A New Technological Study on Synthesis of Bis(2-chloroethoxy)Methane

2014 ◽  
Vol 1033-1034 ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Yan Bai ◽  
Xuan Tang ◽  
Kui Zhou ◽  
Cun She Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Acid Catalysis ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Ethylene Chlorohydrin ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Chromatographic Detection ◽  
Catalyst Dosage ◽  
Technological Study

bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane was synthesized by the reaction of ethylene chlorohydrin and Oligopolyformaldehyde under sulfuric acid catalysis. optimum reaction conditions obtained were as follows: the molar ratio of Oligopolyformaldehyde and ethylene chlorohydrin of 1.2:2, catalyst dosage was 5‰mass fraction of ethylene chlorohydrin, toluene were chose as water-carrying agent, All reactant were refluxed on temperature of 110°C until no water generated. Under the optimum conditions the yield of bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane was 97.7%. The structure of bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane were conformed by ATR IR. The purity of bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane were 99% by gas chromatographic detection.

Study on the Synthesis of Isoamyl Acetate Catalyzed by Strong Acidic Cation Exchange Resin

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 2411-2415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Lan ◽  
Li Hong Lan ◽  
Tao Xie ◽  
An Ping Liao
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cation Exchanger ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Isoamyl Acetate ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Optimum Reaction

Isoamyl acetate was synthesized from isoamylol and glacial acetic acid with strong acidic cation exchanger as catalyst. The effects of reaction conditions such as acid-alcohol ratio, reaction time, catalyst dosage to esterification reaction have been investigated and the optimum reaction conditions can be concluded as: the molar ratio of acetic acid to isoamylol 0.8:1, reaction time 2h, 25 % of catalyst (quality of acetic acid as benchmark). The conversion rate can reach up to 75.46%. The catalytic ability didn’t reduce significantly after reusing 10 times and the results showed that the catalyst exhibited preferably catalytic activity and reusability.

scholarly journals Simplified Method to Optimize Enzymatic Esters Syntheses in Solvent-Free Systems: Validation Using Literature and Experimental Data

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1357
Author(s):  
Ronaldo Rodrigues de Sousa ◽  
Ayla Sant’Ana da Silva ◽  
Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente ◽  
Viridiana Santana Ferreira-Leitão
Keyword(s):  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Solvent Free ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Mathematical Tool ◽  
Enzymatic Esterification ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Reaction Behavior ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Interesting Correlation ◽  
Using Data

The adoption of biocatalysis in solvent-free systems is an alternative to establish a greener esters production. An interesting correlation between the acid:alcohol molar ratio and biocatalyst (immobilized lipase) loading in the optimization of ester syntheses in solvent-free systems had been observed and explored. A simple mathematical tool named Substrate-Enzyme Relation (SER) has been developed, indicating a range of reaction conditions that resulted in high conversions. Here, SER utility has been validated using data from the literature and experimental assays, totalizing 39 different examples of solvent-free enzymatic esterifications. We found a good correlation between the SER trends and reaction conditions that promoted high conversions on the syntheses of short, mid, or long-chain esters. Moreover, the predictions obtained with SER are coherent with thermodynamic and kinetics aspects of enzymatic esterification in solvent-free systems. SER is an easy-to-handle tool to predict the reaction behavior, allowing obtaining optimum reaction conditions with a reduced number of experiments, including the adoption of reduced biocatalysts loadings.

