Pregnancy outcome after exposure to oral contraceptives during the periconceptional period

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
HK Ahn ◽  
JS Choi ◽  
JY Han ◽  
MH Kim ◽  
JH Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Exposed Group ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Periconceptional Period ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

To evaluate whether periconceptional exposure to oral contraceptives (OCs) increased adverse pregnancy outcomes, 136 pregnant women taking OCs within the periconceptional period were identified at the Korean Motherisk Program. Of them, 120 pregnant women accepted to participate in their study and were followed up until completion of the pregnancy. A control group of 240 age- and gravidity-matched pregnant women exposed to non-teratogen drugs for at least 1 month before pregnancy was also included. The median gestational age at delivery was 39.1 (27.0–41.0) weeks in the exposed group and 39.3 (27.4–42.0) weeks in the control group ( P = 0.19). In the exposed group, 7.1% of babies were born with low birth weight versus 2.6% in the control group ( P = 0.068). The number of preterm deliveries or babies born large for gestational age did not differ between the two groups. In the exposed group, the rate of birth defects was 3.2% ( n = 3/99) versus 3.6% ( n = 7/193) in the control group ( P = 1.0). There were 15 women who took high doses of progesterone (emergency contraception) and no adverse fetal outcomes were observed. In conclusion, periconceptional exposure to OCs does not appear to increase the risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes.

scholarly journals Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Obesity Combined With Abnormal Glucose Metabolism Further Increases Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Chinese Pregnant Women

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei-Fang Li ◽  
Jiang-Feng Ke ◽  
Li Ma ◽  
Jun-Wei Wang ◽  
Zhi-Hui Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Abnormal Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Induced Hypertension ◽  
Adverse Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

AimsOur aim was to evaluate the separate and combined effects of maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and gestational abnormal glucose metabolism (GAGM) on adverse perinatal outcomes.MethodsA total of 2,796 Chinese pregnant women with singleton delivery were studied, including 257 women with pre-pregnancy obesity alone, 604 with GAGM alone, 190 with both two conditions, and 1,745 with neither pre-pregnancy obesity nor GAGM as control group. The prevalence and risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes were compared among the four groups.ResultsCompared with the normal group, pregnant women with maternal pre-pregnancy obesity alone, GAGM alone, and both two conditions faced significantly increased risks of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) (odds ratio (OR) 4.045, [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.286–7.156]; 1.993 [1.171–3.393]; 8.495 [4.982–14.485]), preeclampsia (2.649 [1.224–5.735]; 2.129 [1.128–4.017]; 4.643 [2.217–9.727]), cesarean delivery (1.589 [1.212–2.083]; 1.328 [1.095–1.611]; 2.627 [1.908–3.617]), preterm delivery (1.899 [1.205–2.993]; 1.358 [0.937–1.968]; 2.301 [1.423–3.720]), macrosomia (2.449 [1.517–3.954]; 1.966 [1.356–2.851]; 4.576 [2.895–7.233]), and total adverse maternal outcomes (1.762 [1.331–2.332]; 1.365 [1.122–1.659]; 3.228 [2.272–4.587]) and neonatal outcomes (1.951 [1.361–2.798]; 1.547 [1.170–2.046]; 3.557 [2.471–5.122]). Most importantly, there were no obvious risk differences in adverse pregnancy outcomes between maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and GAGM group except PIH, but pregnant women with both obesity and GAGM exhibited dramatically higher risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes than those with each condition alone.ConclusionsMaternal pre-pregnancy obesity and GAGM were independently associated with increased risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The combination of pre-pregnancy obesity and GAGM further worsens adverse pregnancy outcomes compared with each condition alone.

scholarly journals Maternal Complications and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes among Pregnant Women who Acquired Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin ◽  
Haile Alemayehu ◽  
Girmay Medhin ◽  
Wondwossen Amogne ◽  
Tadesse Eguale
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Perinatal Death ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Maternal Complications ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

