Toxicity effects of Nerium oleander, basic and clinical evidence: A comprehensive review

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 773-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Farkhondeh ◽  
M Kianmehr ◽  
T Kazemi ◽  
S Samarghandian ◽  
MR Khazdair
Keyword(s):  
Sinus Bradycardia ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
The United States ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Middle East Countries ◽  
Myocardial Degeneration ◽  
Public Areas

Introduction: Nerium oleander is a plant that is frequently grown in gardens and public areas. N. oleander is distributed originally in subtropical Asia but is now growing in many parts of the world, such as the United States, Australia, China, and Middle East countries. Pharmacological effects of plant including antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activity were reported, but the potential toxic effects of all parts of the shrub either fresh or dried on animal and human body were documented. Method: The data of this review article were obtained from Medline/Pubmed, Scopusand Google Scholar databases in English until September 2019. To include all publications in this field, keywords such as N. oleander and toxicity were used. Results: The poisoning effects of plant or their active alkaloids induced infiltration of cells with hemorrhage and sever negative changes in the lung, induce lesions, and infiltration of inflammatory cells into the portal spaces with scattered necrosis of hepatocytes in the liver, cardiac toxicity of the plant in the heart were included, induced varying degrees of hemorrhage, myocardial degeneration, and necrosis. It also induced arrhythmia, sinus bradycardia, and prolonged P-R interval in electrocardiographic records. Conclusions: The toxic effects of N. oleander are mostly related to its inhibitory effects on the Na+-K+ ATPase pump in the cellular membrane. However, the exact molecular mechanism involved in the toxicity of N. oleander is not clear.

scholarly journals Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy in liver disease: opportunities and lessons to be learnt?

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (10) ◽  
pp. G791-G800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Owen ◽  
Philip N. Newsome
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Injury ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
End Stage Liver Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Damage ◽  
End Stage

End-stage liver disease is responsible for 30,000 deaths per year in the United States alone, and it is continuing to increase every year. With liver transplantation the only curative treatment currently available, new therapies are in great demand. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) offer an opportunity to both treat liver inflammatory damage, as well as reverse some of the changes that occur following chronic liver injury. With the ability to regulate both the innate and adaptive immune system, as well as both inhibit and promote apoptosis of effector inflammatory cells, there are numerous therapeutic opportunities for MSC in acute and chronic liver disease. This article critically appraises the potential therapeutic roles of MSC in liver disease, as well as the barriers to their adoption into clinical practice.

scholarly journals HISTOLOGIC AND RADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF PATHOLOGIC CHANGE IN COMPLETE IMPACTED THIRD MOLARS DENTAL FOLLICLES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shafiqa Mohammed Haidra Masdoose ◽  
Akram Thabet Nasher ◽  
Monya A. El-Zine ◽  
Ameen Abdullah Yahya Al-Akwa ◽  
Hassan Abdulwahab Al-Shamahy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Dentigerous Cyst ◽  
Third Molar ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Impacted Third Molar ◽  
Younger Age

Background: Prophylactic extraction of the asymptomatic impacted third molar is routinely practiced in Europe and the United States. The justification for prophylactic extraction includes the need to reduce the risk of pathologic changes such as cysts and tumors.   Objectives: This study aimed to study the histological and radiological changes in the tooth follicles of upper and lower complete impacted 3rd molars -which appeared radiologically normal. Material and method: A prospective study included fifty patients aged 20 years and above who were referred to the Oral Surgery Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sana'a. Patients had follicular space between (2.5mm -3mm) as measured by the panoramic X-ray. These teeth were removed surgically and the follicle was sent for histopathological examination. Results: Most histopathological changes were in dental follicles with a size of <2.5 mm (86%), and only 14% with 2.5 mm - 3 mm. There was statistical significance between the smallest size of dental follicles with the incidence of pathological histological changes indicating a high probability of developing neoplasm (p =0.008).  Of the 50 follicular patients, 28% showed HC, nine (64%) had ameloblastoma, four (29%) had a dentigerous cyst, and only one case (7%) had a multicalcified focus with islands of odontogenic epithelium. While 72% of the samples had normal follicles and non-specific chronic inflammatory cells. There is an association between female sex and pathological histological changes (12 females: 2 males, p =0.008), age group 21-25 years (93% HC), with mandibles (65% HC). Regarding angle and histopathological changes, 36% were vertical, 29% mesioangular, 14.2% horizontal and destioangular, and 7.1% buccoangular. Conclusion:  High incidence of HC occurred in patients with DF, and it was associated with smaller dental follicle size, most HC was ameloblastoma, followed by dentigerous cyst, while 72% of samples had normal follicles and non-specific chronic inflammatory cells. There is a correlation between female gender, younger age group, and jaw position with HC. Prophylactic extraction of the asymptomatic impacted third molar should be routinely practiced in Yemen, to reduce the risk of pathological changes, especially in females and younger age groups.                            Peer Review History: Received 11 January 2021; Revised 8 February; Accepted 28 February, Available online 15 March 2021 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.  Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected] Dr. Alfonso Alexander Aguileral, University of Veracruz,  Mexico, [email protected]   Similar Articles: RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF THE COURSE AND VISIBILITY OF THE MANDIBULAR CANAL BY PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPHY

