Lightweight design of gears in the wheel-side reducer based on Shanghai road driving cycle

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (6) ◽  
pp. 1586-1600
Author(s):  
Xin Ning ◽  
Songlin Zheng ◽  
Yahui Wang ◽  
Jinzhi Feng
Keyword(s):  
Design Method ◽  
Lightweight Design ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Load Spectrum ◽  
Durability Test ◽  
Durability Analysis ◽  
Wheel Side ◽  
Low Amplitude ◽  
Prototype Design

The development of wheel-side reducer with proper durability is important for electric vehicles equipped with a wheel-side reducer system. Based on the Shanghai road driving cycle, a novel conversion method is proposed from vehicle speed to load, which provides a theoretical foundation for lightweight design and a durability analysis of the key components of the wheel-side reducer system. With the gears of the wheel-side reducer as an example, an electric drive system durability test specification is also developed on the basis of the Miner linear cumulative damage theory considering the material strengthening under low-amplitude loads. The durability test shows that the second round of the prototype design no longer has an infinite life compared with the first round of the prototype design. The method based on active load spectrum is more effective than the traditional design method.

Design principle of active load spectrum for shafting components in wheel hub reducer of electric vehicle

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (10) ◽  
pp. 2546-2558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Ning ◽  
Songlin Zheng ◽  
Wenlong Xie
Keyword(s):  
Design Principle ◽  
Lightweight Design ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Minimum Size ◽  
Strengthening Effect ◽  
Load Spectrum ◽  
The Road ◽  
Working Stress ◽  
Active Load ◽  
Low Amplitude

Design principle of active load spectrum is proposed for the lightweight design of shafting components. The characteristics of fatigue and the strengthening effect of low-amplitude load are conducted according to the material properties of the shafting components. The stress–life curve and three-dimensional surface of low-amplitude strengthening load are established for the life calculation of shafting components. Fast calculation method of working stress for variable size of shafting components is obtained considering the road cycle in Shanghai, the load spectrum is extrapolated, the torque working condition which is equivalent to load spectrum of 3000 km is achieved, and the fatigue damage and strengthening proportion of working stress spectrum of shafting components are adjusted, finally the minimum size of shafting components is designed to meet the requirement of service life. The design principle of active load spectrum can provide a new idea for the lightweight design of automotive components.

Buckling Design of Axially Compressed Cylindrical Shells Based on Energy Barrier Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150165
Author(s):  
Haigui Fan ◽  
Wenguang Gu ◽  
Longhua Li ◽  
Peiqi Liu ◽  
Dapeng Hu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Energy Barrier ◽  
Thin Shell ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Lightweight Design ◽  
Cylindrical Shells ◽  
Design Criterion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Shell Structures ◽  
Buckling Loads

Buckling design of axially compressed cylindrical shells is still a challenging subject considering the high imperfection-sensitive characteristic in this kind of structure. With the development of various design methods, the energy barrier concept dealing with buckling of imperfection-sensitive cylindrical shells exhibits a promising prospect in recent years. In this study, buckling design of imperfection-sensitive cylindrical shells under axial compression based on the energy barrier approach is systematically investigated. The methodology about buckling design based on the energy barrier approach is described in detail first taking advantage of the cylindrical shells whose buckling loads have been extensively tested. Then, validation and discussion about this buckling design method have been carried out by the numerical and experimental analyses on the cylindrical shells with different geometrical and boundary imperfections. Results in this study together with the available experimental data have verified the reliability and advantage of the buckling design method based on energy barrier approach. A design criterion based on the energy barrier approach is therefore established and compared with the other criteria. Results indicate that buckling design based on energy barrier approach can be used as an efficient way in the lightweight design of thin-shell structures.