In this study, we aimed to document adverse pregnancy outcomes and maternal complications among pregnant women who acquired asymptomatic bacteriuria in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. We used hospital-based prospective cohort study design in which we followed 44 pregnant women with asymptomatic bacteriuria confirmed by urine culture result of ≥105cfu/ml of urine. We documented adverse pregnancy outcomes and maternal complications in terms of frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Additionally, we used Pearson’s correlation coefficient to investigate associations of selected variables with perinatal death as one of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Of the 44 pregnant women enrolled in the study, complete data was collected from 43 participants with one lost to follow-up. Six (14%) of women developed fever and were treated with antibiotic during pregnancy, 26 (60.5%) delivered with cesarean section, two (4.3%) perinatal deaths within seven days of delivery, one miscarriage, and 4 (9.3%) newborns were found underweight. The mean birth weight of the newborns was 3.1   kg ± 0.60 . Almost half 21(48.8%) were born before 37 weeks of gestational age. Fourteen (32.6%) of newborns were born asphyxiated. Twenty-two (51.2%) of newborns developed early neonatal fever within 48 hours of delivery and treated with antibiotic. Correlation coefficient analysis revealed that weight and gestational age of newborns at birth, Apgar score at 1st and 5th minutes of birth and miscarriage were positively correlated and significantly associated with perinatal death. The occurrence of unsought pregnancy outcomes were frequent, and substantial number of pregnant women developed maternal complications. Therefore, screening pregnant women for asymptomatic bacteriuria and treating may reduce the possible maternal complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

scholarly journals Oral Anaerobic Microflora and Pregnancy Complication

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (B) ◽  
pp. 1681-1685
Author(s):  
Irena Andonova ◽  
Vasil Iliev
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Vaginosis ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Preterm Labor ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Obstetric Outcomes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

Bacterial vaginosis and periodontal diseases share very similar pathogenesis. Each of these diseases occurs when healthy microbiome changes to predominately anaerobic bacterial flora. Bacterial vaginosis is proven factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. In recent years it has been hypothesized that infection from distant sites of the fetoplacental unit may also elicit an inflammatory response in utero. Aim: The study is designed to determine whether the presence of specific oral anaerobic bacteria in subgingival sulcus of mother increase the risk of adverse obstetric outcomes. Material and Methods: Case-control study.  Control group: 50 patients who gave birth to neonate whit normal birth weight at term. Group cases: I group - 40 pregnant women who were hospitalized with signs of preterm labor. II - 20 pregnant women, who have an ultrasound diagnosis of fetal growth retardation. Sub-gingival microbiological paper-point swab was taken in all patients. Results: The total number of isolated oral anaerobic bacteria was statistically significantly higher in the cases group compared to control group p <0.01. In our study, pregnant women who tested positive for Porphyrmonas gingivalis for 6.65 times were more likely to have preterm labor compare with pregnant women with negative oral swabs (95.0% CI: 1.38-32.11 / p <0.05), and for 2,79 times more likely to have fetus with intrauterine growth restriction (95.0% CI: 1.10-7.91 / p <0.05 Conclusions: The study confirmed the hypothesis of a statistically significant association between oral anaerobic infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes. In the future, more studies are needed to investigate the role of the microbial load, maternal immune response, pathophysiological pathway that leads to negative pregnancy outcome.  

Adverse pregnancy outcomes and inherited thrombophilia

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Dłuski ◽  
Radzisław Mierzyński ◽  
Elżbieta Poniedziałek-Czajkowska ◽  
Bożena Leszczyńska-Gorzelak
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Protein C ◽  
Antithrombin Iii ◽  
Activated Protein C ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inherited Thrombophilia ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

