Wind energy and the historic environment: A business-driven symbiosis approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 0958305X2110148
Author(s):  
George A Xydis ◽  
Katerina Kremastioti ◽  
Maria Panagiotidou
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Historic Buildings ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Optimum Energy

The present study discusses alternative ways of achieving optimum energy efficiency for historic buildings in areas where sustainable energy projects are planned. About 25% of Europe’s building stock was constructed before the mid-20th century and despite EU’s strenuous efforts for the protection and conservation of historic buildings and complexes, achieving energy efficiency with the minimum or preferably no intervention remains as a requirement. The settlement of Monemvasia, has been selected as our case study. A model building was chosen, its special characteristics are presented, and four solutions to the energy efficiency upgrade of the building were tested: (a) the application of internal insulation, (b) a heat pump installation, (c) the application of roof insulation, and (d) the replacement of the internal doorframes. The four scenarios were simulated via the TEE-KENAK software and the percentage of the annual energy saved through the application of each one of the mentioned measures was estimated. The results proved that installing a heat pump and internal insulation would maximise energy savings. Coupling the energy demand of the settlement in correlation with a wind energy project in the wider area, and the available curtailment was explored. The results showed that if 300 houses decide on acquiring their electricity consumption from the local wind independent power producer, at a price of EUR 35/MWh, the possible profit from the market could reach EUR100,000 per year. Such a business-driven concept could be extrapolated and evolve into a holistic wind energy and historic environment symbiosis setting.

scholarly journals Impact of Passive Energy Efficiency Measures on Cooling Energy Demand in an Architectural Campus Building in Karachi, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7251
Author(s):  
Mushk Bughio ◽  
Muhammad Shoaib Khan ◽  
Waqas Ahmed Mahar ◽  
Thorsten Schuetze
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Energy Efficiency Measures ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cooling Energy Demand ◽  
Campus Building

Electric appliances for cooling and lighting are responsible for most of the increase in electricity consumption in Karachi, Pakistan. This study aims to investigate the impact of passive energy efficiency measures (PEEMs) on the potential reduction of indoor temperature and cooling energy demand of an architectural campus building (ACB) in Karachi, Pakistan. PEEMs focus on the building envelope’s design and construction, which is a key factor of influence on a building’s cooling energy demand. The existing architectural campus building was modeled using the building information modeling (BIM) software Autodesk Revit. Data related to the electricity consumption for cooling, building masses, occupancy conditions, utility bills, energy use intensity, as well as space types, were collected and analyzed to develop a virtual ACB model. The utility bill data were used to calibrate the DesignBuilder and EnergyPlus base case models of the existing ACB. The cooling energy demand was compared with different alternative building envelope compositions applied as PEEMs in the renovation of the existing exemplary ACB. Finally, cooling energy demand reduction potentials and the related potential electricity demand savings were determined. The quantification of the cooling energy demand facilitates the definition of the building’s electricity consumption benchmarks for cooling with specific technologies.

scholarly journals Experimental Data and Simulations of Performance and Thermal Comfort in a Typical Mediterranean House

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3311
Author(s):  
Víctor Pérez-Andreu ◽  
Carolina Aparicio-Fernández ◽  
José-Luis Vivancos ◽  
Javier Cárcel-Carrasco
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Thermal Characterization ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Dwelling House ◽  
Account Standard

The number of buildings renovated following the introduction of European energy-efficiency policy represents a small number of buildings in Spain. So, the main Spanish building stock needs an urgent energy renovation. Using passive strategies is essential, and thermal characterization and predictive tests of the energy-efficiency improvements achieving acceptable levels of comfort for their users are urgently necessary. This study analyzes the energy performance and thermal comfort of the users in a typical Mediterranean dwelling house. A transient simulation has been used to acquire the scope of Spanish standards for its energy rehabilitation, taking into account standard comfort conditions. The work is based on thermal monitoring of the building and a numerical validated model developed in TRNSYS. Energy demands for different models have been calculated considering different passive constructive measures combined with real wind site conditions and the behavior of users related to natural ventilation. This methodology has given us the necessary information to decide the best solution in relation to energy demand and facility of implementation. The thermal comfort for different models is not directly related to energy demand and has allowed checking when and where the measures need to be done.

scholarly journals Can We Regulate Our Way to Energy Efficiency? Product Standards as Climate Policy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah M. Sachs
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Carbon Taxes ◽  
Regulatory Approach

