Evaluation and Assessment of Additive Manufacturing Processes Based on the Least Energy Demand in Application for Sustainable Production

2017 ◽  
Vol 871 ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
Sven Kreitlein ◽  
Viktor Gerter ◽  
Nikolaus Urban ◽  
Jörg Franke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Least Energy

This paper presents the Least Energy Demand as an independent reference value for evaluating energy efficiency of additive manufacturing (AM) processes. Nowadays an essential challenge is represented by a proper evaluation and calculation of the energy efficiency of production processes. The reason for this is the lack of appropriate reference values. A comprehensive comparison of the energy efficiency is not possible without consistent reference values. However, this comparison serves as a first step towards the goal in order to reveal the actual energy savings potential of additive manufacturing procedures and to take actions on this basis. Therefore, the first step is to define the general concept, which is used for the calculation of the Least Energy Demand. Moreover, the unit operation-specific Least Energy Demand EGM is introduced based on unit operations. In conclusion, the importance of EGM as a reference value for evaluating the energy efficiency of production processes, defined in DIN 8580, is explained. Within the scope of an application of the illustrated concept the Least Energy Demand and the Relative Energy Efficiency (REE) are calculated using the example of a selective laser melting process.

Calculation of the Least Energy Demand as Energy Benchmark for Applied Production Processes Based on the Unit Operation Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 856 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Sven Kreitlein ◽  
Fabian Baumhoer ◽  
Fabian Ultsch ◽  
Jörg Franke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Unit Operation ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Least Energy

This paper presents the Least Energy Demand as a comprehensive reference value for evaluating energy efficiency. An objective evaluation and calculation of the energy efficiency of production processes represents a substantial challenge with regard to the state of the art. The reason for this is the lack of appropriate reference values. A comprehensive comparison of the energy efficiency is not possible without consistent reference values. However, this comparison is essential for revealing the actual energy savings potential of production processes and for establishing actions on its basis. Therefore, the first step is to define the general conditions necessary to transfer the model concepts from the microscopic to the macroscopic level for the calculation of the Least Energy Demand. Then, the transferability is verified by reducing the macroscopic material parameters, which determine the amount of the Least Energy Demand significantly, to their atomic interrelations. Moreover, the unit operation-specific Least Energy Demand EGM is introduced on the basis of the unit operation and can be spent through several forms of energy. In conclusion, the importance of the EGM as a reference value for evaluating the energy efficiency of production processes of the DIN 8580 is explained. The EGM of the evaluated production process is the result of the energetic interrelations of the unit operation (s). These are identified and shown for the considered production process according to the DIN 8580.

The Physical Model Concept for the Determination of the Least Energy Demand as Energy Efficiency Benchmark for Production Processes

2016 ◽  
Vol 856 ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Sven Kreitlein ◽  
Fabian Baumhoer ◽  
Fabian Ultsch ◽  
Jörg Franke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Physical Model ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Scientific Model ◽  
Model Concept ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Least Energy

This paper presents the Least Energy Demand as a comprehensive reference value to evaluate energy efficiency. An objective evaluation and calculation of the energy efficiency of production processes represents a substantial challenge with regard to the state of the art. The reason for this is the lack of appropriate reference values. A comprehensive comparison of the energy efficiency is not possible without consistent reference values. However, this comparison is essential for revealing the actual energy savings potential of production processes as well as to derive actions on its basis. In order to calculate such a reference value for different production processes, the term Least System Energy Change Demand is defined based on the model of the activation energy in the field of chemistry and on the given circumstances. In the following, the fundamental model concepts for describing the processes on an atomic level, which take place during the execution of the respective production process according to DIN 8580, are introduced. Four fundamental models consider the atomic processes under energetic aspects: 1. the chemical, 2. the atom physical, 3. the thermodynamic, and 4. the materials scientific model. The atom physical model includes two model concepts that describe different phenomena: the model concept of the potential well and the model concept of the Coulomb potential. Finally, it is shown to what extent the models can be transferred to the common materials in the manufacturing technology. The presented models form the basis for determining the Least Energy Demand as a reference value to evaluate and calculate the energy efficiency for production processes according to DIN 8580.

Crossbench and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Processes in Strategy of Sustainable and Energy Efficient Production

2017 ◽  
Vol 871 ◽  
pp. 145-152
Author(s):  
Sven Kreitlein ◽  
Viktor Gerter ◽  
Nikolaus Urban ◽  
Jörg Franke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
General System ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Least Energy

This paper presents the Least Energy Demand as an independent reference value for evaluating energy efficiency of additive manufacturing (AM) processes. Nowadays an essential challenge is represented by a proper evaluation and calculation of the energy efficiency of production processes. The reason for this is the lack of appropriate reference values. A comprehensive comparison of the energy efficiency is not possible without consistent reference values. However, this comparison serves as a first step towards the goal in order to reveal the actual energy savings potential of additive manufacturing procedures and to take actions on this basis. Therefore, as a first step the basic concept of the additive manufacturing principle is introduced. Subsequent the scope of the current research regarding the considered additive manufacturing techniques is illustrated. Afterwards the general system of the Least Energy Demand is presented, which serves the needs in terms of evaluating the energy efficiency of additive manufacturing processes. To sustain the comparability of the Least Energy Demand between the presented AM-procedures a solid basis for further calculations is established. Finally this paper concludes with the results of the calculated Least Energy Demands for the individual additive manufacturing processes and a comprehensive energetic comparison.

