Particles formation due to the wear of tires and measures for the wear reduction: A review

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440702110678
Author(s):  
Nadica Stojanovic ◽  
Oday I Abdullah ◽  
Ivan Grujic ◽  
Bojana Boskovic
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Subject Field ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Exhaust Particles ◽  
Wear Reduction ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Influential Parameters

Tires are a very important part of a vehicle, necessary for the vehicle driving. During the vehicle exploitation, due to the friction which appears in the contact between the tire and the road, it comes to the formation of so called non-exhaust particles. The particles formed during the vehicle exploitation can be composed of heavy metals and they are harmful for people’s health and for the environment. Several factors influence the size of the wear of tires. The investigations about the tires behavior as well as the size of the wear can be conducted on the road, in the laboratory, as well as by application of modern software. The paper shows the applied methodologies applied by other researchers during the investigation of tires particles formation, the applied materials for the tires manufacturing, influential parameters on the wear of tires, as well as methods for the wear of tires reduction. After analyzing other researches in the subject field, the authors have come to the conclusions related to the factors which can reduce the wear of tires and these factors should be given proper attention in further studies.

scholarly journals The quest for the understanding of Religious Studies: Seeing dragons

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaco Beyers
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Collaboration ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Subject Field ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Road ◽  
Saturated Phenomenon ◽  
The Subject ◽  
On The Road

Religious Studies is concerned with studying religion or the absence thereof. The concept of religion has been discussed, disliked and dissected over centuries. Some have predicted the disappearance of religion, others have predicted the changing of location from the public to the private sphere and some even the re-emergence of religion. In trying to determine the place and relations of Religious Studies an understanding of what religion entails is necessary. It is clear that Religious Studies consists of a multiform subject field and a variety of disciplines with a multiplicity of issues, interests and topics together with a wide variety of approaches and methods. Some scholars have described religion as a �saturated phenomenon� trying to indicate how the diversity of elements described as religious came to shroud the true subject matter. All these hindrances on the road to comprehending religion are like dragons preventing one from completing a (holy!) quest. This article does not want to provide new answers to an old debate. In this sense this article is not an attempt at slaying the dragons but identifying them. Three issues (dragons) are discussed. How religion, the object of Religious Studies, should be viewed? What methods are employed by Religious Studies and the relatedness of Religious Studies to Theology? In the end the article wants to provide direction on how Religious Studies, as academic discipline, can collaborate with research in Theology.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article discusses the development of the subject of Religious Studies by providing a historic overview of sociological influences on the development. In this sense this article is not an attempt at slaying the dragons but identifying them. Three issues (dragons) are discussed: how religion, the object of Religious Studies, should be viewed; what methods are employed by Religious Studies and the relatedness of Religious Studies to Theology (with implications for interdisciplinary collaboration). In the end the article wants to provide direction in how Religious Studies as academic discipline can collaborate with research in Theology

scholarly journals On the Tumulus of Choban Tepeh in the Troad

1897 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 319-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Calvert
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Road ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Hill

I derive the materials of the present paper from some memoranda which I find amongst my archaeological notes and which relate to certain explorations to which I was not a party, made so long ago as 1887. I have thought that the particulars then obtained may be deemed sufficiently interesting to deserve a record in the history of Trojan archaeological discovery.The subject is one of the four small tumuli dotted about and near the hill of Balli-Dagh, the crest of which according to the now exploded theory of Le Chevalier (1785) was supposed to represent the Pergamos of Troy. In a memoir contributed to the Journal of the Archaeological Institute of 1864, I proved that the site in question was no other than that of the ancient city of Gergis. In the same paper I gave an account of the results of the excavation of one of the group of three tumuli on Balli-Dagh, the so-named Tomb of Priam. The other two, namely Le Chevalier's Tomb of Hector, and an unnamed hillock, were excavated respectively by Sir John Lubbock (about 1878) and Dr. Schliemann (1882) without result. The present relates to the fourth mound on the road between the villages of Bournarbashi and Arablar (as shown in the published maps), which goes by the name of Choban Tepeh (Shepherd's hillock) and the Tomb of Paris, according to Rancklin (1799).

