CAUSES OF ORGANISATIONAL CONFLICT IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IN GHANA: A STUDY IN TAMALE HIGH COURT

Organizational conflicts are generally inevitable in public institutions. However, there seems to be paucity of studies on the causes of organisational conflict in public institutions in Ghana in general and Tamale High Court in particular. This article seeks to bridge this knowledge gap by determining the causal factors of organizational conflicts in the Tamale High Court. The research gathered data from both primary and secondary sources and used the case study approach. The key instruments used for the data collection were interview guides. A total of fifteen (15) participants; eight (8) senior staff and seven (7) junior staff who took part in this study were purposively selected. The study found out that ineffective organisational system, unpredictable policies, tribalism, incompatible goals, poor communication, distribution of duties, lack of benefits, varying views on accountability, poor relations between senior and junior staff, disagreement between employees and employers, clashing of one’s role, selfishness among employers and employees, politics and difference in educational background, personal experiences, religion and gender are the factors causing conflict at Tamale High Court. It is recommended that the staff of Tamale High Court should be cordial and work harmoniously towards the administration of Justice in Ghana. It is further recommended that the management of Judicial Service in the Northern Region of Ghana apart from the Complaint Unit design a system where grievances can be tackled easily when there are conflicts. Keywords: Causes, Organizational Conflict, Public Institutions, Tamale High Court, Northern Region, Ghana.

LAND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT DECISIONS IN CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT (CBD) OF THE TAMALE METROPOLIS IN GHANA

Tamale Metropolis have been experiencing a significant increase in economic activities especially with the influx of occupation, tertiary institutions, industrial explorations and usage of the town as the main transit route to other parts of the Northern Region and Ghana as a whole. Development of a Central Business District (CBD) has become very crucial for Tamale Metropolis as is seen in other parts of Ghana but this can best occur only depending on Land Resource Development Decisions (LRDD) taken by developers as every Central Business District backbone is on the built environment. This study explored the land resource development decisions in the Tamale Metropolis. The primary data for the study was obtained mainly through interviews with property owners within the Central Business District of Tamale Central. Existing literature both published and unpublished were also secured and reviewed. The study found out that there are more ripped for redevelopment properties than redeveloped properties within the Central Business District of Tamale Central with a source of funding being the major challenge towards redevelopment. Education, occupation and income are key things that were revealed to have a significant influence on the issue of redevelopment decisions within the Central Business District of Tamale. The study recommends that there should be awareness creation on the various aspects of redevelopment to developers within the Tamale Metropolis by the Tamale Metropolitan Assembly, the introduction of a by-law on redevelopment within the CBD of Tamale by the Tamale Metropolitan Assembly Town and Country Planning Department and a special mortgage scheme by mortgage institutions/financial institutions in Ghana to support low-income developers in Tamale Metropolis to contribute to development and redevelopment of the housing industry thereby reducing the housing deficit of Ghana. Keywords: Land, Resource, Development, Redevelopment, Redevelopment Decisions, Central Business District (CBD). Tamale Metropolis, Northern Region, Ghana.

IMPLEMENTATION OF GUIDELINES FOR CCELERATION OF IMPLEMENTATION ESTATE TOURISM EVELOPMENT (CASE STUDY AT LASIANA BEACH, KUPANG CITY, EAST NUSA TENGGARA PROVINCE)

This study aims to analyze and describe the implementation of the East Nusa Tenggara Governor's Regulation Number 85 of 2019 concerning Guidelines for Accelerating the Implementation of Estate Tourism Development in the Province of East Nusa Tenggara in 2019-2023, especially in Lasiana Beach, Kupang City. By using qualitative research methods with a case study approach. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the Regulation of the Governor of East Nusa Tenggara has been going well. According to Van Meter Van Horn, there are 6 aspects in the implementation of this Governor's regulation, namely First, the size and objectives of the policy, have been well understood by the implementing staff but there are no clear measures or indicators to assess the implementation process of the Guidelines for Accelerating the Implementation of Estate Tourism Development in the Province of Nusa Southeastern East. Second, resources, from a human and financial perspective, are quite good. Third, the characteristics of the implementing agency/agency, for this factor is also quite good because in carrying out this program, the division of tasks for each employee already exists even though it is not included in the organizational structure. Fourth, the attitude/tendency of the implementers, from this point of view, is good because none of the implementers have rejected this program and has shown their support for this program by the participation of all employees at the Tourism and Creative Economy Office of East Nusa Tenggara Province. Fifth, communication between organizations and implementing activities, this factor is the most crucial in this implementation. It is necessary to improve communication between governments, both the East Nusa Tenggara Provincial Government, the Kupang City Government, the Central Kupang District Government and the Lasiana Village Government. Sixth, the economic, social and political environment, based on the results of research, the social and political environment has a positive effect on the implementation process of this program. Factors supporting the implementation of East Nusa Tenggara Governor Regulation Number 85 of 2019 concerning Guidelines for Accelerating the implementation of estate tourism development in East Nusa Tenggara Province in 2019-2023, especially at Lasiana Beach, Kupang City are the active role of the Government at all levels and the active role of the community in supporting the acceleration program tourism development in Lasiana Beach. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factor for the implementation of the East Nusa Tenggara Governor's Regulation Number 85 of 2019 concerning Guidelines for Accelerating the Implementation of Estate Tourism Development in the Province of East Nusa Tenggara. Keywords: Implementation of Public Policy, Acceleration of Tourism Development.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE ROLE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF YOUTH CULTURE AND SPORTS TOURISM OF SUMENEP REGENCY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED AND SUSTAINABLE GILI LABAK MARINE TOURISM AREA

