Acute hemorrhage and death in calves following chlorophacinone exposure

2022 ◽  
pp. 104063872110693
Author(s):  
Scott L. Radke ◽  
Dwayne E. Schrunk ◽  
Abigail Ruane ◽  
Thomas Olsen ◽  
Laura Burns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin K Antagonist ◽  
State University ◽  
Anticoagulant Rodenticide ◽  
Iowa State University ◽  
Abrupt Increase ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Acute Hemorrhage ◽  
Powdery Material ◽  
Severe Hemorrhage ◽  
Perirenal Fat

Three calves were submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for diagnostic evaluation following an abrupt increase in morbidity and mortality in a calf herd associated with epistaxis and widespread hemorrhage. Each of the submitted calves had moderate-to-severe hemorrhage within various tissues and body cavities, including the thymus, subcutaneous region of the neck, mediastinum, lungs, pericardial sac, heart, spleen, perirenal fat, urinary bladder, and skeletal muscle, including the diaphragm. An anticoagulant rodenticide screen was performed on the livers of each calf. Significant concentrations of chlorophacinone were detected at 4.2, 3.6, and 2.9 ppm in liver. Multiple piles and an open pail of white powdery material were present within the facility in which the calves were housed and were identified as the sources of chlorophacinone. Acute hemorrhage and death occurred in fourteen 1.5-mo-old, crossbred calves following ingestion of the vitamin K antagonist chlorophacinone.

scholarly journals Switching between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antimicrobials for retreatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) relapses is associated with an increased frequency of resistant pathogen isolation from veterinary diagnostic laboratory submissions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann F. Coetzee ◽  
Drew R. Magstadt ◽  
Lendie Follett ◽  
Pritam K. Sidhu ◽  
Adlai M. Schuler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
State University ◽  
Iowa State University ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Antimicrobial Studies ◽  
Stewardship Program ◽  
Histophilus Somni ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAlthough 90% of BRD relapses are reported to receive retreatment with a different class of antimicrobial, studies examining the impact of antimicrobial selection (i.e. bactericidal or bacteriostatic) on retreatment outcomes and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are deficient in the published literature. A survey was conducted to determine the association between antimicrobial class selection for retreatment of BRD relapses on antimicrobial susceptibility of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni. Pathogens were isolated from samples submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from January 2013 to December 2015. A total of 781 isolates with corresponding animal case histories, including treatment protocols, were included in the analysis. Original susceptibility testing of these isolates for ceftiofur, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline, spectinomycin, tilmicosin, and tulathromycin was performed using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Data were analyzed using a Bayesian approach to evaluate whether retreatment with antimicrobials of different mechanistic classes (bactericidal or bacteriostatic) increased the probability of resistant BRD pathogen isolation in calves. The posterior distribution we calculated suggests that an increased number of treatments is associated with a greater probability of isolates resistant to at least one antimicrobial. In addition, the frequency of resistant M. haemolytica isolates was greater with retreatment using antimicrobials of different mechanistic classes than retreatment with the same class. Specifically, treatment protocols using a bacteriostatic drug first followed by retreatment with a bactericidal drug was associated with a higher frequency of resistant BRD pathogen isolation. This effect was more profound with specific treatment combinations; tulathromycin (bacteriostatic) followed by ceftiofur (bactericidal) was associated with the highest probability of resistant isolates among all antimicrobial combinations. These findings suggest that the selection of antimicrobial mechanistic class for retreatment of BRD should be considered as part of an antimicrobial stewardship program.

scholarly journals Whole-Genome Sequences of Novel Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Viruses Detected in Swine from Mexico and the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen M. Harmon ◽  
Phillip C. Gauger ◽  
Jianqiang Zhang ◽  
Pablo E. Piñeyro ◽  
Derek D. Dunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
State University ◽  
Iowa State University ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory

A unique porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein (ORF2) sequence was detected in swine samples submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. The complete genome sequences of four viruses, one from Mexico and three from the United States, were determined to further characterize this novel PCV2 genotype.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Fusaproliferin and Beauvericin inFusarium-Contaminated Livestock Feed in Iowa

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 3923-3926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Munkvold ◽  
H. M. Stahr ◽  
Antonio Logrieco ◽  
Antonio Moretti ◽  
Alberto Ritieni
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Gibberella Fujikuroi ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
State University ◽  
Iowa State University ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Fungal Contaminants ◽  
Maize Kernels ◽  
Feed Samples

