scholarly journals A Cross-Country Comparison of Gender Traditionalism in Business Leadership: How Supportive Are Female Supervisors?

2020 ◽  
pp. 095001701989283
Author(s):  
Carly van Mensvoort ◽  
Gerbert Kraaykamp ◽  
Roza Meuleman ◽  
Marieke van den Brink
Keyword(s):  
Working Women ◽  
Gender Attitudes ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Business Leadership ◽  
Attitudinal Differences ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Managerial Positions ◽  
Gender Quota ◽  
Gender Traditionalism

This study investigates whether female supervisors hold less traditional attitudes towards gender in business leadership than male supervisors and non-supervisors, and whether these attitudinal differences vary between countries. It uses the sociological notions of self-interest and exposure and a multilevel approach to advance and expand the investigation of gender attitudes in the domain of business leadership. Two recent waves of the World Values Survey (2005/2009; 2010/2014) for 22 OECD countries were analysed with multilevel logistic regression. Findings indicated less gender traditionalism among female supervisors and among people living in countries with a larger share of women in managerial positions and a less traditional normative climate towards working women. No such attitudinal differences between individuals were found when comparing countries with and without a national legislative gender quota policy. Finally, men’s attitudes towards gender traditionalism in business leadership appeared to be more susceptible to the country context than those of women.

Introduction

John Rawls ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 233-236
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Working Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fortune 500 ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Business Leadership ◽  
Fortune 500 Companies ◽  
The World

In the United States, full-time working women on average earn 82 percent of what full-time working men earn.1 Globally, women often fare much worse, earning an average of 68 percent of men’s earnings.2 In addition to getting paid less than men to do the same jobs, women often do not have the opportunity to do the jobs men do. Men still occupy most business leadership positions both in the United States and in the world more broadly. In 2019, less than 5 percent of Fortune 500 companies had a female CEO....

Non-Traditional Wives With Traditional Husbands

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 1704-1724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Ka-Lok Cheung ◽  
Susanne Yuk-Ping Choi
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Gender Attitudes ◽  
Physical Assault ◽  
Spousal Violence ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Gender Traditionalism

Feminist scholars have argued that husband gender traditionalism is one of the root causes of spousal violence against women. Using couple-level data from Hong Kong ( N = 871 couples), this article argues that a second mechanism—couple gender value mismatch—also explains husband-to-wife physical assault. Our findings show that a husband’s gender traditionalism is positively associated with husband-to-wife physical assault only when the husband is coupled with a wife who has non-traditional gender attitudes. Similarly, egalitarian gender attitudes in wives are positively associated with husband-to-wife physical assault only when a non-traditional wife is coupled with a traditional husband.

scholarly journals The Association Between Threat and Politics Depends on the Type of Threat, the Political Domain, and the Country

2020 ◽  
pp. 014616722094618
Author(s):  
Mark J. Brandt ◽  
Felicity M. Turner-Zwinkels ◽  
Beste Karapirinler ◽  
Florian Van Leeuwen ◽  
Michael Bender ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Models ◽  
The Political ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Political Beliefs ◽  
Country Characteristics ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Relationship

Theories link threat with right-wing political beliefs. We use the World Values Survey (60,378 participants) to explore how six types of threat (e.g., economic, violence, and surveillance) are associated with multiple political beliefs (e.g., cultural, economic, and ideological identification) in 56 countries/territories. Multilevel models with individuals nested in countries revealed that the threat-political belief association depends on the type of threat, the type of political belief, and the country. Economic-related threats tended to be associated with more left-wing economic political beliefs and violence-related threats tended to be associated with more cultural right-wing beliefs, but there were exceptions to this pattern. Additional analyses revealed that the associations between threat and political beliefs were different across countries. However, our analyses identified few country characteristics that could account for these cross-country differences. Our findings revealed that political beliefs and perceptions of threat are linked, but that the relationship is not simple.

scholarly journals The association between threat and politics simultaneously depends on the type of threat, the political domain, and the country

