Association Between Maternal Education and Childhood Mortalities in Myanmar

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 689-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaing Soe ◽  
Paula Holland ◽  
Ceu Mateus
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Secondary Level ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Social Determinant ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Comprehensive Health ◽  
Health Survey Data ◽  
Context Specific

Maternal education is widely regarded as a core social determinant of child mortality in low-income countries. In Myanmar, the evidence related to context-specific social determinants of health including maternal education is scarce, limiting grounds to advocate for a comprehensive health policy. Employing multivariate methods, the study analyzed the 2015-2016 Demographic Health Survey data exploring independent effect of maternal education on neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality. The study found that maternal education was not significantly associated with neonatal mortality as its effect was confounded by household wealth and geographic residence; however, it had independent effect on infant and under-5 mortality. Mothers with primary education had 23% reduction in the odds of under-5 mortality ( P < .001); those with secondary level had 40% reduction ( P < .001); and those at higher level had 62% reduction ( P < .001). The study concluded that maternal education is a critical social determinant of childhood mortalities in Myanmar.

scholarly journals Efficacy of deep learning methods for predicting under-five mortality in 34 low-income and middle-income countries

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. e034524
Author(s):  
Adeyinka Emmanuel Adegbosin ◽  
Bela Stantic ◽  
Jing Sun
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Middle Income Countries

ObjectivesTo explore the efficacy of machine learning (ML) techniques in predicting under-five mortality (U5M) in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) and to identify significant predictors of U5M.DesignThis is a cross-sectional, proof-of-concept study.Settings and participantsWe analysed data from the Demographic and Health Survey. The data were drawn from 34 LMICs, comprising a total of n=1 520 018 children drawn from 956 995 unique households.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure was U5M; secondary outcome was comparing the efficacy of deep learning algorithms: deep neural network (DNN); convolution neural network (CNN); hybrid CNN-DNN with logistic regression (LR) for the prediction of child’s survival.ResultsWe found that duration of breast feeding, number of antenatal visits, household wealth index, postnatal care and the level of maternal education are some of the most important predictors of U5M. We found that deep learning techniques are superior to LR for the classification of child survival: LR sensitivity=0.47, specificity=0.53; DNN sensitivity=0.69, specificity=0.83; CNN sensitivity=0.68, specificity=0.83; CNN-DNN sensitivity=0.71, specificity=0.83.ConclusionOur findings provide an understanding of determinants of U5M in LMICs. It also demonstrates that deep learning models are more efficacious than traditional analytical approach.

scholarly journals Time trends and sociodemographic determinants of preterm births in pregnancy cohorts in Matlab, Bangladesh, 1990–2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. e001462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anisur Rahman ◽  
Monjur Rahman ◽  
Jesmin Pervin ◽  
Abdur Razzaque ◽  
Shaki Aktar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Sociodemographic Determinants ◽  
Gestational Age At Birth

IntroductionPreterm birth is the major cause of under-five mortality. Population-based data on determinants and proportions of children born preterm are limited, especially from low-income countries. This study aimed at assessing time trends and social, reproductive and environmental determinants of preterm births based on a population-based pregnancy cohort over 25 years in rural Bangladesh.MethodsIn this cohort study in Matlab, a rural area in Bangladesh, we used data from the Health and Demographic Surveillance System from 1990 to 2014. Gestational age at birth was based on the reported last menstrual period and verified by ultrasound assessments. Preterm birth proportions were assessed within strata of social and reproductive characteristics, and time series analysis was performed with decomposition for trend and seasonality. We also determined the prevented fractions of preterm birth reduction associated with social and demographic changes during the follow-up period.ResultsAnalyses were based on 63 063 live births. Preterm birth decreased from 29% (95% CI 28.6 to 30.1) in 1990–1994 to 11% (95% CI 10.5 to 11.6) in 2010–2014. Low education, older age and multi-parity were associated with higher proportions of preterm births across the study period. Preterm births had a marked seasonal variation. A rapid increase in women’s educational level and decrease in parity were associated with the decline in preterm births, and 27% of the reduction observed from 1990 to 2014 could be attributed to these educational and reproductive changes.ConclusionThe reduction in preterm birth was to a large extent associated with the sociodemographic transition, especially changes in maternal education and parity. The persistent seasonal variation in the proportion of preterm birth may reflect the environmental stressors for pregnant women across the study period. Continued investments in girls’ education and family planning programmes may contribute to further reduction of preterm births in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Associated Factors of Caesarean Section in Ethiopia Using 2016 Demographic Health Survey Data; Community Based Cross Sectional Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abebaw Gedef Azene ◽  
Abiba Mihret Aragaw ◽  
Mihretie Gedefaw
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Multiple Pregnancy ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Survey Data

