Synthesis of Graft Copolymers of Acrylamide and Comonomers on to Cellulose: A Study of the Effect of Comonomer on Polymer Yields, Structure and Properties

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghanshyam S. Chauhan ◽  
Lalit Guleria ◽  
Harinder Lal
Keyword(s):  
Graft Copolymers ◽  
Thermal Studies ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Synthetic Strategy ◽  
Grafting Reactions ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Graft Chain

Cellulose extracted from pine needles was graft copolymerized with acrylamide using benzoyl peroxide as initiator. Following a novel synthetic strategy and using the optimum reaction conditions evaluated for the grafting of acrylamide, some comonomers viz: glycidyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, acrylic acid and acrylonitrile have been grafted along with acrylamide using five different concentrations of the comonomers. SEM, FT-IR and thermal studies of graft copolymers were carried to obtain evidence of the incorporation of acrylamide and comonomers into cellulose. Reactivity of acrylamide in grafting reactions alone and in the presence of comonomers has been studied. The molar ratio of acrylamide and comonomers, and hence the structure of the graft chain remains independent of the comonomer concentration in the feed. It has also been observed that compared to acrylamide, less acrylonitrile was incorporated while far higher amount of the methacrylates were incorporated in the graft chain.

Preparation of a New Rosin Ester Derivative

2011 ◽  
Vol 361-363 ◽  
pp. 1694-1696
Author(s):  
Zhan Wan Shi ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Xing Dong Yao
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Rosin Ester ◽  
Temperature Time ◽  
Resolution Mass ◽  
C Nmr

a new rosin derivative—methylthiomethyl dehydroabietate has been synthesized from dehydroabietic acid and DMSO. The effects of reaction temperature, time, the amount of catalyst and mixing molar ratio of reactants on the yield have been investigated. The optimum reaction conditions were: the reactants were kept at 215 oC for 3h with dimethyl sulfoxide/ dehydroabietic acid mixing molar ratio of 22: 1 in the presence of 0.4% KOH catalyst ( based on the mass of dehydroabietic acid). The yield of product could reach 90%. The precise structure of the product was characterized as methylthiomethyl dehydroabietate by GC-MS, UV, FT-IR, High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, 1HNMR and 13C NMR.

Study on the Synthesis of Isoamyl Acetate Catalyzed by Strong Acidic Cation Exchange Resin

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 2411-2415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Lan ◽  
Li Hong Lan ◽  
Tao Xie ◽  
An Ping Liao
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cation Exchanger ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Isoamyl Acetate ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Optimum Reaction

Isoamyl acetate was synthesized from isoamylol and glacial acetic acid with strong acidic cation exchanger as catalyst. The effects of reaction conditions such as acid-alcohol ratio, reaction time, catalyst dosage to esterification reaction have been investigated and the optimum reaction conditions can be concluded as: the molar ratio of acetic acid to isoamylol 0.8:1, reaction time 2h, 25 % of catalyst (quality of acetic acid as benchmark). The conversion rate can reach up to 75.46%. The catalytic ability didn’t reduce significantly after reusing 10 times and the results showed that the catalyst exhibited preferably catalytic activity and reusability.

scholarly journals Simplified Method to Optimize Enzymatic Esters Syntheses in Solvent-Free Systems: Validation Using Literature and Experimental Data

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1357
Author(s):  
Ronaldo Rodrigues de Sousa ◽  
Ayla Sant’Ana da Silva ◽  
Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente ◽  
Viridiana Santana Ferreira-Leitão
Keyword(s):  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Solvent Free ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Mathematical Tool ◽  
Enzymatic Esterification ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Reaction Behavior ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Interesting Correlation ◽  
Using Data

The adoption of biocatalysis in solvent-free systems is an alternative to establish a greener esters production. An interesting correlation between the acid:alcohol molar ratio and biocatalyst (immobilized lipase) loading in the optimization of ester syntheses in solvent-free systems had been observed and explored. A simple mathematical tool named Substrate-Enzyme Relation (SER) has been developed, indicating a range of reaction conditions that resulted in high conversions. Here, SER utility has been validated using data from the literature and experimental assays, totalizing 39 different examples of solvent-free enzymatic esterifications. We found a good correlation between the SER trends and reaction conditions that promoted high conversions on the syntheses of short, mid, or long-chain esters. Moreover, the predictions obtained with SER are coherent with thermodynamic and kinetics aspects of enzymatic esterification in solvent-free systems. SER is an easy-to-handle tool to predict the reaction behavior, allowing obtaining optimum reaction conditions with a reduced number of experiments, including the adoption of reduced biocatalysts loadings.

