Enhancing Women's Mobility in a Forest Economy: Transport and Gender Relations in the Santal Parganas, Jharkhand

2001 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitya Rao
Keyword(s):  
Gender Relations ◽  
Time Factors ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Environmental Context ◽  
Tribal Population ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Village ◽  
Gender Division Of Labour

This paper, based on a study of three villages in Dumka district, Jharkhand, attempts to under line some of the linkages between transport provisioning, livelihoods and changes in the socioeconomic and environmental context of the transport components of the roles and responsibilities of women and men. Transport needs are largely local in nature-to the fields, forests and mar kets. Distance and time factors seem to play an important role both in determining livelihood choices and the gender division of labour within the household. The state provisioning, however, has primarily related to the construction of roads and setting up of bus routes catering to the major markets rather than local needs. The paper advocates a combination of non-transport interventions for providing basic services in the village itself, along with innovative transport and organisational interventions to ease the transport burdens on the local tribal population, particularly women.

Sex in School

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jen-der Lee
Keyword(s):  
Sex Education ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Sexual Differences ◽  
Republican China ◽  
Moral Landscape ◽  
Early Republican ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Visual Materials ◽  
Anatomical Information ◽  
Gender Division Of Labour

Nearly two hundred volumes of physiology and hygiene textbooks, together with governmental and other materials, are investigated in this chapter to illuminate the intricacies in drawing the moral landscape pertinent to sex education in early republican China. Frequent revisions of official directives testify to the fast changing political and intellectual arena of China. Shifted emphases between reproductive functions and puberty sexuality exemplify the professionals’ uncertainties in getting to the early teens. Pedagogical publication boomed and writers experimented on both textual and visual materials. Bio-medicine was flagged as entrance to learning one’s own body, but a healthier nation promoted in the New Life Movement eventually relied on the individual’s self-discipline not necessarily required of scientific erudition. Some may have found secretion system more useful than anatomical information to integrate physiology, psychology and pathology into the mechanism of sexual differences, so much so that a gender division of labour was proposed to fulfill both personal responsibilities and to echo contemporary political rhetoric. Not all endorsed such elaboration, however, and the zigzag between sexual differences and gender equality became a noteworthy parallel to the tug-of-war between sexuality and reproduction.

scholarly journals GENDER DIVISION OF LABOUR AND POLYGAMY

ALQALAM ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Siti Aisyah
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Marriage Law ◽  
Head Of Household ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One ◽  
Clear Statement ◽  
Gender Division Of Labour ◽  
Do So

The Indonesian patriarchal culture and gender inequality is reflected in state policies, regulations and laws. As a pluralistic country comprising of different ethnic groups with specific cultures and traditions, Indonesia has four formal religions: Islam, Christianity, Hindu and Buddhism. Because of this, Indonesian law reflects cultural and religious diversity, including customary law or Adat law, the Marriage Law of 1974 as well as civil and criminal law. Two serious concerns of Marriage Law of 1974 are in relation to gender division of labour and polygamy which undermine Indonesian Muslim women. This paper discusses such an issue to allow women to get equaliry before the law and highlights its contribution to domestic violence.There are two contradictory stipulations with respect to the Marriage Law of 1974: equality in marriage and gender division of labour within marriage. On the one  hand, Article 31 (1) and Article 3 3 clearly state that there is no difference between husband and wife with respect to their basic rights such as love; respect, or fidelity. On the other hand, both of these Articles are contradicted with other articles which  differentiate between a husband's and wife's responsibilities. For example, Article 31 (3) and Article 34 stipulate a clear division between the roles of husbands and wives within marriage. This has become a reference point for Indonesian views in determining gender relations in marriage.Marriage Law of 1974 still which supports gender division of labour between wife and husband should be revised by providing a clear statement that these roles are conditional. This means that husbands can be domestic carers including taking care of children if they have no jobs, while wives can be finacial providers or the head of household if they are capable to do so. In this context, gender roles can be exchanged and are not strictly for a certain gender.  

scholarly journals Fit to be a Man: Women's Perspectives and Gender Relations among the Zeme Nagas of Assam

