Mass killing under the guise of ECT: the darkest chapter in the history of biological psychiatry

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Gazdag ◽  
GS Ungvari ◽  
H Czech
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Clinical Training ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Biological Psychiatry ◽  
Convulsive Therapy ◽  
Electric Shocks ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities

Following its inception, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), rapidly spread all over the world, including Nazi Germany. Paradoxically, at the same time, the euthanasia programme was started in Germany: the extermination of people with intellectual disabilities and severe psychiatric disorders. In Lower Austria, Dr Emil Gelny, who had been granted a specialist qualification in psychiatry after three months of clinical training, took control of two psychiatric hospitals, in Gugging and Mauer-Öhling. In 1944, he began systematically killing patients with an ECT machine, something that was not practised anywhere else before or after, and remains unprecedented in the history of convulsive therapy. He modified an ECT machine, adding extra electrodes, which he fastened onto a victim’s wrists and ankles to administer lethal electric shocks.

Flowers Through Concrete

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Fürst
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Stable Relationship ◽  
Youth Cultures ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Socialism

Flowers through Concrete: Explorations in Soviet Hippieland does what the title promises. It takes readers on a journey into a world few knew existed: the lives and thoughts of Soviet hippies, who in the face of disapproval and repression created a version of Western counterculture, skilfully adapting, manipulating, and shaping it to their late socialist environment. This book is a quasi-guide into the underground hippieland, situating the world of hippies firmly in late Soviet reality and offering an unusual history of the last Soviet decades as well as a case study in the power of transnational youth cultures. It tells the almost forgotten story of how in the late sixties hippie communities sprang up across the Soviet Union, often under the tutelage of a few rebellious youngsters coming from privileged households at the heart of the Soviet establishment. Flowers through Concrete recounts not only a compelling story of survival against the odds—hippies were harassed by police, shorn of their hair by civilian guards, and confined in psychiatric hospitals by doctors who believed nonconformism was a symptom of schizophrenia. It also advances a surprising argument: despite obvious antagonism the land of Soviet hippies and the world of late socialism were not incompatible. Indeed, Soviet hippies and late socialist reality meshed so well that the hostile, yet stable, relationship that emerged was in many ways symbiotic. Ultimately, it was not the KGB but the arrival of capitalism in the 1990s that ended the Soviet hippie sistema.

Electroconvulsive therapy

2020 ◽  
pp. 277-290
Author(s):  
Keith G. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Electrode Placement ◽  
Effective Treatment Modality ◽  
The World ◽  
Technical Modifications ◽  
History Of

This chapter on electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) surveys the history of this effective treatment modality in psychiatry. It reviews the first publication introducing ECT, which was followed by rapid expansion throughout the world. Next, the important topic of memory impairment is reviewed. Thereafter, it discusses the technical modifications that resulted in less memory impairment, most notably unilateral electrode placement and brief-pulse square-wave electrical stimulation. The publication of a placebo-controlled trial establishing efficacy using modern research methods is also discussed. Finally, a controlled trial of continuation ECT is presented, which touches on the need to prevent relapse. The chapter can be appreciated by readers of any background, whether medical or not.

Education for All or for Some? International Principles and Practice

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Mittler
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Educational Facilities ◽  
Local Schools ◽  
The World ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities

It is axiomatic that people with intellectual disabilities have the same human and civil rights to education as other citizens and that they must therefore have the same opportunities to attend their local schools and educational facilities. This is a fine vision. But it is far from the reality experienced by the majority of people with intellectual disabilities across the world.No country in the world has reason to be satisfied with the quality of the educational facilities which it provides for people with intellectual disabilities. But enough examples of good practice exist in different countries to make it possible for all of us to reappraise ways in which a higher quality of inclusive education and schooling could be provided for people with intellectual disabilities and the contribution that we can make personally and professionally to that process.In the field of intellectual disabilities, we need to define education in very broad terms as anything which systematically promotes learning and development. Defined in this way, education is a lifelong process which neither begins nor ends with schooling. Similarly, it is carried out by many people who are not teachers. Parents are at the heart of this process from the outset. The years spent at school are clearly of vital importance but they are only one element of the educational process. There is a sense in which all work with people with intellectual disabilities is educational, whatever the setting, in so far as it helps them to learn and to develop knowledge, skills and understanding.