Study on Synthesis of Cyclotriphosphazene Containing Aminopropylsilicone Functional Group as Flame Retardant

2013 ◽  
Vol 683 ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan Lan He ◽  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Zhao Lu Qin ◽  
Yan Hua Lan ◽  
Ding Hua Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Industrial Grade ◽  
Distribution Calculation ◽  
Optimum Reaction

A novel non-halogen flame retardant APESP, cyclotriphosphazene containing six aminopropyltriethoxysilicone functional groups N3P3[NH(CH2)3Si(OCH2CH3)3]6, was synthesized by menas of SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction, using hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene(HCCP) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxy-silane (KH550) as material. Firstly the industrial grade HCCP was purified through recrystallization and sublimation. Then the reaction process was investigated to prompt the yield, and the optimum reaction conditions were as follows: triethylamine as acid-binding agent, tetrahydrofuran as solvent, HCCP/KH550/triethylamine molar ratio 1:7.2:7.2, dripping time: 1 hour, temperature: 67°C and reaction time: 20h. Maximum APESP yield reached 94.3%. The chemical structure and purity was characterized by element analysis, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mass spectrum, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. The results showed that the structure of synthesized product is consistent with the theoretical structure, in which the chlorine atoms were completely substituted. The charge distribution calculation of HCCP and KH550 confirmed the reaction mechanism.

Porous Poly(1-naphthylamine) Synthesized by Interfacial Polymerization

2014 ◽  
Vol 809-810 ◽  
pp. 319-322
Author(s):  
Zhen Zhong Hou ◽  
Qing Hao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Interfacial Polymerization ◽  
Amorphous Polymer ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Polymerization Temperature ◽  
Main Mode ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Micro Morphology ◽  
Polymerization Method ◽  
Porous Poly

Porous poly (1-naphthylamine) were synthesized by interfacial polymerization method. The effects of several reaction conditions including oxidant/monomer molar ratio, polymerization temperature and reaction time on the polymerization yield have been investigated. The highest yield of poly (1-naphthylamine) was up to 73% at oxidant/monomer molar ratio of 3 and polymerization temperature of 25 °C for over 20h. Using FT-IR and XRD to analyze the structure of the obtained polymer, the results show that the main mode of connection for 1-naphthylamine units was linking N to para-C and it formed amorphous polymer with some ordered strutures. The micro-morphology of the polymer observed by SEM was found to have irregular porous structure with pore size less than 5μm, which may be related to the “self-emulsion effect” during polymerization.

Synthesise of (4-Ethynyl-Phenyl)-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-Diazene, a Novel Intermediate of Azobenzene Liquid Crystal with High Birefrigence

2014 ◽  
Vol 584-586 ◽  
pp. 1705-1708
Author(s):  
Xiao Ping Huo ◽  
Qi Pei Xu ◽  
Zong Cheng Miao
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Sonogashira Coupling ◽  
Target Compound ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Silyl Group ◽  
Sonogashira Coupling Reaction ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Ft Ir

In order to obtain an important azobenzene liquid crystal intermediate with phenylacetylene group, Sonogashira coupling reaction was used to preparation the compound. In this paper, the intermediate was synthesized by (4-Iodo-phenyl)-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-diazene and trimethyl silyl acetylene (TMSA) as raw materials, and then the trimethyl silyl group was removaled under the action of K2CO3. During the synthesis, the optimum reaction conditions were obtained, that the mol ratio of (4-Iodo-phenyl)-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-diazene and trimethyl silyl acetylene was 1:2, the reaction temperature was 80 oC. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to measure the molecular structure of the target compound.