In this Article, I demonstrate that the regulatory strategy for energy efficiency is working. Although information disclosure, financial incentives, and other softer alternatives to regulation play a vital role in reducing energy demand, these should be viewed as complements to efficiency regulation, rather than replacements. The regulatory approach has led to substantial cost and energy savings in the past, it has enjoyed bipartisan political support, and it targets products and behaviors that are difficult to address through other policy tools. Given the politics of climate change in the United States, which make federal carbon taxes or a cap-and-trade system infeasible, the regulatory option should be expanded, not abandoned.

scholarly journals Determining the efficiency of residential electricity consumption

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Andor ◽  
David H. Bernstein ◽  
Stephan Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Stochastic Frontier Analysis ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Stochastic Frontier ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Frontier Analysis ◽  
Residential Electricity ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Residential Electricity Consumption ◽  
Reduction Of Energy Consumption

AbstractIncreasing energy efficiency is a key global policy goal for climate protection. An important step toward an optimal reduction of energy consumption is the identification of energy saving potentials in different sectors and the best strategies for increasing efficiency. This paper analyzes these potentials in the household sector by estimating the degree of inefficiency in the use of electricity and its determinants. Using stochastic frontier analysis and disaggregated household data, we estimate an input requirement function and inefficiency on a sample of 2000 German households. Our results suggest that the mean inefficiency amounts to around 20%, indicating a notable potential for energy savings. Moreover, we find that household size and income are among the main determinants of individual inefficiency. This information can be used to increase the cost-efficiency of programs aimed to enhance energy efficiency.

Quadratic Programming to Optimize Energy Efficiency of Speed- and Displacement-Variable Pumps

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Willkomm ◽  
Matthias Wahler ◽  
Jürgen Weber
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Quadratic Optimization Problem ◽  
Optimum Energy ◽  
Displacement Pump ◽  
Control Concept ◽  
Drive Speed ◽  
Variable Displacement ◽  
Dynamic Loss

Within the last years, speed-variable pump drives were investigated in numerous applications. In combination with a variable displacement pump, the volume flow and the drive speed can be decoupled. In this paper the resulting degree of freedom will be used to minimize the energy consumption of hydraulic processes by means of a novel model predictive control concept. A dynamic loss model of all drive components will be transformed to a mathematical quadratic optimization problem. The optimum use of the two control variables can achieve energy savings of up to 25% in comparison to known control strategies of speed-variable variable-displacement pumps. Especially in highly dynamic process cycles the proposed optimization guarantees optimum energy efficiency while known approaches become inefficient.

scholarly journals Which Strategy Saves the Most Energy for Stratified Water Heaters?

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4859
Author(s):  
Michael J. Ritchie ◽  
Jacobus A. A. Engelbrecht ◽  
M. J. (Thinus) Booysen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Point Temperature ◽  
Water Heaters ◽  
Heating Schedule ◽  
Reducing Energy

The operation of water heating uses a substantial amount of energy and is responsible for 30% of a household’s overall electricity consumption. Determining methods of reducing energy demand is crucial for countries such as South Africa, where energy supply is almost exclusively electrical, 88% of it is generated by coal, and energy deficits cause frequent blackouts. Decreasing the energy consumption of tanked water heaters can be achieved by reducing the standing losses and thermal energy of the hot water used. In this paper, we evaluate various energy-saving strategies that have commonly been used and determine which strategy is best. These strategies include optimising the heating schedule, lowering the set-point temperature, reducing the volume of hot water used, and installing additional thermal insulation. The results show that the best strategy was providing optimal control of the heating element, and savings of 16.3% were achieved. This study also determined that the magnitude of energy savings is heavily dependent on a household’s water usage intensity and seasonality.

Evaluation and Assessment of Additive Manufacturing Processes Based on the Least Energy Demand in Application for Sustainable Production

2017 ◽  
Vol 871 ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
Sven Kreitlein ◽  
Viktor Gerter ◽  
Nikolaus Urban ◽  
Jörg Franke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Least Energy

This paper presents the Least Energy Demand as an independent reference value for evaluating energy efficiency of additive manufacturing (AM) processes. Nowadays an essential challenge is represented by a proper evaluation and calculation of the energy efficiency of production processes. The reason for this is the lack of appropriate reference values. A comprehensive comparison of the energy efficiency is not possible without consistent reference values. However, this comparison serves as a first step towards the goal in order to reveal the actual energy savings potential of additive manufacturing procedures and to take actions on this basis. Therefore, the first step is to define the general concept, which is used for the calculation of the Least Energy Demand. Moreover, the unit operation-specific Least Energy Demand EGM is introduced based on unit operations. In conclusion, the importance of EGM as a reference value for evaluating the energy efficiency of production processes, defined in DIN 8580, is explained. Within the scope of an application of the illustrated concept the Least Energy Demand and the Relative Energy Efficiency (REE) are calculated using the example of a selective laser melting process.