Paradoxical lives: intellectual disability policy and practice in twentieth-century Australia

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Lee-Ann Monk
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Disability Policy ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Policy History ◽  
History Of ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Broad Outline

This chapter uses the history of Kew Cottages, (1887-2008), the first purpose-built institution for people with intellectual disabilities in Australia, as a lens through which to explore the history of Australian intellectual disability policy and practice. Influenced by international thinking, the broad outline of Australia’s policy history follows a similar pattern to other western countries. In the first decades of the twentieth century, in an atmosphere of anxiety about the ‘menace of the feeble-minded’, policy emphasised institutional segregation. In its last decades, policies of normalisation and deinstitutionalisation promised to return people with intellectual disabilities to the community. Yet the life stories of the Cottages’ residents recounted here reveal that in the nexus between policy and practice, the lives of people with intellectual disabilities could prove paradoxical.

scholarly journals A systematic review and synthesis of outcome domains for use within forensic services for people with intellectual disabilities

BJPsych Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catrin Morrissey ◽  
Peter E. Langdon ◽  
Nicole Geach ◽  
Verity Chester ◽  
Michael Ferriter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Forensic Psychiatric

BackgroundThere is limited empirical information on service-level outcome domains and indicators for the large number of people with intellectual disabilities being treated in forensic psychiatric hospitals.AimsThis study identified and developed the domains that should be used to measure treatment outcomes for this population.MethodA systematic review of the literature highlighted 60 studies which met eligibility criteria; they were synthesised using content analysis. The findings were refined within a consultation and consensus exercises with carers, patients and experts.ResultsThe final framework encompassed three apriorisuperordinate domains: (a) effectiveness, (b) patient safety and (c) patient and carer experience. Within each of these, further sub-domains emerged from our systematic review and consultation exercises. These included severity of clinical symptoms, offending behaviours, reactive and restrictive interventions, quality of life and patient satisfaction.ConclusionsTo index recovery, services need to measure treatment outcomes using this framework.

scholarly journals Retrospective of Providing Assistance to Children with Various Developmental Disabilities in Ukraine: X-XX Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
Yevheniia Yu. Lyndina ◽  
Oleksandr V. Kozynets
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Physical Disabilities ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Speech Impairments ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pedagogical Analysis

The study and historical and pedagogical analysis of aiding children with mental and physical disabilities make it possible to trace the development of the educational system and find ways to improve it. The purpose of the study is to investigate the issue of supporting children with various variants of developmental disorders during the 10th and 20th centuries in Ukraine, analysis and justification of the problem. To fulfil this purpose, archival sources and scientific studies of scientists who studied this issue were investigated. The main chronological events of caring for children with various disorders, which later became the basis for the development of special education, are substantiated. Based on the chronicles of the Ipatiev and Lavrentiy lists, the public’s awareness of the importance of raising children with hearing and speech impairments, as well as studying the elements of literacy and learning the craft, was clarified. The history of care for children with physical and intellectual disabilities in Ukraine during the 10th-20th centuries is examined. The study outlines information about the facts of the first attempts to provide pedagogical assistance in the education of the so-called “limited abilities” students in the public education system, which was preceded by the reform in the field of education. Historical data on the attitude of society towards children with various developmental disabilities in Ukraine in the period of 10th20th centuries are analysed, as well as the dynamics of development in the field of assistance to children with mental and physical disabilities in this period. The facts about the transfer of the problem of raising children with intellectual disabilities to private institutions and the opening of psychiatric hospitals, which aided persons with developmental disabilities. The study covered I. Sikorsky's contribution to the problem of providing aid and care to those whose mental underdevelopment is a psychological and pedagogical problem. For a deeper retrospective of aiding children with various variants of developmental disabilities in Ukraine in the 10th and 20th centuries, it is necessary to explore the arguments for opening and organising state assistance to various categories of children with mental and physical disabilities