Preparation of Poly (MMA-S-DVB) Microspheres by Suspension Polymerization Method

2013 ◽  
Vol 745-746 ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Si Qun Chen ◽  
Zi Cai Sun ◽  
Xiao Wei Wang ◽  
Xiao Hui Chen ◽  
Jian Jun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Suspension Polymerization ◽  
Absorption Analysis ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Macroporous Resin ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Divinyl Benzene ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Oil Water ◽  
Polymerization Method

In this work, Poly (methy methacrylate-styrene-divinyl benzene) (MMA-S-DVB) microspheres were prepared by suspension polymerization approach in the presence of n-dodecane as porogenic agent. Various types of measurements,such as binocular biological microscope with micrometer, fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and N2 absorption analysis (BET) were conducted to characterize the MMA-S-DVB microspheres. The effect of the amount of surfactants (PVA and NaCl), porogenic agent and crossing agent (DVB) on the morphology of microspheres was investigated and mass ratio of oil/water and the stirring speed were also discussed. Finally, according to the experimental results,the optimum experimental condition was obtained as follow: the mass ratio of S:MMA:DVB=3:3:4, the concentration of PVA in the water phase is 2.2 wt %, the concentration of NaCl is 5 wt %, the mass ratio of oil/water is 1:11, the stirring speed is 500rpm.Via controlling the optimum reaction conditions of the suspension polymerization, the crosslinked macroporous resin polymer MMA-S-DVB microspheres with excellent sphericity and controllable diameter in a range of 200~400 μm can be gained.

A New Technological Study on Synthesis of Bis(2-chloroethoxy)Methane

2014 ◽  
Vol 1033-1034 ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Yan Bai ◽  
Xuan Tang ◽  
Kui Zhou ◽  
Cun She Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Acid Catalysis ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Ethylene Chlorohydrin ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Chromatographic Detection ◽  
Catalyst Dosage ◽  
Technological Study

bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane was synthesized by the reaction of ethylene chlorohydrin and Oligopolyformaldehyde under sulfuric acid catalysis. optimum reaction conditions obtained were as follows: the molar ratio of Oligopolyformaldehyde and ethylene chlorohydrin of 1.2:2, catalyst dosage was 5‰mass fraction of ethylene chlorohydrin, toluene were chose as water-carrying agent, All reactant were refluxed on temperature of 110°C until no water generated. Under the optimum conditions the yield of bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane was 97.7%. The structure of bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane were conformed by ATR IR. The purity of bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane were 99% by gas chromatographic detection.

Catalytic Synthesis of Isoamyl Acetate Catalyzed by (NH4)6[MnMo9O32]•8H2O Supported Activated Carbon with Waugh Structure

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 190-193
Author(s):  
Mei Xu ◽  
Hua Yuan ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Feng Zhen Yang
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Isoamyl Alcohol ◽  
Isoamyl Acetate ◽  
Catalytic Synthesis ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Optimum Reaction

The synthesis of isoamyl acetate with ammonium 9-molybdate manganese heteropolyacid salt supported activated carbon as catalyst was studied. The optimum reaction conditions are obtained as follows: isoamyl alcohol to acetic acid molar ratio = 1.646, the weight of catalyst is 40% of total weigh, m (acidulate catalyst)=0.2g, m (water carrying reagent toluene) = 3ml, reaction time is about 63 minutes. Selectivity is 100% and conversion rate is 89.48%.

scholarly journals Two-Stage Conversion of High Free Fatty AcidJatropha curcasOil to Biodiesel Using Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid and KOH as Catalysts

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subrata Das ◽  
Ashim Jyoti Thakur ◽  
Dhanapati Deka
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Stage Conversion ◽  
Acidic Ionic Liquid ◽  
Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Stage Process

Biodiesel was produced from high free fatty acid (FFA)Jatropha curcasoil (JCO) by two-stage process in which esterification was performed by Brønsted acidic ionic liquid 1-(1-butylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BSMIM]Cl) followed by KOH catalyzed transesterification. Maximum FFA conversion of 93.9% was achieved and it reduced from 8.15 wt% to 0.49 wt% under the optimum reaction conditions of methanol oil molar ratio 12 : 1 and 10 wt% of ionic liquid catalyst at 70°C in 6 h. The ionic liquid catalyst was reusable up to four times of consecutive runs under the optimum reaction conditions. At the second stage, the esterified JCO was transesterified by using 1.3 wt% KOH and methanol oil molar ratio of 6 : 1 in 20 min at 64°C. The yield of the final biodiesel was found to be 98.6% as analyzed by NMR spectroscopy. Chemical composition of the final biodiesel was also determined by GC-MS analysis.

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