Sustainable Preservation of Historic Buildings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Edīte Biseniece
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Dynamic Simulation ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Simulation Program ◽  
Historic Buildings ◽  
Energy Efficiency Measures ◽  
Efficiency Measures

Legal requirements as well as life quality requirements demand to increase energy efficiency of existing buildings, that has been seen to represent a huge potential in energy savings, based on the size of the segment and the individual potential. The biggest challenges during the renovation of buildings occur when it comes to historic buildings where the facade cannot be modified to maintain its unique architectural appearance and integrity. Policy makers and building owners are facing “building energy efficiency versus heritage value” dilemma when on the one hand it is important to preserve a building’s architectural value and on the other hand, energy consumption should be reduced significantly. Internal insulation is one of the energy efficiency measures that can be applied. However, this is one of the most challenging and complex energy efficiency measures due to changes in boundary conditions and hygrothermal behaviour of walls, especially for buildings in cold climate Applying of interior insulation significantly modifies the hygrothermal performance of walls and, as a consequence, may induce a risk on interstitial condensation, frost damage, mould growth and other damage patterns. The behaviour of internally insulated wall strongly depends on the properties of the used materials. There is a need to develop new methods and guidelines for decision makers on how to implement energy efficiency measures in historic buildings. The aim of this Thesis is to offer safe and effective solutions for internal insulation systems of historic masonry buildings. To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been set: to perform historic construction material testing and analyse the test wall in a laboratory environment to determine the factors influencing the accumulation of moisture and the risks associated with it; to predict hygrothermal conditions of internally insulated masonry building using dynamic simulation program and to validate said models based on long term in-situ measurements in internally insulated case buildings; to estimate potential energy savings using dynamic simulation program. Several methods are combined within the research, including regression analysis, sensitivity analysis and heat and moisture transfer simulation validated by long-term in situ measurements.

Long-Term Assessment Methodology of Building Stock Thermal Energy Consumption

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Aleksejs Prozuments
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Building Code ◽  
Space Heating ◽  
Industrial Building ◽  
Building Stock

Energy efficiency in the building stock is a substantial contributor to infrastructure sustainability. In Latvia, buildings’ thermal energy use for space heating accounts for 80 % of total building energy use in the cold season. Therefore, reducing thermal energy consumption for space heating needs through the implementation of energy efficiency measures, enforcement of local building codes and regulations can ultimately lead to cost savings for building owners and stakeholders. The present PhD Thesis introduces a methodology for evaluation of thermal energy saving potential in the long run across residential, public, and industrial building stock under various thermal energy consumption compliance scenarios. These scenarios were developed based on three different building code protocols with a 10-year forecast analysis. Evaluation of the proposed building code implementation practices and their feasibility in Latvian building stock is discussed for these buildings with regards to their long-term thermal energy savings potential.

Calculation of the Least Energy Demand as Energy Benchmark for Applied Production Processes Based on the Unit Operation Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 856 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Sven Kreitlein ◽  
Fabian Baumhoer ◽  
Fabian Ultsch ◽  
Jörg Franke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Unit Operation ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Least Energy

This paper presents the Least Energy Demand as a comprehensive reference value for evaluating energy efficiency. An objective evaluation and calculation of the energy efficiency of production processes represents a substantial challenge with regard to the state of the art. The reason for this is the lack of appropriate reference values. A comprehensive comparison of the energy efficiency is not possible without consistent reference values. However, this comparison is essential for revealing the actual energy savings potential of production processes and for establishing actions on its basis. Therefore, the first step is to define the general conditions necessary to transfer the model concepts from the microscopic to the macroscopic level for the calculation of the Least Energy Demand. Then, the transferability is verified by reducing the macroscopic material parameters, which determine the amount of the Least Energy Demand significantly, to their atomic interrelations. Moreover, the unit operation-specific Least Energy Demand EGM is introduced on the basis of the unit operation and can be spent through several forms of energy. In conclusion, the importance of the EGM as a reference value for evaluating the energy efficiency of production processes of the DIN 8580 is explained. The EGM of the evaluated production process is the result of the energetic interrelations of the unit operation (s). These are identified and shown for the considered production process according to the DIN 8580.

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