Estimating average attributable fractions with confidence intervals for cohort and case–control studies

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 1141-1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ferguson ◽  
Alberto Alvarez-Iglesias ◽  
John Newell ◽  
John Hinde ◽  
Martin O’Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
R Package ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Sample Average ◽  
Attributable Fractions ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

Chronic diseases tend to depend on a large number of risk factors, both environmental and genetic. Average attributable fractions were introduced by Eide and Gefeller as a way of partitioning overall disease burden into contributions from individual risk factors; this may be useful in deciding which risk factors to target in disease interventions. Here, we introduce new estimation methods for average attributable fractions that are appropriate for both case–control designs and prospective studies. Confidence intervals, derived using Monte Carlo simulation, are also described. Finally, we introduce a novel approximation for the sample average attributable fraction that will ensure a computationally tractable approach when the number of risk factors is large. An R package, [Formula: see text], implementing the methods described in this manuscript can be downloaded from the CRAN repository.

scholarly journals CONQUER: an interactive toolbox to understand functional consequences of GWAS hits

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard A Bouland ◽  
Joline W J Beulens ◽  
Joey Nap ◽  
Arno R van der Slik ◽  
Arnaud Zaldumbide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
R Package ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Genome Database ◽  
Intergenic Regions ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

Abstract Numerous large genome-wide association studies have been performed to understand the influence of genetics on traits. Many identified risk loci are in non-coding and intergenic regions, which complicates understanding how genes and their downstream pathways are influenced. An integrative data approach is required to understand the mechanism and consequences of identified risk loci. Here, we developed the R-package CONQUER. Data for SNPs of interest are acquired from static- and dynamic repositories (build GRCh38/hg38), including GTExPortal, Epigenomics Project, 4D genome database and genome browsers. All visualizations are fully interactive so that the user can immediately access the underlying data. CONQUER is a user-friendly tool to perform an integrative approach on multiple SNPs where risk loci are not seen as individual risk factors but rather as a network of risk factors.

scholarly journals FAKTOR RESIKO INDIVIDUAL PADA PREEKLAMPSIA PADA RSUP DR M DJAMIL PADANG

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
Yusrawati Yusrawati ◽  
Rizanda Machmud
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Control Design ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Obstetrics And Gynaecology ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Individual Risk Factors ◽  
National Prevalence

Preeclampsia is an important issue in obstetrics because it is still a major cause of maternal mortality compared to bleeding and infection. Similarly, the national prevalence, preeclampsia prevalence in West Sumatra is also constantly increasing. Many factors have been identified as risk factors. This study purposed to identify and analyze risk factors of preeclampsia consist of individual factors. This study was an analytical observational study with case-control design, done in Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department of RSUP DR. M. Djamil Padang on January-December 2013 until samples were completed. Samples consist of 70 preeclampsia patients as the treatment group and 70 healthy maternity patients as the control group in RSUP DR. M. Djamil Padang. The results showed there were significant differences between individual risk factors in the preeclampsia group than the control group.Keywords: Individual Risk Factors, Preeclampsia

A Model for Analyzing Suicide Prevention

Crisis ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maila Upanne
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Practical Work ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Prevention Project ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

This study monitored the evolution of psychologists' (n = 31) conceptions of suicide prevention over the 9-year course of the National Suicide Prevention Project in Finland and assessed the feasibility of the theoretical model for analyzing suicide prevention developed in earlier studies [ Upanne, 1999a , b ]. The study was formulated as a retrospective self-assessment where participants compared their earlier descriptions of suicide prevention with their current views. The changes in conceptions were analyzed and interpreted using both the model and the explanations given by the subjects themselves. The analysis proved the model to be a useful framework for revealing the essential features of prevention. The results showed that the freely-formulated ideas on prevention were more comprehensive than those evolved in practical work. Compared to the earlier findings, the conceptions among the group had shifted toward emphasizing a curative approach and the significance of individual risk factors. In particular, greater priority was focused on the acute suicide risk phase as a preventive target. Nonetheless, the overall structure of prevention ideology remained comprehensive and multifactorial, stressing multistage influencing. Promotive aims (protective factors) also remained part of the prevention paradigm. Practical working experiences enhanced the psychologists' sense of the difficulties of suicide prevention as well as their criticism and feeling of powerlessness.