scholarly journals First report on the molecular detection, phylogeny, virological and pathological investigations of Avibacterium paragallinarum in chickens in Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (03) ◽  
pp. 6378-2020
Author(s):  
SAJID UMAR ◽  
HASAN ONGOR ◽  
ERHAN BAYRAKTAR ◽  
HAZAL OZTURK GURGEN ◽  
BELGI DIREN SIGIRCI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
The United States ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Direct Pcr ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Avibacterium Paragallinarum ◽  
Species Specific

Avibacterium paragallinarum is an important pathogen affecting the respiratory tract of chickens. There is a paucity of information on the molecular characteristics and pathology of A. paragallinarum in Turkish poultry flocks. In the present study, broiler and layer flocks (n = 2) suspected of viral infections with serious respiratory signs and significant mortality were visited. Chickens showed various disease signs and necropsy lesions, including purulent nasal discharge, respiratory distress, facial edema, sticky eyes, mucoid tracheitis, hemorrhagic inflammation of the infraorbital sinuses along with fibrinous mass and conjunctivitis. Histopathological lesions included loss of cilia along with necrosis and exfoliation of the superficial mucosal epithelium of the trachea, facial cellulitis, dermatitis, fibrinous plasmatic edema and infiltration of inflammatory cells, especially heterophils. A. paragallinarum was detected in tissue samples by species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the core region of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed that Turkish strains detected here belonged to serotype A (serovar A1). They were related to strains reported from India (VRDC), the United States (0083), and Japan (0221), which are representatives of serovar A1. A homology of 88-90% was found between Indian strains and the Turkish strains detected in this study. Surprisingly, only vaccine strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were detected as a co-infecting agent in all samples positive for A. paragallinarum. Our findings suggest that A. paragallinarum may be an emerging pathogen in Turkish poultry flocks, and direct PCR may facilitate rapid diagnosis of infectious coryza. These results will also help to develop control strategies for A. paragallinarum.

scholarly journals E‐cigarette or Vaping Product Use–Associated Lung Injury Produced in an Animal Model From Electronic Cigarette Vapor Exposure Without Tetrahydrocannabinol or Vitamin E Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Kleinman ◽  
Rebecca Johnson Arechavala ◽  
David Herman ◽  
Jianru Shi ◽  
Irene Hasen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
The United States ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Alveolar Wall ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Vitamin E Acetate

Abstract E‐cigarette or vaping product use–associated lung injury was recognized in the United States in the summer of 2019 and is typified by acute respiratory distress, shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and fever, associated with vaping. It can mimic many of the manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Some investigators have suggested that E‐cigarette or vaping product use–associated lung injury was due to tetrahydrocannabinol or vitamin E acetate oil mixed with the electronic cigarette liquid. In experimental rodent studies initially designed to study the effect of electronic cigarette use on the cardiovascular system, we observed an E‐cigarette or vaping product use–associated lung injury‐like condition that occurred acutely after use of a nichrome heating element at high power, without the use of tetrahydrocannabinol, vitamin E, or nicotine. Lung lesions included thickening of the alveolar wall with foci of inflammation, red blood cell congestion, obliteration of alveolar spaces, and pneumonitis in some cases; bronchi showed accumulation of fibrin, inflammatory cells, and mucus plugs. Electronic cigarette users should be cautioned about the potential danger of operating electronic cigarette units at high settings; the possibility that certain heating elements may be deleterious; and that E‐cigarette or vaping product use–associated lung injury may not be dependent upon tetrahydrocannabinol, vitamin E, or nicotine.