The Least Energy Demand as Crossbench Reference for the Evaluation and Equation of the Relative Energy Efficiency of Production Processes

2016 ◽  
Vol 856 ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Sven Kreitlein ◽  
Fabian Ultsch ◽  
Fabian Baumhoer ◽  
Jörg Franke
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Least Energy

This paper presents the Least Energy Demand as a comprehensive reference value to evaluate energy efficiency. An objective evaluation and calculation of the energy efficiency of production processes represents a substantial challenge with regard to the state of the art. The reason for this is the lack of appropriate reference values. A comprehensive comparison of the energy efficiency is not possible without consistent reference values. However, this comparison is essential to reveal the actual energy savings potential of production processes and to derive actions on its basis. First, in order to calculate such a reference value for different production processes, the basics to describe a closed system energetically, are defined. Initially, several energy states and the various energy terms were defined to describe a production process as an energetic system. In a second step, the model for the activation energy based on chemical laws is introduced and its basic idea is transferred to the operations of the production processes of DIN 8580. For this purpose, appropriate general conditions have to be defined in order to be able to derive, finally, the existence of a Least Energy Demand for the execution of a production process according to DIN 8580. In conclusion, the term Least System Energy Change Demand is introduced and is defined within the conceptualized model for the activation energy. It forms the basis of independent reference values for the evaluation and calculation of the energy efficiency of production processes.

The Relative Energy Efficiency as Standard for Evaluating the Energy Efficiency of Production Processes Based on the Least Energy Demand

2015 ◽  
Vol 805 ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Kreitlein ◽  
Isabel Kupfer ◽  
Matthias Mühlbauer ◽  
Jörg Franke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Independent Basis ◽  
Calculation System ◽  
Least Energy

This paper presents a calculation system to evaluate the energy efficiency in the production in general and at the process level more specifically. Its focus lies on the evaluation of the efficiency of the use of electric energy in the manufacturing industry. The basic target is a comparability of the energy efficiency across products through derivation of significant key figures. The basis of a significant evaluation and overarching comparability of the energy efficiency as well as the basis of the derivation of possible saving potentials is the relative energy efficiency (REE). It is determined by the quotient of minimal energy demand and actually measured consumption and requires that the actually measured energy consumption refers to an independent basis of comparison. The step-by-step development of the calculation system is based on the detailed analysis of all influential factors of the energy consumption. The, in this context, developed Least Energy Demand Method enables the determination of energy minima with different bases of comparison as reference values to evaluate the energy efficiency of single parts production.

The Least Energy Demand Method as Metric to Describe the Relative Energy Efficiency of a Product Based on its Manufacturing

2015 ◽  
Vol 805 ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Sven Kreitlein ◽  
Isabel Kupfer ◽  
Michael Scholz ◽  
Jörg Franke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Minimal Energy ◽  
Independent Basis ◽  
Calculation System ◽  
Least Energy

This paper presents a calculation system for evaluating the energy efficiency of a product regarding its production. In order to evaluate the energy efficiency of the manufacturing of a product value-adding processes as well as auxiliary processes are taken into account. Furthermore, the energy consumption of the periphery, in total is included. Since the total value-added chain of a product usually is not located at only one company, the energy efficiency of the manufacturing of the bought-in parts must also be included. In a last step, the plant specific energy efficiency at the product level based on all plants that produce the observed product can be determined. The basic target is a comparability of the energy efficiency across products by derivation of significant KPI’s. The basis to derive possible saving potentials is he relative energy efficiency (REE), which is the quotient of the minimal energy demand and actually measured consumption. For this, it is required that the actually measured energy consumption is based on an independent basis of comparison. This is assured by the stepped least energy demand method, for a product, based on the process-related perspective level of the bottom-up approach.

scholarly journals Can We Regulate Our Way to Energy Efficiency? Product Standards as Climate Policy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah M. Sachs
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Carbon Taxes ◽  
Regulatory Approach

In this Article, I demonstrate that the regulatory strategy for energy efficiency is working. Although information disclosure, financial incentives, and other softer alternatives to regulation play a vital role in reducing energy demand, these should be viewed as complements to efficiency regulation, rather than replacements. The regulatory approach has led to substantial cost and energy savings in the past, it has enjoyed bipartisan political support, and it targets products and behaviors that are difficult to address through other policy tools. Given the politics of climate change in the United States, which make federal carbon taxes or a cap-and-trade system infeasible, the regulatory option should be expanded, not abandoned.

scholarly journals PROPOSING A SYSTEMATIC METHOD FOR CREATING AN ENERGY AUDIT TOOLKIT FOR COPRA PROCESSING ENTERPRISES

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Thanh Van Tran ◽  
Ha Thi Ngoc Ho ◽  
Hai Thanh Le
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Audit ◽  
Pilot Projects ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Systematic Method ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
High Energy Consumption

Coconut processing is one of a typical industral sector of Ben Tre Province. Due to the high energy consumption chaterization, it has been selected to perform the pilot projects of promoting cleaner production and energy efficiency. Energy audit is a suggested measure to identifine opportunities and solutions for energy savings. However it is quite an expertise-demanding and timeconsuming procedure, therefore still a few number of plants have applied energy audit for their production processes. For all those reasons, there is a need of an automatic energy audit toolkit which can help enterprises in self–assessment of the energy using and performing of energy saving measures. This reseach aims at proposing a systematic method for creating an energy audit toolkit for copra processing enterprises which is expected to be a development initiative for coconut processing industry.

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