Staff training on formulation and fire-setting in people with intellectual disabilities

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 371-380
Author(s):  
Amy Tostevin ◽  
Abdul Shaikh
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Staff Training ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
History Of ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Fire Setting

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the development and evaluation of an original training package for staff members on fire-setting in people with intellectual disabilities. It also included training on functional analysis as a model of formulating the fire-setting behaviour. The quality and effectiveness of the training was assessed and is reported in this paper. Design/methodology/approach – The training was delivered on a ward for people with intellectual disabilities in a UK NHS Trust Low Secure Hospital and was attended by various members of the multidisciplinary team for the ward. The workshop consisted of four modules: theoretical background of fire-setting, the functional analysis model of fire-setting formulation, offence-paralleling behaviours in secure settings and a case study practice. Level of self-reported understanding of the various aspects of the training was measured by an evaluation questionnaire completed pre and post training. Findings – The results of this study showed that following the training there was a significant increase in self-reported understanding of staff members. The participants reported an increase in understanding of fire-setting, functional analysis and formulation of individuals with an intellectual disability and history of fire-setting. Originality/value – This study highlights the potential for staff training to increase awareness of fire-setting behaviours by people with intellectual disabilities. The staff training in formulation would encourage their involvement in development of team formulations and may subsequently increase their understanding of such individuals.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Outcome Domains for use Within Forensic Services for People with Intellectual Disabilities

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S152-S152
Author(s):  
R. Alexander ◽  
V. Chester ◽  
P. Langdon
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Service Users ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Offending Behavior ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities

AimsIn response to the Winterbourne scandal, and the large number of people with intellectual disabilities (IDs) and offending behavior being treated in psychiatric hospitals, this study identified the domains that should be used to measure treatment outcomes of this group.MethodsA systematic search of relevant databases was undertaken to identify domains. Sixty studies met the eligibility criteria, and findings were synthesized using content analysis. The findings were refined within a consultation and consensus exercises with carers, service users, and experts.ResultsThe final framework encompassed three a priori super-ordinate domains (a) effectiveness, (b) patient safety, and (c) patient and carer experience. Within each of these, further sub-domains emerged from our systematic review and consultation exercises. These included severity of clinical symptoms, offending behaviors, reactive and restrictive interventions, quality of life and patient satisfaction.ConclusionsTo index recovery, services need to measure outcome using this framework.

scholarly journals Empowering Persons with Intellectual Disabilities Through Work/School Alternation: a Positive Case study

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zappella Emanuela
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Positive Experience ◽  
School Work ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities

Entry into the world of work is an important moment for people with disabilities and for their professional inclusion. Using a case study, This research presents the project of school/work alternation carried out with a student with intellectual disability within a supermarket during the frequency of the last year in a higher institute in northern Italy. This study intends to describe the process and highlight the strategies used in this experience. The paper ends with an analysis of the factors that can favour a positive experience and which can be a starting-point for other, similar experiences. This experience shows that, with adequate training, people with intellectual disabilities can be protagonists of an experience that favors their well-being and social inclusion.

scholarly journals Substance Use Disorder in People with Intellectual Disabilities: Current Challenges in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 301-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram Lakhan ◽  
Hari Krishna Raju Sagiraju ◽  
Olúgbémiga Ekúndayó ◽  
Manoj Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Low And Middle Income

ABSTRACTUse of illegal and prescription drugs has significantly increased in recent years all over the world in most populations. Greater worldwide awareness in this regard has substantially improved the epidemiological understanding of substance use, its risk factors, and impact on life. People with intellectual disabilities constitute 0.5%–1.5% of the world’s population. It can be conjectured that they might be experiencing similar or even a greater burden of substance use in their lives. This article highlights some important aspects of substance use among this population in low- and middle-income countries that need urgent attention.

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