Study on Synthesis of Cyclotriphosphazene Containing Aminopropylsilicone Functional Group as Flame Retardant

2013 ◽  
Vol 683 ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan Lan He ◽  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Zhao Lu Qin ◽  
Yan Hua Lan ◽  
Ding Hua Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Industrial Grade ◽  
Distribution Calculation ◽  
Optimum Reaction

A novel non-halogen flame retardant APESP, cyclotriphosphazene containing six aminopropyltriethoxysilicone functional groups N3P3[NH(CH2)3Si(OCH2CH3)3]6, was synthesized by menas of SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction, using hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene(HCCP) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxy-silane (KH550) as material. Firstly the industrial grade HCCP was purified through recrystallization and sublimation. Then the reaction process was investigated to prompt the yield, and the optimum reaction conditions were as follows: triethylamine as acid-binding agent, tetrahydrofuran as solvent, HCCP/KH550/triethylamine molar ratio 1:7.2:7.2, dripping time: 1 hour, temperature: 67°C and reaction time: 20h. Maximum APESP yield reached 94.3%. The chemical structure and purity was characterized by element analysis, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mass spectrum, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. The results showed that the structure of synthesized product is consistent with the theoretical structure, in which the chlorine atoms were completely substituted. The charge distribution calculation of HCCP and KH550 confirmed the reaction mechanism.

scholarly journals Synthesis of NdAlO3 Nanoparticles and Evaluation of the Catalytic Capacity for Biodiesel Synthesis

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dionicio-Navarrete ◽  
Arrieta-Gonzalez ◽  
Quinto-Hernandez ◽  
Casales-Diaz ◽  
Zuñiga-Diaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Catalyst Synthesis ◽  
Synthesis Of Nanoparticles ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Dta Analysis ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Catalytic Capacity

Biodiesel synthesis was carried out via heterogeneous catalysis of canola oil with nanoparticles of a mixed oxide based on rare earths. The catalyst synthesis (NdAlO3) was carried out based on the method proposed by Pechini for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Thermogravimetric analysis-differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA) analysis was performed on the nanoparticle precursor gel in order to establish the optimum conditions for its calcination, with these being of 800 °C over 24 h. A pure NdAlO3 compound with an approximate size of 100 nm was obtained. The products of the transesterification reaction were analyzed using gas chromatography, FTIR, and NMR. The optimum reaction conditions were determined, namely, the temperature effect, reaction time, methanol:oil mass ratio, and recyclability of the catalyst. These studies showed the following optimal conditions: 200 °C, 5 h, methanol:oil mass ratio of 6:1, and a constant decrease in the catalytic activity of the catalyst was observed for up to six reuses, which later remained constant at around a 50% conversion rate. The maximum biodiesel yield obtained with the optimum conditions was around 75%. Analysis of the reaction products showed that the residual oil showed a chemical composition different from that of the source oil, and that both the biodiesel and glycerol obtained were of high purity.

Catalytic Synthesis of Isoamyl Acetate Catalyzed by (NH4)6[MnMo9O32]•8H2O Supported Activated Carbon with Waugh Structure

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 190-193
Author(s):  
Mei Xu ◽  
Hua Yuan ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Feng Zhen Yang
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Isoamyl Alcohol ◽  
Isoamyl Acetate ◽  
Catalytic Synthesis ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Optimum Reaction

The synthesis of isoamyl acetate with ammonium 9-molybdate manganese heteropolyacid salt supported activated carbon as catalyst was studied. The optimum reaction conditions are obtained as follows: isoamyl alcohol to acetic acid molar ratio = 1.646, the weight of catalyst is 40% of total weigh, m (acidulate catalyst)=0.2g, m (water carrying reagent toluene) = 3ml, reaction time is about 63 minutes. Selectivity is 100% and conversion rate is 89.48%.

scholarly journals Two-Stage Conversion of High Free Fatty AcidJatropha curcasOil to Biodiesel Using Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid and KOH as Catalysts

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subrata Das ◽  
Ashim Jyoti Thakur ◽  
Dhanapati Deka
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Stage Conversion ◽  
Acidic Ionic Liquid ◽  
Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Stage Process