Abstract Aim: (1) To evaluate the prevalence of inherited thrombophilia in pregnant women with adverse pregnancy outcomes: intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), preeclampsia (PE) and placental abruption. (2) To assess the impact of inherited thrombophilia on the nature of obstetric complications. (3) To assess levels of protein S, protein C, antithrombin III and homocysteine in pregnant women with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Subjects and methods: The study comprised 162 pregnant women. The patients were divided into three test groups and one control group. In all 162 patients the following tests were completed: activated protein C resistance (APC-R), the level of free protein S, activity of protein C, antithrombin III and the level of homocysteine. The data were statistically analyzed via χ2 of independence or homogeneity test. Results: In 32 of 162 patients participating in clinical research thrombophilia was diagnosed (10 patients with APC-R, 21 patients with protein S deficiency, one patient with hyperhomocysteinemia): seven patients belonged to the control group and 25 patients had diagnosed adverse pregnancy outcomes (P=0.04). In 32 patients with diagnosed thrombophilia, level of protein S was decreased (P=0.04). Protein S deficiency was diagnosed, when level of protein S was lower than 30% in the second trimester and lower than 24% in the third trimester. The incidence of activated protein C resistance caused by the mutation of factor V Leiden was in six patients (5.9%) with adverse pregnancy outcomes, and in four patients (6.6%) from the control group. Results were not statistically significant. No protein C deficiency was diagnosed (diagnosis: level<60%), but in 50% of patients with thrombophilia level of protein C was over the norm (P=0.02). The level of antithrombin III was often decreased in patients with preeclampsia – (32.4%), then in the other patients – (17.2%) (P=0.04), but no patient was diagnosed with antithrombin III deficiency (diagnosis: level<60%). Conclusions: Tests for thrombophilia should be carried out in women with adverse pregnancy outcomes in their history, who are planning pregnancy, to start anticoagulant prophylaxis. Our study supports the thesis that tests for thrombophilia should be carried out in women with a history of adverse pregnancy outcomes and who are planning a pregnancy to start anticoagulant prophylaxis.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic status of pregnancy outcomes in Chongqing, Southwest China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Zhang ◽  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Qiang Tan ◽  
Ping Tang ◽  
Tao Kuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Maternal Occupation ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

Abstract Background: The relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and pregnancy outcomes has rarely been studied in Southwest China. Our aim was to investigate whether SES was associated with the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods: Between 2015 and 2017, we analyzed data from 1273 women in Chongqing, China, enrolled in the Complex Lipids in Mothers and Babies (CLIMB) trial in which mothers received complex lipid supplementation during pregnancy. Information on SES (maternal educational level, participant and partner’s income and maternal occupation) was collected during face-to-face interviews using standard questionnaires. Pregnancy outcomes considered were gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), premature rupture of membrane (PROM), cesarean section (C-section), preterm birth (PTB), macrosomia, low birth weight (LBW), large for gestational age (LGA), and small for gestational age (SGA). Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for pregnancy outcomes in relation to SES. Supplementation had no effect on pregnancy outcomes, so our analysis did not subdivide our participants on this basis. Results: Women who were managers or professionals were less likely to suffer from macrosomia and LGA. After adjustment for potential confounders, the ORs for macrosomia and LGA were 0.44 (95% CI: 0.21, 0.95) and 0.48 (95% CI: 0.26, 0.89), respectively. Other pregnancy outcomes were not affected by maternal occupation. Moreover, no significant relationships were observed between the other two SES indicators (participant and partner’s income and maternal education) and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Conclusions: Our findings suggested that maternal occupation was a more reliable predictor of pregnancy outcomes than maternal education and participant and partner’s income.

scholarly journals The association between soy intake and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Wang ◽  
Biru Luo ◽  
Jie Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