Abstract Objective:The rate of caesarean section is increasing in Ethiopia, recently. Identifying associated demographic health factors was the aim of this study.Results:More educated mothers were more delivering by C-section compared with those illiterate. Those mother having higher body mass index were more likely to deliver with caesarean section (p = 0.0001). C-section was increased when mothers go to elder (p = 0.0001). Maternal education, birth order, preceding birth interval, multiple pregnancy, maternal age and interaction effect BMI with household wealth index statistically significantly associated factors to increase the rate of C-section. Residence and region were community level factors to increase caesarean section.Therefore; community awareness creation towards C-section with its side effect is essential in Ethiopia.

Electronic Payment Adoption in the Banking Sector of Low-Income Countries

2018 ◽  
pp. 1042-1063
Author(s):  
Teshome Alemu ◽  
Tridib Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Solomon Negash
Keyword(s):  
Technology Adoption ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Banking Services ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Moderating Factors ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
The Way

Banks in low-income countries are launching e-banking services such as Internet banking, SMS banking, ATM banking, card banking, point of sales (PoS) and mobile banking. Among these planned services, ATM is the most matured service in many private and state owned banks in Ethiopia. ATM is a recent phenomenon in low-income countries (; ), and is still being introduced in financial sectors in low-income countries (Angeli, 2008; ) making investigation of factors of ICT technology adoption in low income countries timely. The authors test context specific applicability of UTAUT (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology) model. The authors' analysis of primary data suggests general applicability of the modified UTAUT model in explaining factors and antecedents of technology adoption but also identifies significant differences in the moderating factors of gender and age. Depending on whether they are above or below the age of 30, Ethiopian consumers of banking services exhibit highly differentiated levels of service credibility and technology risk acceptance towards ATM banking. This suggests that banking services sector in low income countries may like to clearly delineate and appropriately differentiate their awareness and reach-out strategies to their customers who belong to one or the other age group. Furthermore, women in this study are found to perceive themselves as more susceptible to fraud and other security risks in ATM banking, suggesting that special design considerations be incorporated in the way locations of ATMs are selected and in the way ATM technology features are accessed to ally such fears. The authors' work also shows research directions where other scholars may investigate an otherwise much diffused technology adoption in the low income countries of the world.

scholarly journals Covid19 Response in Low-Income Country: The Case of A Lockdown in Zambia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choolwe Mphanza Muzyamba
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
Context Specific

Abstract Background The onset of the covid19 pandemic has sparked heated debate among scholars on the relevance of lockdowns. There are those in favor of the lockdown and others who are critical of it. However, despite the increased interest in understanding the relevance of lockdowns, there still has not been much focus on its relevance in low income countries like Zambia. Thus with the help of the SRT, we set out to explore and document the local characterization of the lockdown by residents of Lusaka, Zambia.Methods A qualitative study in the form of interviews was conducted in Lusaka, Zambia involving a sample of 68 participants. Due to the lockdown measures that were in place during the study, the interviews were conducted via phone calls and the data collected were later analyzed by use of thematic analysis technique. Results The lockdown was on one hand lauded for slowing down the incidence rates, preventing fatalities, and for protecting the healthcare system from collapse. On the other hand, it was criticized for exacerbating poverty levels, unemployment rates, increasing the rate of mental health problems, aiding gender based violence, and intensifying political repression and corruption. The results speak to the complexity in the characterization of the lockdown as a response to covid19 in Zambia. This observation demonstrates the folly of viewing, applying and characterizing the covid19 lockdown as a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach in Zambia.Conclusion Thus rather than definitely establishing the lockdown as an incontestable good, as it is depicted by some scholars or as useless by its critics, our findings instead demonstrate the diversity and complexity in how it is locally viewed by Zambians. The study provides grounds for caution on simplistic and binary characterization of lockdowns. It indicates the need for careful dialog between the designers of lockdowns and citizens in order to tailor such interventions to local realities in context-specific ways. It also shows that though the development of such interventions, all the various and complex elements it embodies must be taken into account in order to realize optimum outcomes.