Biodiesel was produced from high free fatty acid (FFA)Jatropha curcasoil (JCO) by two-stage process in which esterification was performed by Brønsted acidic ionic liquid 1-(1-butylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BSMIM]Cl) followed by KOH catalyzed transesterification. Maximum FFA conversion of 93.9% was achieved and it reduced from 8.15 wt% to 0.49 wt% under the optimum reaction conditions of methanol oil molar ratio 12 : 1 and 10 wt% of ionic liquid catalyst at 70°C in 6 h. The ionic liquid catalyst was reusable up to four times of consecutive runs under the optimum reaction conditions. At the second stage, the esterified JCO was transesterified by using 1.3 wt% KOH and methanol oil molar ratio of 6 : 1 in 20 min at 64°C. The yield of the final biodiesel was found to be 98.6% as analyzed by NMR spectroscopy. Chemical composition of the final biodiesel was also determined by GC-MS analysis.

scholarly journals Differential Degradation and Detoxification of an Aromatic Pollutant by Two Different Peroxidases

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aysha Hamad Alneyadi ◽  
Iltaf Shah ◽  
Synan F. AbuQamar ◽  
Syed Salman Ashraf
Keyword(s):  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Sulforhodamine B ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
First Time

Enzymatic degradation of organic pollutants is a new and promising remediation approach. Peroxidases are one of the most commonly used classes of enzymes to degrade organic pollutants. However, it is generally assumed that all peroxidases behave similarly and produce similar degradation products. In this study, we conducted detailed studies of the degradation of a model aromatic pollutant, Sulforhodamine B dye (SRB dye), using two peroxidases—soybean peroxidase (SBP) and chloroperoxidase (CPO). Our results show that these two related enzymes had different optimum conditions (pH, temperature, H2O2 concentration...etc.) for efficiently degrading SRB dye. High-performance liquid chromatography and LC-mass spectrometry analyses confirmed that both SBP and CPO transformed the SRB dye into low molecular weight intermediates. While most of the intermediates produced by the two enzymes were the same, the CPO treatment produced at least one different intermediate. Furthermore, toxicological evaluation using lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds demonstrated that the SBP-based treatment was able to eliminate the phytotoxicity of SRB dye, but the CPO-based treatment did not. Our results show, for the first time, that while both of these related enzymes can be used to efficiently degrade organic pollutants, they have different optimum reaction conditions and may not be equally efficient in detoxification of organic pollutants.

OBTENCIÓN DE BIODIESEL POR TRANSESTERIFICACIÓN ALCALINA A PARTOR DE ACEITES VEGETALES RESIDUAL EN LIMA

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Linda N. Zavaleta Palomino
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Maximum Conversion ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Optimum Production ◽  
Do So

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer el proceso de producción óptimo para generar biodiesel, por transesterificación alcalina, a partir de aceites vegetales residuales de los restaurantes del distrito de San Borja, Lima- Perú. Para ello, se analizó el aceite vegetal residual recolectado, se determinó la concentración de metanol (%v/v), la concentración de hidróxido de potasio (%p/p), el tiempo de reacción óptimo, y por último se determinó la calidad del biodiesel producido.Los resultados mostraron que es posible realizar biodiesel con el aceite recolectado, ya que su grado de acidez (1,56%) fue inferior al 3%. Las condiciones óptimas para lograr la máxima conversión de la reacción se obtuvieron cuando se usó una concentración de metanol del 30%, una concentración de hidróxido de potasio del 0,4% respecto al peso del aceite y un tiempo de reacción de 3 hrs 30 min a una temperatura constante de 60°C. Bajo estas condiciones se obtuvo un rendimiento de biodiesel del 85,97%. Al biodiesel obtenido bajo las mejores condiciones de reacción se le analizaron cuatro propiedades del combustible, encontrándose que la viscosidad cinemática fue 5,5 cSt, el número de acidez fue 0,68 mgKOH/g, la ceniza sulfatada fue 0,0478 % y el carbón conradson fue 0,142%.Palabras claves.- Transesterificación alcalina, grado de acidez, máxima conversión número de acidez, viscosidad cinemática, ceniza sulfatada, carbón conradson y postratamiento del biodiesel. ABSTRACT In this paper, it is presented an experiment carried out with the objective of knowing the optimum production process in order to generate bio diesel by alkaline transesterification, from residual vegetable oils from the Restaurants in San Borja. In order to do so, first of all of the residual vegetal oil collected was analyzed, then it was determined the concentration of methanol (%v/v), the concentration of potassium hydroxide (%p/p) and the optimum reaction time, and lastly, it was determined the bio diesel quality produced.The results showed that it is possible to generate biodiesel from the collected oil, due to its grade of acidity (1,56%) was lower than 3%. The optimum conditions to get the maximum conversion of the reaction were achieved when it was used a methanol concentration of 30%, a concentration of potassium hydroxide of 0,4% regarding the weight of the oil and a reaction time of 3:30 minutes at a constant temperature of 60%. Under these conditions it was obtained a performance of biodiesel of 85,97%. Biodiesel obtained under the best reaction conditions will be analyzed four fuel properties, finding that the kinematic viscosity was 5,5 cSt, the acid number was 0,68 mg KOH / g, the sulfated ash was 0,0478% and Conradson Carbon was 0,142%. Key Words.- Alkaline Transesterification, grade of acidity, maximum conversion, number of acidity, kinematic viscosity,    sulfated ash, conradson carbon and after treatment of biodiesel