scholarly journals Dogs poisoned with Nerium oleander fresh leaves: clinical and electrocardiographic findings

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annelise Carla Camplesi ◽  
Carolina Bellodi ◽  
José Javier Mesa Socha ◽  
Mário Roberto Hatayde ◽  
Márcia Ferreira da Rosa Sobreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Sinus Bradycardia ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Mixed Breed ◽  
Ventricular Premature Complexes ◽  
Electrocardiographic Findings ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
Clinical Changes

ABSTRACT: Nerium oleander is distributed worldwide, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. These shrubs are frequently used as ornamental plants. However, they contain more than 30 cardiac glycosides that can cause serious toxic effects in dogs. The objective of this study was to report the clinical and electrocardiographic alterations in dogs experimentally poisoned with N. oleander. Ten adult, healthy, mixed-breed dogs weighing 10-25kg and aged 3-6 years were selected for the study. We orally administered 0.25g kg-1 of fresh ground leaves of N. oleander to the dogs. No dog died after the ingestion, but all exhibited signs of poisoning such as vomiting, sialorrhea, nausea, apathy, conjunctiva congestion, dehydration, abdominal pain, tremors, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and tenesmus. Electrocardiogram revealed occurrence of several types of arrhythmias: sinus bradycardia, second-degree atrioventricular block, paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular premature complexes. Systolic blood pressure, as well as heart rate, decreased in the first 24 hours. The present study concluded that a single dose of 0.25g kg-1 of N. oleander green leaves is sufficient to cause a moderate intoxication in dogs, with nonspecific clinical changes mainly related to the digestive system and heart rate, thus demonstrating the importance of this type of intoxication in the list of differential diagnoses of small animals routine.

scholarly journals Orthopoxvirus Detection in Environmental Specimens during Suspected Bioterror Attacks: Inhibitory Influences of Common Household Products

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Kurth ◽  
John Achenbach ◽  
Liljia Miller ◽  
Ian M. Mackay ◽  
Georg Pauli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immunofluorescence Assay ◽  
Internal Controls ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Biological Method ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Household Products

ABSTRACT After terrorists attacked the United States in 2001, the appearance of letters and other objects containing powdery substances with unknown potentials for biological threat focused attention on the speed, sensitivity, and reliability of diagnostic methods. This study summarizes the abilities and limitations of real-time PCR, electron microscopy (EM), and virus isolation when used to detect potential bioweapons. In particular, we investigated the inhibitory influences of different common household products present in environmental specimens on PCR yield, EM detection, and virus isolation. We used vaccinia virus as a model for orthopoxviruses by spiking it into specimens. In the second part of the study, we describe modifications of diagnostic methods to overcome inhibitory effects. A variety of PCR amplification enhancers, DNA extraction protocols, and applications of internal controls were evaluated to improve diagnostic simplicity, speed, and reliability. As a result, we strongly recommend using at least two different frontline techniques in parallel, e.g., EM and PCR. A positive result obtained by any one of these techniques should be followed by a biological method to confirm the putative diagnosis. Confirmatory methods include virus isolation followed by an agent-specific immunofluorescence assay to confirm the presence of replication-competent particles.

scholarly journals Infant baboons infected with respiratory syncytial virus develop clinical and pathological changes that parallel those of human infants