scholarly journals Covid19 Response in Low-Income Country: The Case of a Lockdown in Zambia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choolwe Muzyamba
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
Context Specific

Abstract Background The onset of the covid19 pandemic has sparked heated debate among scholars on the relevance of lockdowns. There are those in favor of the lockdown and others who are critical of it. However, despite the increased interest in understanding the relevance of lockdowns, there still has not been much focus on its relevance in low income countries like Zambia. Thus with the help of the SRT, we set out to explore and document the local characterization of the lockdown by residents of Lusaka, Zambia.MethodsA qualitative study in the form of interviews was conducted in Lusaka, Zambia involving a sample of 68 participants. Due to the lockdown measures that were in place during the study, the interviews were conducted via phone calls and the data collected were later analyzed by use of thematic analysis technique. ResultsThe lockdown was on one hand lauded for slowing down the incidence rates, preventing fatalities, and for protecting the healthcare system from collapse. On the other hand, it was criticized for exacerbating poverty levels, unemployment rates, increasing the rate of mental health problems, aiding gender based violence, and intensifying political repression and corruption. The results speak to the complexity in the characterization of the lockdown as a response to covid19 in Zambia. This observation demonstrates the folly of viewing, applying and characterizing the covid19 lockdown as a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach in Zambia.ConclusionThus rather than definitely establishing the lockdown as an incontestable good, as it is depicted by some scholars or as useless by its critics, our findings instead demonstrate the diversity and complexity in how it is locally viewed by Zambians. The study provides grounds for caution on simplistic and binary characterization of lockdowns. It indicates the need for careful dialog between the designers of lockdowns and citizens in order to tailor such interventions to local realities in context-specific ways. It also shows that though the development of such interventions, all the various and complex elements it embodies must be taken into account in order to realize optimum outcomes.

scholarly journals Chronic Malnutrition Among Under Five Children of Ethiopia May Not Be Economic. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

1970 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalkidan Hassen Abate ◽  
Tefera Belachew
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Child Undernutrition ◽  
Children Nutrition ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Hygiene Factors

Background: Ethiopia is one of the four low income countries in achieving MDG4, however, minimizing child undernutrition became critical undertaking thus far. This review aimed at identifying the predictors of under-5 children nutrition in Ethiopia.Methods: Databases searched were Med Line, HINARY, MedNar and Embase. Furthermore, gray literatures were also sought. All papers selected for inclusion in the review were subjected to a rigorous critical appraisal using standardized critical appraisal instruments from the Joanna Briggs Institute. Quantitative papers were pooled for statistical analysis and narrative synthesis. Odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated for analysis. Papers of optimal quality but without optimal data set for meta-analysis were subjected for narrative synthesisResults: Nonadherence towards Optimal feeding recommendations was the most reported predictor of stunting and wasting, while, maternal education and ‘Water, Sanitation and Hygiene’ factors were the second. The findings of the Meta-analysis showed no evidence of association between household income/wealth and stunting of children in Ethiopia (OR=1.14, 95% CI= 0.97, 1.34), heterogeneity test:i2 = 92%, df = 20, (P < 0.00001). On the other hand, children in low income/wealth group were 1.73 times more likely to have wasting compared to children of the higher income/wealth households (OR=1.73, 95% C I= 1.51, 1.97) heterogeneity test: i2 = 71%, df = 20, (P < 0.00001).Conclusion: An over-reliance on macroeconomic growth as a solitary factor towards undernutrition should not be the way forward. Supplementary and more focused nutrition specific and sensitive interventions are needed in Ethiopia.

