A Review of RAY WILKINSON, JOHN P. RAE, GITTE RASMUSSEN (eds.), ATYPICAL INTERACTION: THE IMPACT OF COMMUNICATIVE IMPAIRMENTS WITHIN EVERYDAY TALK. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, XXIII+470 pp.

The collection of articles under review includes conversation analytic studies of interactions involving the participation of at least one person with communicative impairments (aphasia, dementia, dysarthria, etc.). The authors concentrate on how these impairments influence interaction—the organization of repair in particular—as well as on issues of participants’ adaption to impairments, collaboration, the agency of people with impairments, and practices of face maintenance. Three more general issues connected to this field of study are discussed in the review. The first issue is a choice of analytic categories and the application of the category of repair. This category seems justified since participants frequently have to clarify the meaning of their partners’ actions. However, this choice may appear problematic if one does not take into account that interactions with people with impairments have their own progressivity, which differs from the progressivity of ordinary conversation. The second issue is the role of nonverbal actions, which is crucial in circumstances where some of the participants lack verbal resources. The third issue concerns the problem of the understanding which participants try to achieve in the course of interaction and which researchers try to achieve in the course of analysis. This task becomes more challenging in comparison to ordinary conversations. On the one hand, actions of persons with impairments are sometimes ambiguous and require special interpretative efforts from their partners. On the other hand, there is always a risk that the partner will interpret actions of impaired person inadequately.

Teachers and supervisors negotiating face during critical account requests in post observation feedback

This article shows, through the analysis of “real life” institutional interaction, how experienced teachers and supervisors negotiate face when teachers contest or manage supervisors’ critical account requests during post observation feedback meetings. A linguistic micro-analysis of data extracts is supplemented with ethnographic data drawn from participant perspective interviews and researcher knowledge. The analysis shows how participants subtly and skillfully employ facework to manage the potential face-threat engendered by criticism and disagreement. This facework is mostly successful, but in one case the supervisor orients to face-threat and closes down the topic of discussion. This demonstrates that face is consequential to both unfolding talk and the feedback goal of dialogue and development. Feedback participants, both supervisors and teachers, also engage in moves of face support and face maintenance. The analysis shows face to be an emergent, situated relationship, co-constructed by both participants, and also shows that participants are willing to risk face-threat to achieve institutional goals (supervisors) and defend their actions (teachers). This supports the view that face-threat is rational and common and indicates that criticism, account requests, and disagreements are acceptable norms in post observation feedback.

Human Self-Reflective Curse

Moral hypocrisy and duplicity are the rule rather than just exceptions. Both are inseparable from self-consciousness and humans’ unique concern for reputation. It is linked to face-maintenance (keeping apparent moral self-unity) in the midst of obvious contradictions. Powerful examples abound, such as the fact that Hitler was a vegetarian. We are indeed moral acrobats, and this has its roots in self-consciousness, the pillar of our human nature. Self-conscious psychology leads toward obligatory existential rumination of deeply unsettling existential truths. These truths shape our moral sense, in particular what we feel and construe as right or wrong and what we experience and reason as just or unjust.

Ritualinis mandagumas (ta’ârof) šiuolaikinio Irano visuomenėje ir tarpkultūrinėje komunikacijoje: Teherano šiaurinės dalies atvejis

This paper examines the concept and practices of the Iranian ritual courtesy ta’ârof in northern Tehran, based on field-study findings, and analyses its expression in intercultural communication. It examines how contemporary Iranians perceive ta’ârof, what practices of ritual courtesy are commonly found, and whether configurations of the Iranian code of courtesy remain stable in the changing cultural environment. The study employs the theory of face maintenance and data from Iranian face and diaspora research. It shows emic perceptions of ta’ârof, and reveals its practices in Tehran, alongside tendencies of expression among Iranians living in Lithuania. Key words: ta’ârof, ritual courtesy, capital-city culture, intercultural communication, contemporary Iran.

Analisis Tingkat Pengetahuan Mahasiswa Kedokteran UNS tentang Faktor Penyebab dan Penanganan Kulit Wajah Sensitif pada Remaja

Skin is one of very important organ in human body. Skin has many functions including protecting internal organ, muscle, also cells inside the organ. In this case very important for human to keep maintain and take care the healthiness of the skin. Taking care and maintain the skin will also affecting human outlook. Good outlook and attractive also an important factor related to self-confidence. Attractive outlook can be seen from the beauty of outfit, personality, way in communication or even from the face. Face can be one of the very often becoming the most attention for every person, especially skin part. For that, many efforts can be done to take care the skin health. However, important for us to be familiar with the type of our face skin in order to be able to decide the correct maintenance method so face maintenance can optimum. Especially for those who have sensitive skin face, one should be very selective in using product for skin maintenance, or cannot be unselective. This is due to those who have sensitive skin very vulnerable to have bad reaction from using from using incorrect product for skin maintenance in the form of redness, itchy, acne, or even irritation.

Towards a linguistic model of crisis response (CRModel)

The paper handles public crisis communication (cc) done by top public figures involved in what has been dubbed the News International Phone Hacking Scandal of 2011 in the UK. It contributes to the field by proposing an approach which reflects a “linguistic leaning” in cc (response) research. Hence, by applying sociolinguistic (face) and linguistic (stance) concepts we examine the texts released, with a view to discovering how crisis communicators ‘negotiate’ language to persuade/ manipulate the stakeholders to alter their perceptions about the crisis and the people implicated. The examination focuses primarily on grammatical stance marking devices (Biber el al. 1999) yielding results in three dimensions: 1) structural, 2) semantic and 3) stance attribution, and shows that besides rhetorical goals, the underlying objectives the speakers pursue are face maintenance and, consequently, facework that must be done in the circumstances that have occurred.

A test of a cultural model of conflict styles

The primary aim of this study is to test a process model of cultural conflict styles. Specifically, we propose a theoretical framework for illuminating the relationship between individual-level equivalents of cultural variability dimensions and the face-maintenance dimensions, which, in turn, serve as guiding motives or criteria for selecting conflict strategies. In the model, it was predicted that the greater the individual’s construal of self as independent, the higher the concern for self-face maintenance, which, in turn, leads to the higher preference for forcing (dominating) conflict styles. In a separate path, it was also predicted that the greater the individual’s construal of self as interdependent, the higher the concern for other-face maintenance, which, in turn, leads to the higher preference for nonforcing (obliging, avoiding, integrating, and compromising) conflict styles. Data to test the proposed model were drawn from undergraduates of diverse cultural backgrounds, studying in Hawai‘i. After being presented at random with one of the three conflict situations, participants rated the scales measuring conflict styles, face maintenance dimensions, as well as scales to measure the independent and interdependent dimensions of their self-construals. The theoretical path model was supported by the data except for one path. The implications of the model for theory and practice are discussed.