CERTAIN SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EDUCATION AND PROPAGANDA SAFE BEHAVIOR ON THE ROAD

2021 ◽  
pp. 107-110
Author(s):  
О.О. Марокко
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Psychological Aspects ◽  
Life Support System ◽  
Entire Life ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Subject ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Social Advertising ◽  
The Relationship

В статье рассматриваются некоторые социально-психологические аспекты повышения эффективности социальной рекламы в области безопасности дорожного движения. Автором отмечено, что для достижения цели субъект пропаганды дол- жен осознать взаимосвязь между его индивидуальным поведением на дороге и надежностью всей системы жизнеобеспечения. The article discuses some of the socio-psychological aspects of increasing of social advertising in the field of road safety. The author notes that in order to achieve the goal, the subject of propaganda must aware of the relationship between his individual behavior on the road and the reliability of the entire life support system.

scholarly journals Speed Models for Motorcycle Riders for Two-lane Rural Roads

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 595-603
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Lemonakis ◽  
George Botzoris ◽  
Athanasios Galanis ◽  
Nikolaos Eliou
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Models ◽  
Flow Speed ◽  
Operating Speed ◽  
Rural Roads ◽  
The Road ◽  
Horizontal Curves ◽  
Road Geometry ◽  
Speed Prediction ◽  
The Subject ◽  
On The Road

The development of operating speed models has been the subject of numerous research studies in the past. Most of them present models that aim to predict free-flow speed in conjunction with the road geometry at the curved road sections considering various geometric parameters e.g., radius, length, preceding tangent, deflection angle. The developed models seldomly take into account the operating speed profiles of motorcycle riders and hence no significant efforts have been put so far to associate the geometric characteristics of a road segment with the speed behavior of motorcycle riders. The dominance of 4-wheel vehicles on the road network led the researchers to focus explicitly on the development of speed prediction models for passenger cars, vans, pickups, and trucks. However, although the motorcycle fleet represents only a small proportion of the total traffic volume motorcycle riders are over-represented in traffic accidents especially those that occur on horizontal curves. Since operating speed has been thoroughly documented as the most significant precipitating factor of vehicular accidents, the study of motorcycle rider's speed behavior approaching horizontal curves is of paramount importance. The subject of the present paper is the development of speed prediction models for motorcycle riders traveling on two-lane rural roads. The model was the result of the execution of field measurements under naturalistic conditions with the use of an instrumented motorcycle conducted by experienced motorcycle riders under different lighting conditions. The implemented methodology to determine the most efficient model evaluates a series of road geometry parameters through a comprehensive literature review excluding those with an insignificant impact to the magnitude of the operating speeds in order to establish simple and handy models.

scholarly journals Analysis of the costs of construction and maintenance of rigid and flexible pavements

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (11) ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
Antoni Szydło ◽  
Piotr Mackiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Price Level ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Cost Assessment ◽  
Concrete Pavements ◽  
Cement Concrete ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Subject ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Cost

The costs of construction and the future maintenance of expressways and motorways have a significant impact on the choice of technologies for their construction. The subject of the article is the analysis of the costs of construction and maintenance of rigid (concrete) and flexible (asphalt mixtures) pavements in Poland. The construction technologies and maintenance scenarios in service were analysed for selected pavement constructions of rigid and flexible motorways and expressways. The costs of construction and maintenance of these pavements in national conditions were determined. The fourth quarter of 2015 was adopted as the initial price level. On the basis of the analysis of the costs of construction and maintenance of the analysed structures, the advantage of rigid constructions made of cement concrete was demonstrated, especially in the aspect of the surface maintenance. The cost assessment was carried out for 30 years of exploitation. The concrete pavements on the road network in Poland have been used for over 20 years. They are present both on low-class roads and on the highest-class roads, i.e. motorways and expressways.

