Small intestinal pseudodiverticulosis in a pony mare

2021 ◽  
pp. 104063872110320
Author(s):  
Hannah R. Leventhal ◽  
Anna M. Hassebroek ◽  
Francisco Carvallo ◽  
Harold C. McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Abdominal Mass ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Close Approximation ◽  
Transabdominal Ultrasonography ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Small Intestinal

A 14-y-old pony mare was referred after 30-d duration of intermittent pyrexia, anorexia, weight loss, and change in manure consistency. Physical examination revealed a palpable but reducible ventral abdominal mass. Transabdominal ultrasonography revealed multiple distended, hypomotile, and thickened small intestinal loops in close approximation with numerous, well-defined, hyperechoic masses. There was a large amount of echogenic peritoneal fluid; abdominocentesis revealed a neutrophilic and macrophagic inflammatory exudate, and a mixed bacterial population was cultured. Given the poor prognosis, the mare was euthanized. The autopsy findings included a large abdominal abscess, serosanguineous peritoneal fluid with fibrin strands, and ~50 outpouches communicating with the lumen and extending from the anti-mesenteric aspect of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. These structures were classified as pseudodiverticula based on the histologic absence of the tunica muscularis layer of the intestinal wall. Pseudodiverticula should be included as a differential etiology in horses when clinical signs consistent with colic, diarrhea, or weight loss are recognized and, when on examination, one or more organized masses are palpated or visualized on transabdominal ultrasound, as well as visualization of small intestinal loops with thickened walls.

scholarly journals Multiple pathologies of the feline uterus: a case report

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Sapierzynski ◽  
I. Dolka ◽  
A. Cywinska
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Endometrial Hyperplasia ◽  
Abdominal Mass ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Fluid Accumulation ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Uterine Corpus ◽  
Uterine Tumors ◽  
Macroscopic Findings ◽  
Important Disease

Uterine tumors are rare in cats, the most common clinical signs observed include presence of abdominal mass, weight loss, anorexia, pain, and vaginal bleeding in some cases. On the other hand, the most commonly diagnosed and thus the most important disease of feline uterus is cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex (CEH-P). A 12-year-old, sexually intact, female domestic shorthaired cat was presented due to mild weight loss and recurring vaginal discharge. Data obtained during clinical examination, ultrasonography and basic blood tests suggested the presence of cystic endometrial hyperplasia with aseptic fluid accumulation in the uterine lumen. Macroscopic findings and light microscopic examination revealed complex uterine pathology, including: (1) cystic endometrial hyperplasia in uterine horns, (2) accumulation of mucoid fluid in lumen of uterine corpus (mucometra), (3) adenocarcinoma of the uterine corpus and (4) leiomyoma of the uterine cervix. Additionally, immunohistochemistry of both neoplastic tissues was made.

Airborne-induced experimental Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia in Strain 13 guineapigs

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Trahan ◽  
E. H. Stephenson ◽  
J. W. Ezzell ◽  
W. C. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Model System ◽  
Bordetella Bronchiseptica ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Disease Pathogenesis ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Colony Forming Units

To evaluate the efficacy of a commercial bacterial vaccine in protecting Strain 13 guineapigs against fatal Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia, it was necessary to establish the infectivity and disease pathogenesis induced by virulent organisms. When guineapigs were exposed to small-particle aerosols of varying concentrations of virulent B. bronchiseptica, a spectrum of disease was produced that ranged from inapparent illness to fulminant bronchopneumonia. Clinical signs began by day 4 after exposure, and were evidenced by anorexia, weight loss, respiratory distress and serous to purulent nasal discharge. Pathological alterations were limited to the respiratory system. Moribund animals exhibited a suppurative necrotizing bronchopneumonia and necrotizing tracheitis. In animals that survived the challenge, the bacteria were eliminated from the lungs by day 28 but continued to persist in the laryngeal area and the trachea. The median infectious dose and the median lethal dose were estimated to be 4 colony-forming units (CFU) and 1314 CFU respectively. These data suggest that the guineapig will be a valuable model system in which to study interactions between Bordetella species and host cells as well as to evaluate potential B. bronchiseptica immunogens.

scholarly journals Diagnostic utility of alarm features in predicting malignancy in patients with dyspeptic symptoms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anurag Shetty ◽  
Girisha Balaraju ◽  
Shiran Shetty ◽  
Cannanore Ganesh Pai
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Epigastric Pain ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Abdominal Mass ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Dyspeptic Symptoms ◽  
Malignant Lesions ◽  
Alarm Features ◽  
Gastric Malignancy