Abstract Background The association between soy intake and adverse pregnancy outcomes remains unclear. The objectives of this study were to investigate the soy consumption of pregnant women in the second trimester and explore the prospective association between soy intake and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods Pregnant women between 13 and 24 weeks of gestation were recruited at a women’s and children’s hospital in southwest China from June to December 2019. Dietary intakes in the middle trimester were assessed by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Participants were divided into the insufficient group (< 40 g/day) and the control group (≥40 g/day) according to daily soy consumption. Participants were followed up until delivery. Pregnancy outcomes including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), cesarean section, and macrosomia were obtained. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the association between soy intake and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Sociodemographic information, histories of diseases, and duration of physical activities were obtained and used for covariate adjustments. Results A total of 224 participants were included in this study, of which identified 36 (16.1%) cases of GDM, and 120 (53.6%) cases of cesarean section. More than half (125, 55.8%) pregnant women consumed less soy than 40 g/day. Daily soy intake less than 40 g was associated with the increased risk of GDM (OR = 2.755 95%CI 1.230-6.174, P = 0.014) and cesarean section (OR = 1.792 95%CI 1.035-3.101, P = 0.037) without adjustment for confounders such as age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, parity, daily intake of vegetables, fruits, seafood and, nuts. After adjusting for these factors, daily soy intake of less than 40 g increased 2.116-fold risk of GDM (95%CI 1.228-7.907, P = 0.017), but not with the significantly increased risk of cesarean section. Conclusion Insufficient soy intake may increase the risk of GDM, suggesting adequate soy intake may have a beneficial role in the prevention of GDM. Trial registration Registration number: ChiCTR1900023721. Date of registration: June 9, 2019.

Migration, gestational diabetes and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a nationwide study of singleton deliveries in Denmark

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karoline Kragelund Nielsen ◽  
Gregers Stig Andersen ◽  
Peter Damm ◽  
Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Immigrant Background ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

Abstract Background It remains unclear if migrants have different odds for adverse outcomes associated with GDM. We investigated if the associations between GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes are modified by country of origin; and examined the odds of these outcomes according to GDM status and country of origin. Methods Nationwide register-based study of singleton deliveries in Denmark, 2004-2015. We used logistic regression models and tested for interaction. Results Among the 710413 singleton deliveries, 2.6% had GDM and 14.4% were immigrants. Country of origin modified the association between GDM and pre-eclampsia, large for gestational age (LGA) and small for gestational age (SGA), but not between GDM and planned or emergency caesarean section and preterm delivery. GDM increased the risk of pre-eclampsia among women from Denmark (OR1.28, 95%CI 1.18-1.39), Lebanon (OR 3.34, 95%CI 1.35-8.26) and Morocco (OR 2.28, 95%CI 1.16-6.88). GDM was associated with increased odds of LGA among women from most countries, particularly women from Sri Lanka (OR 4.20 95%CI 2.67-6.61), and with reduced odds of SGA in some countries. Compared to Danish-born women with GDM, the odds of LGA were significantly lower and the odds of SGA higher among women with GDM from India, Lebanon, Pakistan, Iraq, and Somalia. Conclusions Our study documents that different immigrant groups have higher odds of different GDM associated adverse pregnancy outcomes – also among countries of origin often grouped together. This highlights the importance of increased awareness to both immigrant background and GDM status in the clinical assessment.

scholarly journals Protocol of a prospective and multicentre China Teratology Birth Cohort (CTBC): association of maternal drug exposure during pregnancy with adverse pregnancy outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangwen Zhou ◽  
Jing Tao ◽  
Ke Wang ◽  
Kui Deng ◽  
Yanping Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Exposure During Pregnancy ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