Intelligent PD controller design for active suspension system based on robust model-free control strategy

2019 ◽  
Vol 233 (14) ◽  
pp. 4863-4880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maroua Haddar ◽  
Riadh Chaari ◽  
S Caglar Baslamisli ◽  
Fakher Chaari ◽  
Mohamed Haddar
Keyword(s):  
Controller Design ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Active Suspension ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Pd Controller ◽  
Suspension Systems ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Robust Model ◽  
Road Disturbance ◽  
Model Free Control

A novel active suspension control design method is proposed for attenuating vibrations caused by road disturbance inputs in vehicle suspension systems. For the control algorithm, we propose an intelligent PD controller structure that effectively rejects online estimated disturbances. The main theoretical techniques used in this paper consist of an ultra-local model which replaces the mathematical model of quarter car system and a new algebraic estimator of unknown information. The measurement of only input and output variables of the plant is required for achieving the reference tracking task and the cancellation of unmodeled exogenous and endogenous perturbations such as roughness road variation, unpredictable variation of vehicle speed and load variation. The performance and robustness of the proposed active suspension algorithm are compared with ADRC control and LQR control. Numerical results are provided for showing the improvement of passenger comfort criteria with model-free control.

Adaptive calibration of Diesel engine injection for minimising fuel consumption with constrained NOx emissions in actual driving missions

2020 ◽  
pp. 146808742091880
Author(s):  
José Manuel Luján ◽  
Benjamín Pla ◽  
Pau Bares ◽  
Varun Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Transition Probability ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Adaptive Calibration ◽  
Emission Limits

This article proposes a method for fuel minimisation of a Diesel engine with constrained [Formula: see text] emission in actual driving mission. Specifically, the methodology involves three developments: The first is a driving cycle prediction tool which is based on the space-variant transition probability matrix obtained from an actual vehicle speed dataset. Then, a vehicle and an engine model is developed to predict the engine performance depending on the calibration for the estimated driving cycle. Finally, a controller is proposed which adapts the start-of-injection calibration map to fulfil the [Formula: see text] emission constraint while minimising the fuel consumption. The calibration is adapted during a predefined time window based on the predicted engine performance on the estimated cycle and the difference between the actual and the constraint on engine [Formula: see text] emissions. The method assessment was done experimentally in the engine test set-up. The engine performace using the method is compared with the state-of-the-art static calibration method for different [Formula: see text] emission limits on real driving cycles. The online implementation of the method shows that the fuel consumption can be reduced by 3%–4% while staying within the emission limits, indicating that the estimation method is able to capture the main driving cycle characterstics.

Influence of Fuel Properties on GDI PM Emissions Over First 200 Seconds of WLTP Using an Engine Dynamometer and Novel “Virtual Drivetrain” Software

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah R. Bock ◽  
William F. Northrop
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Regulatory Compliance ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Engine Load ◽  
Vehicle Acceleration ◽  
Soot Loading

Abstract The influence of fuel properties on particulate matter (PM) emissions from a catalytic gasoline particulate filter (GPF) equipped gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine were investigated using novel “virtual drivetrain” software and an engine mated to an engine dynamometer. The virtual drivetrain software was developed in LabVIEW to operate the engine on an engine dynamometer as if it were in a vehicle undergoing a driving cycle. The software uses a physics-based approach to determine vehicle acceleration and speed based on engine load and a programed “shift” schedule to control engine speed. The software uses a control algorithm to modulate engine load and braking to match a calculated vehicle speed with the prescribed speed trace of the driving cycle of choice. The first 200 seconds of the WLTP driving cycle was tested using 6 different fuel formulations of varying volatility, aromaticity, and ethanol concentration. The first 200 seconds of the WLTP was chosen as the test condition because it is the most problematic section of the driving cycle for controlling PM emissions due to the cold start and cold drive-off. It was found that there was a strong correlation between aromaticity of the fuel and the engine-out PM emissions, with the highest emitting fuel producing more than double the mass emissions of the low PM production fuel. However, the post-GPF PM emissions depended greatly on the soot loading state of the GPF. The fuel with the highest engine-out PM emissions produced comparable post-GPF emissions to the lowest PM producing fuel over the driving cycle when the GPF was loaded over three cycles with the respective fuels. These results demonstrate the importance of GPF loading state when aftertreatment systems are used for PM reduction. It also shows that GPF control may be more important than fuel properties, and that regulatory compliance for PM can be achieved with proper GPF control calibration irrespective of fuel type.