Abstract Background Clinical features are of modest benefit in determining the etiology of dyspepsia. Dyspeptic patients with alarm features are suspected to have malignancy; but the proportions of patients and true cutoff values of various quantitative parameters in predicting malignancy are explored to a lesser extent. Methods This is a prospective observational study of consecutive patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) for dyspeptic symptoms. Patients’ alarm features and clinical details were recorded in a predesigned questionnaire. The diagnostic accuracy of alarm features in predicting malignancy was studied. Results Nine hundred patients, 678 (75.3%) males, with a mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 44.6 (13.54) years were enrolled. Commonest indication for EGD was epigastric pain in 614 (68.2%) patients. Dyspepsia was functional in 311 (34.6%) patients. EGD revealed benign lesions in 340 (37.8%) and malignancy in 50 (5.5%) patients. Among the malignant lesions, gastric malignancy was present in 28 (56%) and esophageal malignancy in 20 (40%) patients. Alarm features were present in 206 (22.9%), out of which malignant lesions were seen in 46 (22.3%) patients. Altogether, the alarm features had a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 81.2% for predicting malignancy. The sensitivity and specificity for weight loss were 76% and 90.8%, while that of abdominal mass were 10% and 99.9% respectively. Based on receiver operating characteristic curve, the optimal age for screening of malignancy was 46.5 years in this population. Conclusions Patients of age group 40 to 49 years with dyspeptic alarm symptoms (predominant weight loss) need prompt endoscopy to screen for malignancy. The alarm features are inexpensive screening tools, found to be useful in India, and should be utilized in countries with similar healthcare conditions and disease epidemiology.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Fecal Microbiota of Horses with Intestinal Disease and Their Healthy Counterparts

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Taemook Park ◽  
Heetae Cheong ◽  
Jungho Yoon ◽  
Ahram Kim ◽  
Youngmin Yun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Disease ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Small Intestinal

(1) Background: The intestinal microbiota plays an essential role in maintaining the host’s health. Dysbiosis of the equine hindgut microbiota can alter the fermentation patterns and cause metabolic disorders. (2) Methods: This study compared the fecal microbiota composition of horses with intestinal disease and their healthy counterparts living in Korea using 16S rRNA sequencing from fecal samples. A total of 52 fecal samples were collected and divided into three groups: horses with large intestinal disease (n = 20), horses with small intestinal disease (n = 8), and healthy horses (n = 24). (3) Results: Horses with intestinal diseases had fewer species and a less diverse bacterial population than healthy horses. Lactic acid bacteria, Lachnospiraceae, and Lactobacillaceae were overgrown in horses with large intestinal colic. The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (F/B), which is a relevant marker of gut dysbiosis, was 1.94, 2.37, and 1.74 for horses with large intestinal colic, small intestinal colic, and healthy horses, respectively. (4) Conclusions: The overgrowth of two lactic acid bacteria families, Lachnospiraceae and Lactobacillaceae, led to a decrease in hindgut pH that interfered with normal fermentation, which might cause large intestinal colic. The overgrowth of Streptococcus also led to a decrease in pH in the hindgut, which suppressed the proliferation of the methanogen and reduced methanogenesis in horses with small intestinal colic.

#58: Improving the Peritoneal Dialysis Program in a Pediatric hospital in Honduras Using Six Sigma Methodology

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S20-S21
Author(s):  
Sara Eloisa Rivera Molina ◽  
Claudia Romero Quiroz ◽  
Dilcia Sauceda Acosta
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Six Sigma ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Pediatric Hospital ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Six Sigma Methodology ◽  
Fluid Cell