Abstract Background As reported, 27-93 % of pregnant women take at least one drug during pregnancy. However, drug exposure during pregnancy still lacks sufficient foetal safety evidence of human origin. It is urgent to fill the knowledge gap about medication safety during pregnancy for optimization of maternal disease treatment and pregnancy drug consultation. Methods and analysis The China Teratology Birth Cohort (CTBC) was established in 2019 and is a hospital-based open-ended prospective cohort study with the aim of assessing drug safety during pregnancy. Pregnant women who set up the pregnancy health records in the first trimester or who seek drug consultation regardless of gestational age in the member hospitals are recruited. Enrolled pregnant women need to be investigated four times, namely, 6–14 and 24–28 weeks of gestational age, before discharge after hospital delivery, and 28–42 days after birth. Maternal medication exposure during pregnancy is the focus of the CTBC. For drugs, information on the type, name, and route of medication; start and end time of medication; single dose; frequency of medication; dosage form; manufacturer; and reason for medication is collected. The adverse pregnancy outcomes collected in the study include birth defects, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, post-term birth, low birth weight, macrosomia, small for gestational age, large for gestational age and low Apgar score. CTBC uses an electronic questionnaire for data collection and a cloud system for data management. Biological samples are collected if informed consents are obtained. Multi-level logistic regression, mixed-effect negative binomial distribution regression and spline function regression are used to explore the effect of drugs on the occurrence of birth defects. Discussion The findings of the study will assist in further understanding the risk of birth defects and other adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with maternal drug exposure and developing the optimal treatment plans and drug counselling for pregnant women. Trial registration This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University and registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx, registration number ChiCTR1900022569).

scholarly journals Assessing the relationship between pregravid body mass index and risk of adverse maternal pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: prospective data in Southwest China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Chen ◽  
Ke Wan ◽  
Yunhui Gong ◽  
Xiao Zhang ◽  
Yi Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Cesarean Delivery ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

AbstractThe relevance of pregestational body mass index (BMI) on adverse pregnancy outcomes remained unclear in Southwest China. This study aimed to investigate the overall and age-category specific association between pre-gestational BMI and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, preterm delivery, stillbirth, macrosomia, and small-for-gestational age (SGA) or large-for-gestational age (LGA) neonates in Southwest China. Furthermore, it explores the relative importance of influence of pregravid BMI and maternal age on pregnancy outcomes. 51,125 Chinese singleton pregnant women were recruited as study subjects. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the influence of pre-pregnancy BMI on adverse pregnancy outcomes. Gradient boosting machine was used to evaluate the relative importance of influence of pregravid BMI and maternal age on pregnancy outcomes. It is found that women who were overweight or obese before pregnancy are at higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes except for SGA neonates, while pre-pregnancy underweight is a protective factor for GDM, preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, macrosomia and LGA, but not SGA. Younger mothers are more susceptible to GDM and macrosomia neonates, while older mothers are more prone to preeclampsia. Pre-pregnancy BMI has more influence on various pregnancy outcomes than maternal age. To improve pregnancy outcomes, normal BMI weight as well as relatively young maternal ages are recommended for women in child-bearing age.

scholarly journals Is Indoor Air Pollution From Different Fuel Types Associated With the Anemia Status of Pregnant Women in Ethiopia?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 215013272110343
Author(s):  
Sewitemariam Desalegn Andarge ◽  
Abriham Sheferaw Areba ◽  
Robel Hussen Kabthymer ◽  
Miheret Tesfu Legesse ◽  
Girum Gebremeskel Kanno
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

Background Indoor air pollution from different fuel types has been linked with different adverse pregnancy outcomes. The study aimed to assess the link between indoor air pollution from different fuel types and anemia during pregnancy in Ethiopia. Method We have used the secondary data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data. The anemia status of the pregnant women was the dichotomous outcome variable and the type of fuel used in the house was classified as high, medium, and low polluting fuels. Logistic regression was employed to determine the association between the exposure and outcome variables. Adjusted Odds Ratio was calculated at 95% Confidence Interval. Result The proportion of anemia in the low, medium, and high polluting fuel type users was 13.6%, 46%, 40.9% respectively. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, the use of either kerosene or charcoal fuel types (AOR 4.6; 95% CI: 1.41-18.35) and being in the third trimester (AOR 1.72; 95% CI: 1.12-2.64) were significant factors associated with the anemia status of the pregnant women in Ethiopia. Conclusion According to our findings, the application of either kerosene or charcoal was associated with the anemia status during pregnancy in Ethiopia. An urgent intervention is needed to reduce the indoor air pollution that is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as anemia.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document