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark John Brandt ◽  
Felicity Mary Turner-Zwinkels ◽  
Beste Karapirinler ◽  
Florian van Leeuwen ◽  
Michael Bender ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Models ◽  
The Political ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Political Beliefs ◽  
Country Characteristics ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Relationship

Theories link threat with right-wing political beliefs. We use the World Values Survey (60,378 participants) to explore how six types of threat (e.g., economic, violence, and surveillance) are associated with multiple political beliefs (e.g., cultural, economic, and ideological identification) in 56 countries/territories. Multilevel models with individuals nested in countries revealed that the threat-political belief association depends on the type of threat, the type of political beliefs, and the country. Economic-related threats tended to be associated with more left-wing economic political beliefs and violence-related threats tended to be associated with more cultural right-wing beliefs, but there were exceptions to this pattern. Additional analyses revealed that the associations between threat and political beliefs were different across countries. However, our analyses identified few country characteristics that could account for these cross-country differences. Our findings revealed that political beliefs and perceptions of threat are linked, but that the relationship is not simple.

scholarly journals Self-interest and Altruism: Pluralism as a Basis for Leadership in Business

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Business Leaders ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Contemporary Theory ◽  
Business Leadership ◽  
Leadership Ethics ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Pluralistic Approach

The paper outlines the case for pluralism between self-interest (egoism) and altruism in business leadership. Scientific progression demonstrating pluralism is discussed, providing a multidisciplinary view of pluralism from evolutionary biology, psychology, moral philosophy, economic theory and organisational behavior. Findings show that myopic views of self-interest and altruism were once dominant in a number of fields however shifts in contemporary theory have provided a basis for pluralism in business leadership. Pluralism is yet to find grounding in leadership ethics, which still widely views “good leadership” through the lens of altruistic orientations. For leaders in business, the relevance of both self-interest and altruistic orientations are described. The paper seeks to address the divide between self-interest and altruism for business leaders, advocating for a realistic and pragmatic pluralistic approach to guide future research.

scholarly journals Strategies for Overcoming the Gender Gap by Working Women (Case Study of Russian Organizations)

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
S. D. Gurieva ◽  
U. A. Udavikhina
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Organizational Context ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Healthy Working ◽  
Managerial Positions ◽  
Gender Strategies

In the context of the global economic crisis associated with the pandemic, the gender gap index has increased, indicating increasing gender inequalities and, consequently, gender assimilation in society. Despite the fact that in Russia the total number of educated, qualified, healthy, working women is significantly higher than that of men, women face unequal wage distribution and feel the income gap, rarely reach managerial positions, are not represented at high managerial levels, and are excluded from political life. The aim of the study was to identify and examine the specifics of gendered career-building strategies by Russian women as a way of narrowing the gender gap. The following methodological approaches were used to consider gender inequalities in the organizational context: Gender in organization, Gendered organization, Doing & Undoing Gender Strategies. Key results: confirming the existence of gender strategies as a way to bridge the gender gap within an organization; identifying and describing how Russian women apply gender strategies in their career development. The “Doing Gender” strategy was used more frequently than the “Undoing Gender” strategy. However, the scope of Undoing Gender was much wider and more variable. Those women who used a combination of gender strategies (“Doing & Undoing Gender”) rated themselves as “strong players”, emphasized high subjective satisfaction with their lives (having a family and children), and noted a successful career path, unlike those who used only one of the strategies. A combination of gender strategies can help to promote women’s careers in the best possible way and bridge the gender gap in the organization.

scholarly journals How Social Class Shapes Attitudes on Economic Inequality: The Competing Forces of Self-Interest and Legitimation

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Curtis ◽  
Robert Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Inequality ◽  
National Level ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Level Statistics ◽  
The World ◽  
Official Sources