On the Occurrence of Prehnite and other Minerals in the Rocks of Samson's Ribs and Salisbury Crags

1884 ◽  
Vol 6 (28) ◽  
pp. 104-105
Author(s):  
Andrew Taylor
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Continuous Display ◽  
On The Road

With little else than the trouble of surveying one of the finest of Edinburgh landscapes, the tourist beginning work amongst the débris just to the south of where Samson's ribs overhang the road, and continuing on the road along Salisbury Crags to Holyrood Palace, will meet with a continuous display of the relations specially of zeolitic minerals, and their containing rocks. If he care to pursue the literature of the subject, Daubrée's investigations on the genesis of zeolites, as well as Allport's, Bonney's, and Geikie's petrological researches into the microscopy of the rocks in question, will suggest oven more lengthened studies.

Automobile Test Rigs

1949 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-192
Author(s):  
L. H. Dawtrey
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Failure ◽  
Roller Bearing ◽  
Development Programme ◽  
Technical Data ◽  
The Road ◽  
Air Resistance ◽  
Engineering Drawings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Suspension Frame

The paper opens by describing the background of automobile rig testing, with the word “rig” defined as “a contrivance or makeshift with the means at one's disposal”. A range of equipment is desirable so that rigs can, after use on one particular test, be reassembled to form some other device, after the fashion of a constructional toy. It is made clear that no indoor test can replace the testing of vehicles on the road, or tractors on the farm, but useful and quickly obtained results can be acquired with certain problems. Such work can be useful supplementary aid to a development programme. As the essence of the subject is variety and speed, it is felt necessary to give several illustrations to emphasize the simplicity and ingenuity required in rig construction and design. The use of photographs in lieu of engineering drawings as an aid to later reconstruction is mentioned. Test rigs illustrated include those for fatigue failure in suspension, frame, body, and transmission; impact failures; body and chassis weaving; tractor and car transmissions; valve port flow; roller bearing wear; and vehicle air resistance measurements. Sufficient technical data are given to show the scope and results of the tests.

scholarly journals LABOR INITIATIVES OF THE PERSONNEL OF THE WESTERN SIBERIAN RAILWAY AS A FACTOR IN SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION IN 1981-1985

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Valery V. Balakhnin
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Hard Work ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
The West ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Subject ◽  
On The Road

The article discusses the experience of organizing and implementing labor initiatives of the personnel of the West Siberian Railway in the first half of the 1980s, aimed at solving problems associated with increasing the freight turnover of railway transport in the eleventh five-year East and today. In improving labor productivity, saving fuel, electricity and efficient use of rolling stock, one of the important points was the Moscow initiative, supported on the road, to drive heavy and long trains, which made it possible to significantly increase throughput without increasing the number of trains. The search for the optimal option in terms of the carrying capacity and the number of wagons in the train has become the subject of hard work by the staff of the West Siberian Railway.

scholarly journals Punk Community in Criminology Study (Study in Ngaliyan District, Semarang City)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-52
Author(s):  
Nurul Izzah Millennia ◽  
Yuni Anan ◽  
Indah Lestari ◽  
Ridwan Arifin ◽  
Ashbar Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Qualitative Research Methods ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
The Road ◽  
Context Data ◽  
The Subject ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Conducting Research

The purpose of this study was to find out what criminal cases were carried out by punk children, then what factors behind them committed the crime, and why they could enter the punk community. Punk kids are always associated with a negative action, look weird, steal, children are slang, immoral, and other negative things. Sometimes punk children choose to live on the road not only a factor in the conditions of economic difficulties, but also because they enjoy environmental conditions on the road, they feel their families do not care, and lack of education. Research methods The research method used in conducting research on the criminal acts of punk children community is to use qualitative research methods with a sociological juridical approach. Qualitative research methods according to Lexy J Moleong are research that intends to understand the phenomenon of what is understood by the subject of research, such as behavior, perceptions, motivations, actions, etc., holistically and in description in the form of words and language in a natural context. Data collection uses quantitative methods. The results of the study concluded that criminal acts or crimes by punk children were carried out due to economic, family, environmental factors, and lack of education.  

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