scholarly journals Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in Scottish South Asian and Caucasian Youth

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4667
Author(s):  
Meizi Wang ◽  
Jianhua Ying ◽  
Ukadike Chris Ugbolue ◽  
Duncan S. Buchan ◽  
Yaodong Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Metabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Asian Adolescents ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

(1) Background: Scotland has one of the highest rates of obesity in the Western World, it is well established that poor weight profiles, and particularly abdominal obesity, is strongly associated with Type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Whether these associations are apparent in ethnic population groups in Scotland is unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between different measures of fatness with clustered cardio metabolic risk factors between Scottish South Asian adolescents and Scottish Caucasian adolescents; (2) Methods: A sample of 208 Caucasian adolescents and 52 South Asian adolescents participated in this study. Stature, waist circumference, body mass index, blood pressure, physical activity, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk were measured; (3) Results: Significant, partial correlations in the South Asian cohort between body mass index (BMI) and individual risk factors were generally moderate. However, correlations between Waist circumference (WC) and individual risk factors were significant and strong. In the Caucasian cohort, a significant yet weak correlation between WC and total cholesterol (TG) was noted although no other associations were evident for either WC or BMI. Multiple regression analysis revealed that both BMI and WC were positively associated with CCR (p < 0.01) in the South Asian group and with the additional adjustment of either WC or BMI, the independent associations with clustered cardio-metabolic risk (CCR) remained significant (p < 0.005); (4) Conclusions: No positive relationships were found between BMI, WC, and CCR in the Caucasian group. Strong and significant associations between measures of fatness and metabolic risk were evident in Scottish South Asian adolescents.

How Community and Individual Risk Factors Mutually Impact Youth’s Perceived Safety: A Syndemic Analysis Using Structural Equation Modeling

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110283
Author(s):  
Yingwei Yang ◽  
Karen D. Liller ◽  
Martha Coulter ◽  
Abraham Salinas-Miranda ◽  
Dinorah Martinez Tyson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Community Safety ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Latent Factor ◽  
Community Factors ◽  
Individual Risk Factors ◽  
Syndemic Theory

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mutual impact of community and individual factors on youth’s perceptions of community safety, using structural equation modeling (SEM) conceptualized by syndemic theory. This study used survey data collected from a county wide sample of middle and high school students (N=25,147) in West Central Florida in 2015. The outcome variable was youth’s perceptions of community safety. Predictors were latent individual and community factors constructed from 14 observed variables including gun accessibility, substance use, depressive symptoms, and multiple neighborhood disadvantage questions. Three structural equation models were conceptualized based on syndemic theory and analyzed in Mplus 8 using weighted least squares (WLS) estimation. Each model’s goodness of fit was assessed. Approximately seven percent of youth reported feeling unsafe in their community. After model modifications, the final model showed a good fit of the data and adhered to the theoretical assumption. In the final SEM model, an individual latent factor was implied by individual predictors measuring gun accessibility without adult’s permission (β=0.70), sadness and hopelessness (β=0.52), alcohol use (β=0.79), marijuana use (β=0.94), and illegal drug use (β=0.77). Meanwhile, a community latent factor was indicated by multiple community problems including public drinking (β=0.88), drug addiction (β=0.96), drug selling (β=0.97), lack of money (β=0.83), gang activities (β=0.90), litter and trash (β=0.79), graffiti (β=0.91), deserted houses (β=0.86), and shootings (β=0.93). A second-order syndemic factor that represented the individual and community factors showed a very strong negative association with youth’s safe perception (β=-0.98). This study indicates that individual risk factors and disadvantaged community conditions interacted with each other and mutually affected youth’s perceptions of community safety. To reduce these co-occurring effects and improve safe perceptions among youth, researchers and practitioners should develop and implement comprehensive strategies targeting both individual and community factors.

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