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Bowden
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Relations ◽  
Hegemonic Masculinity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
The People ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Ethnographic Data ◽  
Community Issues ◽  
And Gender

In many indigenous societies worldwide we are witnessing an increase in gender inequality. Men’s domination of women seems to be growing and women’s labour is now exploited. Zeme Naga women of Assam are lamenting the loss of support from their husbands and the burden of labour wives must take up as husbands abandon their responsibilities. Husbands are becoming more controlling. This thesis seeks to understand some of the reasons behind the decline in men’s reciprocal labour practices and the deterioration in what were once remembered as relatively egalitarian gender relations. By bringing critical, historical and feminist analyses to bear on the ethnographic data I attempt to show the ways in which women’s increasing sense of inequality is linked to Zemes’ growing marginalisation regionally and globally. I explore Zeme understandings of what makes a man ‘fit to be a man’ and the ways feminine and masculine identities engage the changes brought by colonialism and neo-colonialism. Women’s interests were once served by the Zeme patriarchal society. I found that women continue to expect reciprocal labour exchange that was based on social structures and practices that are now largely obsolete. Employing the notion of ‘hegemonic masculinity’ (Connell 2005a) it emerged that men’s earlier practices allowed an opportunity for nearly every man to achieve the Zeme ideals of masculinity which involved the demonstration of caring behaviour towards women and other members of the community. Masculinity was largely based on access to resources that men delivered to the community according to what the people were perceived to need. The notion of women and children as men’s ‘property’ entailed responsibility and self-sacrifice on behalf of men and a relatively equitable division of labour around child care. Indeed, the well-being of women and children was a constituent of Zeme normative masculinity. However, Zeme engagements with what may be termed the agents of ‘modernity’: economies, religions, agricultural projects, schooling and the creation of Statehood, have contributed to devaluing Zeme livelihoods and cosmologies. This has had significant repercussions for Zeme gender relations, which include relations among men, and is changing the direction of the pursuit of masculine ideals. I argue that these transformations have contributed to sidelining a core component of Zeme hegemonic masculinity, the ability to ‘provide what the people need’ as well as creating inequalities of opportunities for men to demonstrate ‘care’ in this way. On the other hand, these processes are also presenting new opportunities for women to contest men’s interests, and to make claims over community issues that were one avenues of prestige for men.

scholarly journals From ‘women’s business’ to ‘men’s business’: Exploring connections between vasectomy acceptance and equitable gender relations in South Tarawa, Kiribati

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alex Hill
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Gender Relations ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Household Decision ◽  
Engaging Men ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Equitable Outcomes

<p>Engaging men in sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) has implications for gender equality and sustainable development. Promoting vasectomy can foster more equitable gender relations between partners, but research on this topic is extremely limited. My research shows that, in Kiribati, vasectomy uptake is both a cause and a consequence of gender equitable relationships, but connections are complex. Vasectomy uptake can also result from, and lead to, inequitable behaviours.  Links between vasectomy uptake and gender relations among couples in South Tarawa, Kiribati were explored using a qualitative case study informed by feminist theory and principles from indigenous methodologies. Semi-structured informal interviews were held with five vasectomised I-Kiribati men and their wives, interviewed as a couple and individually. Comparative analysis was undertaken with two same-sex focus group discussions, one with non-vasectomised men and the other with their wives; and with six key informant interviews. Information generated was analysed thematically and further triangulated with international and Kiribati studies.  Among the participant-couples, vasectomy decision-making seemed equitable, consistent with other household decision-making. Notably, the wives were actively involved in their husbands’ decision to be vasectomised. Husbands were often prompted by egalitarian concerns. However, vasectomised men are in the minority and challenge gender normative behaviour. Family planning was widely viewed as women’s responsibility.  Most participants felt vasectomy created new opportunities that empowered women. Yet, some participants knew of men who used their vasectomies to control their wives’ sexual and reproductive agency, and to enable extramarital relationships. Although vasectomy freed women from contraceptive responsibility, significant shifts in the gender division of labour did not follow, but exceptions existed.  This research shows that gender equity is likely to be a pre-condition of vasectomy, and that vasectomy can lead to equitable outcomes. Moreover, gender relations within and among couples were multifaceted and contradictions existed. My research makes a strong case for why heterosexual men should be central to gender and development.</p>

scholarly journals From ‘women’s business’ to ‘men’s business’: Exploring connections between vasectomy acceptance and equitable gender relations in South Tarawa, Kiribati