The development of Gili Labak Island by the Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports Office of Sumenep Regency has started from 2015 to 2020 using the APBD. Initially, the development of Gili Labak Island was initiated by the Sumenep Regency Government. The next trip involved the Kombang Village Government and the people living on the island. This study aims to understand and describe the role of the Department of Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports of Sumenep Regency in tourism development in the Gili Labak Island Region. By using qualitative research methods, the results of this study state that the role of the Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports Office of Sumenep Regency in the development of the Gili Labak Maritime Area consists of 3, namely as a motivator, dynamist and facilitator. As a motivator, the Department of Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports of Sumenep Regency seeks to explore the potential of human resources, nature, and also the awareness of community members in developing the tourism sector in Sumenep Regency. As a facilitator, the Department of Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports of Sumenep Regency tries to create an orderly, comfortable and safe atmosphere, including facilitating the availability of development facilities and infrastructure such as mentoring and funding. Meanwhile, as the dynamist of the Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports Office of Sumenep Regency, he provides and trains the community on tourism management on Gili Labak Island, Sumenep Regency. In general, the development of marine tourism areas on Gili Labak Island is good, but tourism facilities and infrastructure in the area need to be improved so that tourism services to visitors are getting better. Keywords: The Role of the Office, Tourism, Motivator, Dynamizer, Facilitator.

THE INFLUENCE OF WRITTEN FEEDBACK ON THE WRITING SKILL PERFORMANCE OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Written feedback has been conceptualized as a form of communication between the instructor and the learners in the educational context. The written feedback helps to improve learning through knowledge construction and practice. It was to this background that I undertook this research to examine the influence of written feedback on the writing skill performance of high school students. Using a descriptive design, the study was undertaken in Kumasi Metropolis. Utilizing 350 participants, I analyzed the data with SPSS 25.0. The findings of the study revealed that students have a positive perception towards written feedback, the communicative function of the teachers’ feedback was both expressive and metalinguistic, and there was a positive effect of the written feedback from teachers on students writing performance. Hence, it was confirmed that written feedback influences writing skills. Keywords: Written feedback, Communication, Writing skills.

A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE PERCEPTIONS OF ERRORS IN THE LITERATURE ON SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION (SLA) RESEARCH AND HOW APPLIED LINGUISTS AND TEACHERS NEED TO RESPOND TO ERRORS OF SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNERS

Second language learners, in acquiring English as a second language, make errors based on their cognition of concepts. The perception of linguists and teachers about errors inform their approach to language research and pedagogies. Linguists and teachers who have negative attitudes towards errors consider them as deviations that need to be prevented at all costs, while others perceive the errors as innovation. Indeed, while deviations could be innovative and contribute immensely to the development of new varieties of languages, some deviations are clearly deficits that could influence the acquisition process leading, and language teachers need to respond to these deviations appropriately. Through a systematic review of literature, the article presents an evaluation of errors (deviations or innovation) and their pedagogical purposes for applied linguists and teachers. Keywords: Second Language, Errors, Deviations, Innovations, Pedagogical Purposes