Abstract Background Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is the most common method of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in pediatric patients in Honduras. It has improved survival and quality of life. Unfortunately, there are complications associated with the use of PD catheters, 85% of which, are of infectious origin. These infections carry a high burden of morbidity and mortality, lengthen hospital stays, and increase costs and are a motive for transfer to hemodialysis. Hospital María Especialidades Pediátricas (HMEP) is a pediatric hospital caring for patients with chronic kidney disease in Honduras, PD has been offered as a method for RRT since September 2014. Methods In HMEP, monitoring of PD infection rates through active surveillance began December 1, 2017, as the first step (define and measure) toward the improvement of the PD Program based on Six Sigma methodology. A case of peritonitis was diagnosed when at least 2 of the following 3 criteria were met: (1) Clinical signs or symptoms of peritonitis (cloudy effluent or abdominal pain with fever or vomiting); (2) Altered peritoneal fluid cell count (after a dwell time of 2 hours: a WBC above 100 cells/mm3 in an uncentrifuged sample, with at least 50% neutrophils; or any WBC count with at least 50% neutrophils if the dwell time was less than 2 hours); (3) Positive peritoneal fluid culture. Patient data, risk factors for infection, causative organisms, and event outcomes were recorded. We present the main results of the analysis phase of all peritonitis cases using descriptive statistics. Results From December 1, 2017, through November 30, 2019, 79 patients required PD, representing 8931 catheter-days; and 30 peritonitis episodes occurred among 28 individuals (35%). The peritonitis rate during the 2-year surveillance period was 1.2 infections per patient-years (ideally: <0.67). Twenty-seven (90%) of cases were classified as healthcare associated since these patients underwent PD 3 times a week in the hospital and the catheter was only manipulated by medical staff; the other patients received dialysis at home. The median time from catheter placement to the event was 27 days (5–383 days). All patients had clinical signs or symptoms of peritonitis. Peritoneal fluid cell count results were available for 29 infections, all of which reported altered results. Peritoneal fluid cultures were positive in only 12 events (40%); 6 (50%) reported Gram-negative organisms, 5 (41%) reported Gram-positive and 1 reported Aspergillus spp. Nonfermentative Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter lwoffii) were the most common organisms identified; Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common Gram-positive. Ten events (33%) required removal and replacement of the catheter due to the infection, 6 (20%) required permanent transfer to hemodialysis; 2 (7.1%) patients experienced a relapse. Two (7.1%) died due to infection. Conclusions Implementing Six Sigma methodology allowed us to improve our PD Program by objectively quantifying the magnitude of the problem and identifying risk factors. This supported the infection prevention and control team with the implementation and improvement of preventive measures: change in hand hygiene products (from triclosan to chlorhexidine), increasing hand hygiene compliance, improving connection/disconnection procedure, PD catheter insertion, and maintenance, empowerment of caregivers.

Serum cobalamin concentrations and small intestinal ultrasound changes in 75 cats with clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease: a retrospective study

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria C Jugan ◽  
John R August
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Abdominal Ultrasound ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Definitive Diagnosis ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Small Intestinal

Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate ultrasonographic changes in the small intestine of cats with clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease and low or low–normal serum cobalamin concentrations. Methods Records for client-owned cats presenting to the small animal hospital with signs of gastrointestinal disease and in which serum cobalamin concentrations were measured from 2000–2013 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were cobalamin concentrations <500 ng/l, abdominal ultrasound within 1 month of cobalamin testing and definitive diagnosis. Results Of 751 serum cobalamin measurements, hypocobalaminemia or low–normal cobalamin was identified in 270 cats, abdominal ultrasound was performed in 207 of those cats and a diagnosis was available for 75 of them. Small intestinal ultrasound changes were detected in 49/75 (65%) cats. Abnormalities included thickening, loss of wall layer definition, echogenicity alterations and discrete masses. Serum cobalamin concentrations <500 ng/l were observed with diagnoses of inflammatory disease, neoplasia, infectious disease and normal histopathology. Cobalamin concentration was significantly lower in cats with lymphoma or inflammatory bowel disease compared with other gastrointestinal neoplasia ( P = 0.031). No difference was found between cobalamin concentration and the presence of ultrasound abnormalities, specific ultrasound changes or albumin concentration. Conclusions and relevance One-third of symptomatic cats with hypocobalaminemia or low–normal cobalamin concentrations may have an ultrasonographically normal small intestine. For the majority of cats in this study, histopathologic abnormalities were observed in the small intestine, regardless of ultrasound changes. These findings suggest gastrointestinal disease should not be excluded based on low–normal cobalamin concentrations, even with a concurrent normal ultrasound examination. Additional studies are needed in cats with low–normal serum cobalamin concentrations, as a definitive diagnosis was not pursued consistently in those cats. However, data from this study suggest that careful monitoring, histopathologic evaluation and future cobalamin supplementation may be warranted.

scholarly journals Miltefosine Administration in Cats with Refractory Sporotrichosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Francina Dos Santos Silva ◽  
Simone Carvalho dos Santos Cunha ◽  
Andrea Regina de Souza Baptista ◽  
Vivian Dos Santos Baptista ◽  
Kássia Valéria Gomes Coelho da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Sporothrix Schenckii ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions

Background: Sporotrichosis is a zoonosis caused by fungi of the Sporothrix schenckii complex. Cats have important zoonotic potential due to the high parasite load found in the cutaneous lesions. Refractory cases to antifungal therapy are increasing, becoming a public health problem. Miltefosine is a drug with high in vitro activity against Sporothrix brasiliensis. However, this efficacy has not been confirmed in vivo yet and administration has not been studied in the feline species. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of miltefosine administration in cats with resistant sporotrichosis.Materials, Methods & Results: Ten cats with refractory sporotrichosis were included in this study. Inclusion criteria were previous diagnosis for sporotrichosis associated with therapy with oral antifungals (itraconazole and/or potassium iodide) for more than one year, followed by one of these conditions: incomplete clinical remission, worsening of disease during treatment or recurrence after conventional treatment. Cats underwent clinical and dermatological examinations. Data on lifestyle and previous treatments were provided by the owners. Fungal culture and histochemical techniques were performed in all cats before miltefosine treatment. Blood samples were collected before and during the study for laboratory tests, such as blood count, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase, as well as serology for Feline Immunodeficiency (FIV) and Feline Leukemia (FeLV). Miltefosine was prescribed at a dosage of 2 mg/kg orally every 24 h. The animals were monitored by phone during the whole process and reassessed on days 0, 15, 30 and 45 of the treatment. Out of 10 cats, lesions were present on the nose in nine, ears in four, periocular areas in one and limbs in four. One cat received treatment for 45 days, six for 30 days, one for 21 days, one for 15 days and one for 3 days. One cat showed no response to the treatment and nine showed disease progression. Hyporexia and weight loss were the most frequent clinical signs related to miltefosine treatment, followed by sialorrhea, vomiting and diarrhea. Few adverse effects on hematology and biochemistry (mainly renal and hepatic parameters) were observed during the study. Hematocrit decrease was observed in four animals. However, only one cat had hematocrit decrease below normal values (anemia), which was already present before miltefosine administration. Other cats had a decrease of five points. Three cats showed elevation in leucometria and four in plasma protein. In relation to renal and hepatic biochemistry, one animal showed a BUN increase and another one showed a transient increase in ALT. Two animals started the treatment with increased ALT but had no problems during the study and values decreased even during the miltefosine administration.Discussion: Although two cats showed sialorrhea, most owners did not report difficulty in administering the drug orally, representing an advantage of this medication. Weight loss, secondary to gastrointestinal changes, was the most clinically relevant alteration. The most frequent hematological alteration was hematocrit decrease and only the animal that started the study with 20% hematocrit ended the study with anemia. Renal and hepatic parameters were not significant in the cats of this study. Miltefosine did not lead to sporotrichosis remission in this small population of cats, which reveals that, despite its in vitro efficacy against Sporothrix spp., the drug is not effective in vivo in the feline species. Further studies are needed to investigate the efficacy of this drug in a larger number of cats, and possible reasons for its in vivo ineffectiveness.

scholarly journals Prevalence of paratuberculosis infection in sheep

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
Branka Vidic ◽  
Zivoslav Grgic ◽  
Milovan Jovicin ◽  
Zoran Rasic ◽  
Sara Savic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Positive Finding ◽  
Clinical Form ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Progressive Weight Loss ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis ◽  
Positive Results

Paratuberculosis is an incurable chronic disease of ruminants, which is manifested with clinical signs of diarrhea and progressive weight loss. Causative agent is Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and the disiase occurs in cattle, sheep and goats. The outspread of paratuberculosis is huge in the whole world, especially in the countries where animal breeding is a developed branch of economy. Animals get infected with food and water contaminated with feces of infected animals. The infection spreads within infected pastures and also when trading animals with latent infection. Clinical manifestation of the disease can firstly be noticed in young categories of sheep, which is different than in cattle. Primary clinical symptom is chronic weight loss. It is rather hard to determine the level of prevalence of the disease, in a certain region, because the diagnostic procedure is complex and not always reliable enough. Detection of antibodies with ELISA test is considered a method of choice for diagnostic of paratuberculosis, because of fast gaining of the results and relatively low price of the test. By applying the ELISA test, we have analysed 2000 sheep blood samples. Positive results for paratuberculosis were found in 66 ( 3,30%) animals in total. In sheep samples from southern Backa region, positive findings were gained from 42 (3,89%) samples, and in Srem region, positive finding were found in samples from 24 sheep (2,60%). Control programs are based on the removal of all infected animals, application of general preventive measures and vaccination. Application of vaccination aims for elimination of clinical form of the disease. An effective treatment has not been determined so far.

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