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alex Hill
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Gender Relations ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Household Decision ◽  
Engaging Men ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Equitable Outcomes

<p>Engaging men in sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) has implications for gender equality and sustainable development. Promoting vasectomy can foster more equitable gender relations between partners, but research on this topic is extremely limited. My research shows that, in Kiribati, vasectomy uptake is both a cause and a consequence of gender equitable relationships, but connections are complex. Vasectomy uptake can also result from, and lead to, inequitable behaviours.  Links between vasectomy uptake and gender relations among couples in South Tarawa, Kiribati were explored using a qualitative case study informed by feminist theory and principles from indigenous methodologies. Semi-structured informal interviews were held with five vasectomised I-Kiribati men and their wives, interviewed as a couple and individually. Comparative analysis was undertaken with two same-sex focus group discussions, one with non-vasectomised men and the other with their wives; and with six key informant interviews. Information generated was analysed thematically and further triangulated with international and Kiribati studies.  Among the participant-couples, vasectomy decision-making seemed equitable, consistent with other household decision-making. Notably, the wives were actively involved in their husbands’ decision to be vasectomised. Husbands were often prompted by egalitarian concerns. However, vasectomised men are in the minority and challenge gender normative behaviour. Family planning was widely viewed as women’s responsibility.  Most participants felt vasectomy created new opportunities that empowered women. Yet, some participants knew of men who used their vasectomies to control their wives’ sexual and reproductive agency, and to enable extramarital relationships. Although vasectomy freed women from contraceptive responsibility, significant shifts in the gender division of labour did not follow, but exceptions existed.  This research shows that gender equity is likely to be a pre-condition of vasectomy, and that vasectomy can lead to equitable outcomes. Moreover, gender relations within and among couples were multifaceted and contradictions existed. My research makes a strong case for why heterosexual men should be central to gender and development.</p>

scholarly journals Family, Gender, and Labour in the Greek Mines, 1860–1940

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-288
Author(s):  
Leda Papastefanaki
Keyword(s):  
Gender Relations ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Mining Communities ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Mining Regions ◽  
Male Labour

AbstractTo date, research on work in the mines in Greece has ignored the significance of gender in the workplace, since mining is associated exclusively with male labour. As such, it is considered, indirectly, not subject to gender relations. The article examines the influence of family and gender relations on labour in the Greek mines in the period 1860–1940 by highlighting migration trajectories, paternalistic practices, and the division of labour in mining communities.Sources include: official publications of the Mines Inspectorate and the Mines and Industrial Censuses, the Greek Miners’ Fund Archive, British and French consular reports, various economic and technical reports by experts, literature and narratives, the local press from mining regions, and the Archive of the Seriphos Mines.

Frondeuses and Feminists in the Work of Arvède Barine (1840–1908)

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-112
Author(s):  
Whitney Walton
Keyword(s):  
Gender Relations ◽  
Third Republic ◽  
National Library ◽  
Women And Gender ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
And Gender

This article examines Arvède Barine’s extensive and popular published output from the 1880s to 1908, along with an extraordinary cache of letters addressed to Barine and held in the Manuscript Department of the National Library of France. It asserts that in the process of criticizing contemporary feminist activists and celebrating the achievements of women, especially French women, in history, she constructed the historical and cultural distinctiveness of French women as an ideal blend of femininity, accomplishment, and independence. This notion of the French singularity, indeed the superiority of French women, resolved the contradiction between her condemnation of feminism as a transformation of gender relations and her support for causes and reforms that enabled women to lead intellectually and emotionally fulfilling lives. Barine’s work offers another example of the varied ways that women in Third Republic France engaged with public debates about women and gender.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document