CHALLENGES IN COMBATING CHILD LABOUR IN SMALL-SCALE GOLD MINING COMMUNITIES IN SHINYANGA REGION, TANZANIA

Combating child labour in Tanzania is a challenging endeavour especially in small-scale gold mining communities. Studies on child labour in Tanzania indicate that the government in partnership with international actors has undertaken several intervention actions to control and eliminate child labour in the country. Yet, child labour continues to be dominant in virtually all economic sectors including small-scale gold mining for reasons not sufficiently known. This research sets out to explore the challenges that face anti-child labour actors in their efforts to control and reduce child labour in Kahama district in Shinyanga region. The study uses a qualitative methodology in order to gain an in-depth insight of the context, cultural realities, community members’ views and experiences relating to child labour in small-scale gold mining communities. A sample size of 38 participants was drawn from among regional and district government officials, non-governmental organization (NGO) workers and community-based organization (CBO) activists responsible for combating child labour, small-scale gold miners, parents and children in Shinyanga region. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and documents review. Findings revealed seven challenges facing anti-child labour actors in their efforts to combat child labour in small-scale gold mining communities all arising from within the household, local community and government contexts. The study recommends that the government, policy makers and other stakeholders should develop policy interventions that effectively address these challenges in order to eradicate child labour in small-scale gold mining communities in the country. Keywords: Child Labour, Small-Scale Gold Mining, Anti-Child Labour Actors, Challenges.

MUA'LLAGAT ZOHAYR IBN ABI SOLMA: ELEGANT PIECE OF ARABIC POETRY (1)

Zohayr ibn Abi Solma is identified as an eminent poet who produced poetry distinguished with preeminence in courtly and virtuous love. The study employs an analytical and critical methodology, attempting to elucidate the influence of virtuous love narrated by the poet in the first verse lines of his great Mua'llagah. It commences with a terse introductory synopsis shedding light on the importance of classical Arabic and its involvement with poetry. The paper attempts to prove, via the poetry of Zohayr ibn Abi Solma, the greatness of the Arabic classical poetry and demonstrate the aptitudes of the poet through his Mua'llagah. It is divided into four main parts. The first part deals with the greatness of the Arabic language then it moves to the second section that focuses on Arabic Poetry: Treasure of Wisdom. The third one sheds light on the poet's 'The Man and the Poet', and the last main part goes with an analytical and critical endeavor of the first ten verse lines of Al-Mua'llagah of Zohayr. It comes to an end with a conclusion. Keywords: Arabic Literature, Arabic Poetry, Courtly Love Poetry, Courteous Arabic Poetry, Umm Awfa, Virtuous Poetry.

EXAMINING THE ROLE OF LINGUISTICS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING AS EFL AT HIGHER INSTITUTION: THE CASE OF METTU UNIVERSITY

This paper was aimed at examining the role of linguistics in English language teaching as a EFL at higher education. The participants of the study were summer students of English Language and literature department of Mettu University. Accordingly, all participants were selected through purposive sampling techniques for the questionnaire and interview. Quantitative and qualitative data were obtained and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Thus, this study employed a mixed approach. The findings of the study revealed that all participants have reached on mutual understanding and well noted that linguistics and language teaching have the same subject matter to deal with the role of linguistics to play in the process of language teaching. Therefore it can be said that language is the fundamental unit of the branch of linguistics. Without languages the subject of linguistics cannot be there. In other words languages pave the way for the growth of the field of linguistics. A language is a mental phenomenon and a way of expression of thought by means of articulate sounds. On the other hand linguistics is a branch of study that deals with languages. Finally, the findings have significant implications for adoption of linguistics in teaching language. This is the reason why the role of linguistics in English language teaching is needed for language learners.Keywords: Linguistics, Language, Language Teaching, Teaching, Role Of Linguistics

TEACHERS FEEDBACK AND ITS IMPACT ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN GHANA: A CASE STUDY OF NEW EDUBIASE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

The purpose of the study was to investigate how feedbacks from teachers affect the academic achievement of New Edubiase Senior High School students in the Adansi South District of Ghana. The descriptive survey design was employed for this study. The researcher used questionnaire as the main instruments for data collection. The target population for the study was all the teachers and students of New Edubiase Senior High School. In all, 60 teachers and 60 students were used for the study. Simple random and purposive sampling strategy was employed to select respondents for the study. Percentages were used for the analysis of the response and presented in tables and charts. Findings showed that students of New Edubiase Senior High School are aware of the importance of teachers’ feedback, both formal and informal type of formative assessment is used in assessing students of New Edubiase Senior High School by their teachers but the type of formative assessment that is mostly used in assessing students is formal. The study also found out that feedback help students to know the benefit of learning, encourages students to be more active and participate in class activities, help students to internalize and process the demands of task given to them by their teachers, increases self-esteem of students, guides students in on their performance, feedback deepen the understanding of students on their performance and also clarify what students should do. The study concluded that feedback can be used as an effective teaching tool by teachers in improving students’ academic achievement. Based on the findings, it was recommended that teachers of New Edubiase Senior High School should use formative feedback effectively as an effective tool on student learning and achievement and must also see the importance of assessment and clearly show how feedback can have a positive impact on student learning. Keywords: Teachers Feedback, Impacts, Senior High School Students, Academic Performance, New Edubiase.