Health and human development in Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 5-34
Author(s):  
Caroline Sabina Wekullo ◽  
Elise Catherine Davis ◽  
Fredrick Muyia Nafukho ◽  
Bita A. Kash
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Comprehensive Literature Review ◽  
Comprehensive Health

Purpose This paper aims to critically analyze the empirical literature on health and human development in high-, middle- and low-income countries to develop a sustainable model for investing in human health. The model is critical in building a comprehensive health-care system that fosters the stakeholders’ financial stability, economic growth and high-quality education for the local community. Design/methodology/approach A comprehensive literature review was carried out on health, human development and sustainable health investment. After thoroughly examining theoretical frameworks underlying the strategies of successful human health systems, a summary of empirical articles is created. Summaries provided in this paper represent relevant health-care strategies for Kenya. Findings Based on the empirical review of literature, a Nexus Health Care model focusing on human development, social and cultural development, economic development and environmental development in high-, middle- and low-income countries is proposed. The goal of this model is to enhance sustainable development where wealth creation is accompanied with environmental uplifting and protection of social and material well-being. Research limitations/implications This paper is limited to a comprehensive literature review presenting empirical evidence of human development and sustainability. Originality/value Kenya like other developing nations aspires to contribute significantly in improving health through development of health products but the approaches used have been limiting. In most cases, the use of Western theories, lack of empowering the community and dependence on donor support have hindered the country from achieving comprehensive health and human development. This papers seeks to develop a model for health-care investment and provide strategies, operations and structure of successful health systems and human development for a developing country, such as Kenya.

scholarly journals From the Editor's desk

2016 ◽  
Vol 209 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-92
Author(s):  
Kamaldeep Bhui
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Quality Healthcare ◽  
Article Type ◽  
Comprehensive Health ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Lower Income Countries

Trials, tribulations, mind and mechanism Cost and innovationUK investment in health (public and private) is falling, from 8% in 2009, to 6.6% by 2021.1 Current expectations of the NHS, to provide comprehensive, modernised, and scientifically founded care have risen alongside greater needs of a growing population living with chronic illnesses. In fact, global efforts to improve health are challenged by similar issues, and most people around the globe are neither seeing nor do they expect comprehensive health coverage. Many countries still do not have appropriate policy and legislation. The current strains on health provision in the UK and other higher-income countries demand actions that perhaps would only have been previously been considered for lower-income countries where, by comparison, there is grossly insufficient investment (see editorial by Sashidharan et al, pp. ); so task shifting and community development innovations from low-income countries are proposed as alternatives to high-quality healthcare in high-income countries. The job of government has become to contain and offset costs to the state by seeking a range of alternative providers, and by driving down the costs of existing provision.

scholarly journals Residential Food Environment, Household Wealth and Maternal Education Association to Preschoolers’ Consumption of Plant-Based Vitamin A-Rich Foods: The EAT Addis Survey in Addis Ababa

Nutrients ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 296
Author(s):  
Adane Kebede ◽  
Magnus Jirström ◽  
Alemayehu Worku ◽  
Kassahun Alemu ◽  
Hanna Y. Berhane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Food Environment ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Rich Food

Vitamin A deficiency is common among preschoolers in low-income settings and a serious public health concern due to its association to increased morbidity and mortality. The limited consumption of vitamin A-rich food is contributing to the problem. Many factors may influence children’s diet, including residential food environment, household wealth, and maternal education. However, very few studies in low-income settings have examined the relationship of these factors to children’s diet together. This study aimed to assess the importance of residential food availability of three plant-based groups of vitamin A-rich foods, household wealth, and maternal education for preschoolers’ consumption of plant-based vitamin A-rich foods in Addis Ababa. A multistage sampling procedure was used to enroll 5467 households with under-five children and 233 residential food environments with 2568 vendors. Data were analyzed using a multilevel binary logistic regression model. Overall, 36% (95% CI: 34.26, 36.95) of the study children reportedly consumed at least one plant-based vitamin A-rich food group in the 24-h dietary recall period. The odds of consuming any plant-based vitamin A-rich food were significantly higher among children whose mothers had a higher education level (AOR: 2.55; 95% CI: 2.01, 3.25), those living in the highest wealth quintile households (AOR: 2.37; 95% CI: 1.92, 2.93), and in residentials where vitamin A-rich fruits were available (AOR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.41). Further research in residential food environment is necessary to understand the purchasing habits, affordability, and desirability of plant-based vitamin A-rich foods to widen strategic options to improve its consumption among preschoolers in low-income and low-education communities.

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