scholarly journals X-in-the-Loop Testing of a Thermal Management System Intended for an Electric Vehicle with In-Wheel Motors

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6452
Author(s):  
Ilya Kulikov ◽  
Kirill Karpukhin ◽  
Rinat Kurmaev
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Electric Drive ◽  
Management System ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Laboratory Setup ◽  
Thermal Management System ◽  
Physical Part ◽  
The Individual

The article describes an elaboration of the X-in-the-loop (XiL) testing environment for a thermal management system (TMS) intended for the traction electric drive of an electric vehicle, which has each of its wheels driven by an in-wheel motor. The TMS features the individual thermal regulation of each electric drive using a hydraulic layout with parallel pipelines and electrohydraulic pumps embedded into them. The XiL system is intended as a tool for studying and developing the TMS design and controls. It consists of the virtual part and the physical part. The former simulates the vehicle operating in a driving cycle with the heat power dissipated by the electric drive components, which entails the change in their temperature regimes. The physical part includes the TMS itself consisting of a radiator, pipelines, and pumps. The physical part also features devices intended for simulation of the electric drive components in terms of their thermal and hydraulic behaviors, as well as devices that simulate airflow induced by the vehicle motion. Bilateral, real-time interactions are established between the two said parts combining them into a cohesive system, which models the studied electric vehicle and its components. The article gives a description of a laboratory setup, which implements the XiL environment including the mathematical models, hardware devices, as well as the control loops that establish the interaction of those components. An example of using this system in a driving cycle test shows the interaction between its parts and operation of the TMS in conditions simulated in both virtual and physical domains. The results constitute calculated and measured quantities including vehicle speed, operating parameters of the electric drives, coolant and air flow rates, and temperatures of the system components.

Prototype Design of a 6-DOF Compliant Parallel Micro-Manipulator

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Yue ◽  
Feng Gao ◽  
Hao Ge
Keyword(s):  
Screw Theory ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Incidence Relation ◽  
End Effector ◽  
Input Force ◽  
Flexure Hinges ◽  
Micro Manipulator ◽  
Relation Model ◽  
Monolithic Structure ◽  
Prototype Design

This paper focuses on the prototype design of a 6-DOF compliant parallel micro-manipulator (PMM) with isotropic/decoupled performances. By investigating the incidence relation between inputs and outputs of the micro-manipulator, a design method for micro-manipulator is proposed and discussed based on screw theory. Using the method, a 6-DOF compliant PMM prototype driven by piezoelectric actuators is designed and manufactured. The PMM is designed with the monolithic structure, and its conventional joints are replaced by flexure hinges. In order to ensure the end-effector can reach the desired points with required orientations, the relation model between workspace and the parameters of piezoelectric actuator (PZT) is derived by considering input-force, payload, stiffness, displacement and the topology of the PMM. Finally, the experiment of the micro-manipulator prototype is performed to verify the above research results. The proposed method is systematic and useful for the design of 6-DOF PMMs.

Research on the NOx Emission and Exhaust Gas Temperature Characteristics of City Bus under the City Driving Cycle

2013 ◽  
Vol 864-867 ◽  
pp. 1648-1653
Author(s):  
Chang Yuan Wang ◽  
Kong Jian Qin ◽  
Jun Hua Gao
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Nox Emission ◽  
Emission Measurement ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Instantaneous Rate ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
City Bus

Using portable emission measurement system, an experimental study on the NOx emission characteristics of city bus in practical operation are conducted, the eigenvalue of driving cycle are analyzed by short trip method. The results show that: idling time accounted for 20.392%, ratio of acceleration which between -0.5 m/s2 and 0.5 m/s2 accounted for as high as 83.314%.NOx emissions are greatly affected by the speed of vehicle: the instantaneous rate and total amount of NOx emission under high speed are much higher than low speed, the average urea injection under high speed is 3.5 times than low speed. When the vehicle speed is between 20-25km/h, the average emission rate of NOx is about 0.074g/s，while the time proportion of urea injection is under 40%;while the vehicle speed is above 55km/h, the average emission rate of NOx is about 0.025g/s，while the time proportion of urea injection can reach as high as 80%.

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