Abstract:Using survey data from the World Values Survey (WVS) and national-level statistics from various official sources, we explore how attitudes toward economic inequality are shaped by economic conditions across 24 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Consistent with the economic self-interest thesis, we find that where income inequality is low, those in lower economic positions tend to be less likely than those in higher economic positions to favor it being increased. On the other hand, where economic resources are highly unequally distributed, the adverse effects of inequality climb the class ladder, resulting in the middle classes being just as likely as the working class to favor a reduction in inequality. Our results further suggest that people tend to see current levels of inequality as legitimate, regardless of their own economic position, but nonetheless desire economic change—i.e., they would like to see inequality reduced—if they perceive it could improve their own economic situation.

scholarly journals Post-Materialist Values of Smart City Societies: International Comparison of Public Values for Good Enough Governance

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Seng Boon Lim ◽  
Jalaluddin Abdul Malek ◽  
Tan Yigitcanlar
Keyword(s):  
Free Speech ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Value Propositions ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
Cross Country

This study aims to analyze the application of good enough governance in considering the citizens’ value propositions that shape smart city societies. This paper applied a quantitative method with cross-country comparisons. Survey data were derived from the World Values Survey. Malaysia was chosen as the main study area, and compared with Indonesia and other countries worldwide. The findings revealed that politics is the value of least concern across all samples. In terms of qualities for children to develop, respondents in both Malaysia and Indonesia were less concerned about imagination and unselfishness. As for materialist versus post-materialist, the ratios of Malaysia and Indonesia were slightly higher than the average; the post-materialist value of free speech was the lowest value chosen. In the long term, all countries are experiencing the trend of moving toward post-materialist societies. To be sustained under the Collective and Adaptive System of smart city societies, good enough governance in Malaysia and Indonesia should consider the cultural context of the Muslim majority, prioritize governance content that allows more space for political participation and free speech, and cultivate the imagination and unselfishness of children. The generated insights underline the critical role that smart societies play in establishing smart cities.

scholarly journals Workplace Discrimination against Working Women in Jordan

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Excimirey A. Al-Manasrah
Keyword(s):  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Work Place ◽  
Religious Discrimination ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Sample Characteristics ◽  
Managerial Positions ◽  
Different Sources

The purpose of this study is to explore the sources related to work place discrimination against working women in Jordan. The studied discrimination sources are: age discrimination, racial discrimination, religious discrimination, gender discrimination, women social status discrimination and sexual harassment. Data were collected via questionnaires from 154 working women in academic and managerial positions at Al-Balqa Applied University in Jordan. Crosstabs were used to describe sample characteristics related to discrimination and Chi square test was used to test the hypotheses. Crosstabs tabulations results found that educated and married women who are moving to a higher age category feel more discriminated at workplace. Chi Square findings indicated that Jordanian working women exposed to different sources of discrimination except religious discrimination at workplace.

scholarly journals A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF PAKISTANI WORKING WOMEN’S ADVANCEMENT TOWARDS UPPER LEVEL MANAGERIAL POSITIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Muhammad Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Working Women ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Main Mode ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Female Managers ◽  
Banking Education ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
Managerial Positions ◽  
Telecom Sector ◽  
Managerial Level

Women’s presence at top managerial positions is less than men across the world and Pakistan is also no exception. Pakistan is a conservative and male dominated society where working women face a lot of obstacles while making advancement in their careers. However, due to the increase in literacy rate and greater efforts from government, civil societies, and media, working women and women at managerial positions are becoming more acceptable by the society. Keeping in view this changing scenario, the objective of the current study is to understand the working women’s experiences, barriers, and related issues while making advancement towards managerial level positions. The study is qualitative in nature and used phenomenology as a main mode of inquiry. Sample of the study was drawn from banking, education, and telecom sector in Pakistan. Data was collected from thirty female managers working at various levels among the three mentioned sectors. Key findings of the study are that Pakistani female managers face familial, organizational, and cultural barriers. The study also identified that there is greater acceptance of female managers as compared to the past. Moreover, Pakistani female managers also possess some unique leadership characteristics which are not very common among male managers.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document