the reduction of mildly-to-moderately displaced fractures and dislocations. We performed a prospective, observational cohort study between September 2014 and October 2015. Patients were recruited at CHU Sainte Justine (Montréal) and Royal Children Hospital (Melbourne, Australia). Patients aged 4 to 18 years were eligible if PSA consisted of IN fentanyl and N2O for the reduction of mildly-to-moderately displaced fractures or dislocations. Patients received at least IN fentanyl 1.5 mcg/kg (100 mcg max) and at least a 50/50% mixture of N2O with oxygen. Primary outcome was the efficacy of PSA measured by the patient assigned Facial Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R). The Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) scale was also recorded. Depth of sedation was evaluated using University of Michigan Sedation Scale (UMSS). Adverse events were recorded following criteria of the Consensus Panel on Sedation Research of PERC/PECARN. Additional data concerning satisfaction or discomfort were evaluated via questionnaires, and follow-up telephone calls were made to elicit information on adverse events after discharge. Results: A total of 91 patients aged 9.7 ± 3.0 years were enrolled. There was no difference between the median FPS-R score during the procedure compared to before: Median 2 and 2 (median difference 0 [95% CI 0, 0]), respectively. The FLACC score was higher during the procedure than before: Median 4 and 0 (median difference 2 [95% CI 1, 3]). UMSS was 1 (95% CI 1, 2) during the procedure. 42 (46%) patients had adverse events, all mild: vertigo (20%), nausea (16%)]or vomiting (12%). A total of 85/88 (97%) parents and 82/85 (96%) ED physicians would want the same sedation in another procedure. Conclusion: PSA with IN fentanyl and N2O seems effective in our study, as evaluated by patient assigned FPS-R. Patients were minimally sedated. Adverse events were frequent but mild. Overall, parents and medical staff would want the same agents used in another procedure. Thus, PSA with IN fentanyl and N2O appears to be an attractive option for reduction of mildly displaced fractures or dislocations.

A test of a cultural model of conflict styles

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Sun Kim ◽  
Hye-ryeon Lee ◽  
In Duk Kim ◽  
John E. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Conflict Styles ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
The Face ◽  
Conflict Strategies ◽  
Face Maintenance

The primary aim of this study is to test a process model of cultural conflict styles. Specifically, we propose a theoretical framework for illuminating the relationship between individual-level equivalents of cultural variability dimensions and the face-maintenance dimensions, which, in turn, serve as guiding motives or criteria for selecting conflict strategies. In the model, it was predicted that the greater the individual’s construal of self as independent, the higher the concern for self-face maintenance, which, in turn, leads to the higher preference for forcing (dominating) conflict styles. In a separate path, it was also predicted that the greater the individual’s construal of self as interdependent, the higher the concern for other-face maintenance, which, in turn, leads to the higher preference for nonforcing (obliging, avoiding, integrating, and compromising) conflict styles. Data to test the proposed model were drawn from undergraduates of diverse cultural backgrounds, studying in Hawai‘i. After being presented at random with one of the three conflict situations, participants rated the scales measuring conflict styles, face maintenance dimensions, as well as scales to measure the independent and interdependent dimensions of their self-construals. The theoretical path model was supported by the data except for one path. The implications of the model for theory and practice are discussed.

scholarly journals Sustained and Transient Processes in Event-based Prospective Memory in Adolescence and Adulthood

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1924-1945
Author(s):  
Lucía Magis-Weinberg ◽  
Ruud Custers ◽  
Iroise Dumontheil
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Strategic Monitoring ◽  
Cue Salience ◽  
Event Based

Prospective memory (PM) refers to the cognitive processes associated with remembering to perform an intended action after a delay. Varying the salience of PM cues while keeping the intended response constant, we investigated the extent to which participants relied on strategic monitoring, through sustained, top–down control, or on spontaneous retrieval via transient bottom–up processes. There is mixed evidence regarding developmental improvements in event-based PM performance after the age of 13 years. We compared PM performance and associated sustained and transient neural correlates in 28 typically developing adolescents (12–17 years old) and 19 adults (23–30 years old). Lower PM cue salience associated with slower ongoing task (OT) RTs, reflected by increased μ ex-Gaussian parameter, and sustained increases in frontoparietal activation during OT blocks, both thought to reflect greater proactive control supporting cue monitoring. Behavioral and neural correlates of PM trials were not specifically modulated by cue salience, revealing little difference in reactive control between conditions. The effect of cue salience was similar across age groups, suggesting that adolescents are able to adapt proactive control engagement to PM task demands. Exploratory analyses showed that younger, but not older, adolescents were less accurate and slower in PM trials relative to OT trials than adults and showed greater transient activation in PM trials in an occipito-temporal cluster. These results provide evidence of both mature and still maturing aspects of cognitive processes associated with implementation of an intention after a delay during early adolescence.

scholarly journals To feel with and for Friedrich Schleiermacher: On religious experience

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniël P. Veldsman
Keyword(s):  
Religious Experience ◽  
Narrative Identity ◽  
Friedrich Schleiermacher ◽  
Religious Experiences ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Absolute Dependence ◽  
Theological Thinking

The German systematic theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher has shaped Western Christian theological thinking in many ways. One such influential way has been his formulation and exposition of religious experience, and specifically the concept of the ‘feeling of absolute dependence’ (Gefühl der schlechthinnigen Abhängigkeit). From a brief account of his understanding of the ‘feeling of absolute independence’, a few critical remarks are made from the broader context of contemporary hermeneutical discourses, focusing on the constitutive role of affectivity and narrative identity in religious experiences of embodied personhood. It is argued that these two themes in revisiting Schleiermacher’s understanding of the ‘feeling of absolute dependence’ can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of religious experience.

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