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (8) ◽  
pp. L530-L539 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Papin ◽  
Roman F. Wolf ◽  
Stanley D. Kosanke ◽  
Justin D. Jenkins ◽  
Sara N. Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Alveolar Epithelium ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Papio Anubis ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Infected Infant ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection of the lower respiratory tract is the leading cause of respiratory failure among infants in the United States of America and annually results in >300,000 deaths worldwide. Despite the importance of RSV, there is no licensed vaccine, and no specific form of therapy. This is largely due to the absence of an appropriate animal model for the evaluation of vaccines and therapeutic agents. We inoculated anesthetized infant (4 wk) baboons ( Papio anubis) with a human strain of RSV intranasally or intratracheally. Baboons were monitored daily for clinical changes. Anesthetized baboons were intubated at various intervals, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed for viral culture and determination of leukocyte counts. Sham-infected baboons served as controls. Necropsies were performed on infected baboons on days 1, 3, 5, 8, or 13 after inoculation, with pathological analysis and immunohistochemical staining of lung tissues to detect RSV antigen. Infected baboons developed tachypnea and reduced oxygenation peaking from 4 to 8 days after infection and persisting for ≥14 days. Virus was recoverable in BAL fluid up to 8 days following infection. Necropsy revealed intense interstitial pneumonia, sloughing of the bronchiolar epithelium, and obstruction of the bronchiolar lumen with inflammatory cells and sloughed epithelial cells. RSV antigen was identified in bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium. We conclude that RSV-infected infant baboons develop clinical and pathological changes that parallel those observed in human infants with RSV infection. The infant baboon represents a much-needed model for studying the pathogenesis of RSV infection and evaluating antivirals and vaccines.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Pythium spp. and Suppression of Pythium Blight of Turfgrasses with Phosphonate Fungicides

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
pp. 809-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip J. Cook ◽  
Peter J. Landschoot ◽  
Maxim J. Schlossberg
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Phosphorous Acid ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
The United States ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Significant Suppression ◽  
Inhibitory Effects

Pythium aphanidermatum and other Pythium spp. cause Pythium blight of turfgrasses in the United States. Phosphonate fungicides suppress Pythium blight when applied preventatively, but efficacy may vary with product, rate and timing of application, and host species. The objectives of this study were to assess the inhibitory effects of phosphorous acid on Pythium spp. in vitro, and determine if active ingredient and formulation of phosphonate fungicides provide similar levels of Pythium blight suppression on perennial ryegrass and creeping bentgrass when applied at equivalent rates of phosphorous acid. Phosphorous acid EC50 values (effective concentration that reduces mycelial growth by 50%) for P. aphanidermatum isolates ranged from 35.6 to 171.8 μg/ml. EC50 values for isolates of six other Pythium spp. were between 38.7 and 220.8 μg/ml. In 2004 and 2005, all phosphonate treatments provided significant suppression of Pythium blight symptoms on creeping bentgrass and perennial ryegrass relative to the untreated control. No differences in percentage of blighted turf occurred among phosphonate treatments when applied at equivalent rates of phosphorous acid in either year of the study, regardless of active ingredient, formulation, or turfgrass species.

Prevention of myosin-induced autoimmune myocarditis in mice by anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibody

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-Tao Yuan ◽  
Yu-Hua Liao ◽  
Zhaohui Wang ◽  
Ji-Hua Dong ◽  
Lin-Sheng Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Immune Tolerance ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Myocardial Injury ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Cardiac Myosin ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Autoimmune Myocarditis ◽  
Myocardial Degeneration

This study was aimed at studying the effect of the induction of immune tolerance to swine cardiac myosin from anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibody injection and whether the immune tolerance could protect mice with myosin-induced myocarditis from myocardial injury. Twenty-four Balb/c mice were divided into two groups at random. All of the mice were immunized with swine cardiac myosin on the 1st day, 14th, 28th, 42nd, and 52nd day. Immune tolerance was induced by triplicate injections of 400 μg anti-L3T4 McAb on the 0 day (intravenous), 1st day, and 2nd day (intraperitoneal) in McAb-treated group. In the saline-treated group, saline of the same volume as anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibody was used as a control. The sera and hearts biopsies of all mice were collected on the 58th day. The anti-cardiac myosin antibody was examined with ELISA, and pathological changes of heart were observed by light microscope. It was shown that mice immunized with swine cardiac myosin could produce anti-myosin antibody and the anti-cardiac myosin antibody was positive in most of the saline-treated group but negative in the McAb-treated group. Morphologically, myocardial degeneration, necrosis, and infiltration of inflammatory cells were found in the saline-treated group but not in the McAb-treated group. In conclusion, this study indicated that the immune tolerance to cardiac myosin was induced by the anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibody, and accordingly myocardial injury could be prevented by induction of immune tolerance.Key words: anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibody, myosin, immune tolerance, myocarditis.

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