Synthesis and Application of Starch Modified Flocculant

2013 ◽  
Vol 821-822 ◽  
pp. 1014-1018
Author(s):  
Meng Zheng ◽  
Hong Jun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Raw Material ◽  
Solution Polymerization ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Cationic Starch ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Treatment Performance ◽  
Methylation Reaction ◽  
Aqueous Solution Polymerization ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Oil Wastewater

Starch (St) and acrylamide (AM) copolymers was prepared by aqueous solution polymerization, which as raw material finished hydroxyl methylation reaction, then condensation dehydration with dicyanodiamine, cationic starch graft flocculant is synthetized. Hydroxyl methylation reaction optimum conditions are: temperature T=50°C; pH=10; n (HCHO) : n (St-AM)=1.1:1; reaction time t=2h; Dehydration optimum reaction conditions: mole ratio of 1:1; pH = 4; t=3 h; temperature T=45°C. Intrinsic viscosity number of product is 1023 ml/g, cationizing degree is 50%. Treatment performance for oil wastewater is investigated by using cationic starch graft flocculant compound with the inorganic polymeric coagulant polyferric chloride, the experimental results show that: in wastewater pH=7, the amount of inorganic polymeric coagulant polyferric chloride is 2000 mg/L, the amount of starch graft flocculant is 500 mg/L, the treatment effect is the best, oil content and suspension content are less than 10 mg/L, which reach Daqing oilfield re-injection standard.

Optimization of Chiral Resolution of (+/-)-1-Phenylethanol by Statistical Methods

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganapati D. Yadav ◽  
Jyoti B. Sontakke
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Resolution ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Enantiomeric Excess ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Acyl Donor ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Synthetic Intermediate

Optically active 1-phenylethanol is used as a chiral building block and synthetic intermediate in pharmaceutical and fine-chemical industries. Lipase - catalyzed kinetic resolution of (R,S)-1-phenylethanol with vinyl acetate as an acyl donor and Candida antarctica immobilized lipase as a biocatalyst in a batch reactor was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Four-factor-five-level central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to evaluate the effect of synthesis parameters such as speed of agitation, enzyme loading, temperature and acyl donor/alcohol molar ratio, on conversion, enantiomeric excess (ee), enantioselectivity and initial rate. Optimum reaction conditions obtained were; mole ratio of acyl donor: ester of 2:1, temperature of 42.5 °C, catalyst loading of 1.6x10-3 g.cm-3 and speed of agitation of 336 rpm. Analysis of variance was performed to determine significantly affecting variables and interactions between the process parameters.

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