ABSTRACT Fusarium fungal contaminants and related mycotoxins were investigated in eight maize feed samples submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Fusarium moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans were isolated from seven, eight, and five samples, respectively. These strains belonged to mating populations A, D, and E of the teleomorph Gibberella fujikuroi. Fusaproliferin was detected at concentrations of 0.1 to 30 μg/g in four samples, and beauvericin was detected (0.1 to 3.0 μg/g) in five samples. Fumonisins were detected in all eight samples (1.1 to 14 μg/g). Ten of 11 strains of F. proliferatum and all 12 strains ofF. subglutinans isolated from the samples produced fusaproliferin in culture on whole maize kernels (4 to 350 and 100 to 1,000 μg/g, respectively). Nine F. proliferatum strains also produced beauvericin in culture (85 to 350 μg/g), but none of the F. subglutinans strains produced beauvericin. Fumonisin B1 was produced by all nine F. moniliformestrains (50 to 2,000 μg/g) and by 10 of the F. proliferatum strains (1,000 to 2,000 μg/g). This is the first report of the natural occurrence of fusaproliferin outside Italy and of the natural occurrence of beauvericin in North America.

scholarly journals Clinical Coccidiosis in a Boar Stud

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Yaeger ◽  
Andrew Holtcamp ◽  
Julie A. Jarvinen
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
State University ◽  
Iowa State University ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
History Of

This report describes an outbreak of coccidiosis in a boar stud. A live, untreated, adult boar with a history of diarrhea was submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ames, IA. For a 3-month period, approximately 40% of the boars in this stud had developed gray to brown diarrhea that lasted 1–3 days. Affected boars did not lose condition, and antibiotic therapy did not appear to affect the clinical course of the disease. At necropsy, the distal ileum was palpably thickened and covered by a thick, yellow-green, fibrinous exudate. Microscopic changes in the ileum consisted of an erosive enteritis associated with the presence of numerous coccidia within mid to superficial villus enterocytes. The mucosa was covered by a fibrinous exudate admixed with numerous nonsporulated coccidian oocysts. A light growth of Salmonella enterica serovar Derby was isolated from the small intestine of this animal, but laboratory tests were negative for Lawsonia and Brachyspira spp. Individual or paired fecal samples were obtained from 6 additional boars experiencing similar clinical signs. Numerous Eimeria spinosa oocysts were identified in these samples. Neither Salmonella nor Brachyspira spp. were cultured from submitted fecal samples. Necropsy of a live boar and examination of feces from 6 additional animals confirmed that the mild, sporadic, transient diarrhea in this boar stud was due to coccidiosis.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequences of Two Novel Human-Like H3N2 Influenza A Viruses, A/swine/Oklahoma/65980/2017 (H3N2) and A/Swine/Oklahoma/65260/2017 (H3N2), Detected in Swine in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Zeller ◽  
Ganwu Li ◽  
Karen M. Harmon ◽  
Jianqiang Zhang ◽  
Amy L. Vincent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
The United States ◽  
State University ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Iowa State University ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
H3n2 Influenza ◽  
Virus Strains

Two novel human-like H3N2 influenza A virus strains, A/swine/Oklahoma/65980/2017 (H3N2) and A/swine/Oklahoma/65260/2017 (H3N2), were isolated from porcine samples submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory in the United States.

Scirpene Toxin Analyses of Feed Associated with Animal Intoxication

1978 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Stahr ◽  
P. F. Ross ◽  
W. Hyde ◽  
W. Obioha
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Chemical Ionization ◽  
Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Field Desorption ◽  
State University ◽  
Iowa State University ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Embryo Toxicity ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Field cases in which animals exhibit symptoms of feed refusal, mouth and lip irritation, and internal hemorrhage are common. These cases have been associated with the presence of scirpene toxins in feeds. The Chemistry Laboratory at the Iowa State University, Diagnostic Laboratory, has used existing methodology, and thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, and mass spectroscopy to attempt to determine if known scirpene toxins were involved in a diagnostic laboratory case. Chicken embryo toxicity of the extracts, field desorption and chemical ionization indicate the presence of some known scirpene toxins as well as unknown compounds.

scholarly journals Treatment history and antimicrobial susceptibility results for Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni isolates from bovine respiratory disease cases submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from 2013 to 2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drew R. Magstadt ◽  
Adlai M. Schuler ◽  
Johann F. Coetzee ◽  
Adam C. Krull ◽  
Annette M. O’Connor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
State University ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Iowa State University ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Histophilus Somni ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatments

Bovine respiratory disease is the most costly disease facing the cattle industry. Increasing resistance to antimicrobial treatment has been presented as a significant contributing factor, often through summarized susceptibility testing data. We assessed the relationship between previous antimicrobial treatment and antimicrobial susceptibility results from isolates of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni cultured from bovine respiratory cases submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from 2013 to 2015. Antimicrobial susceptibility data from 1,251 bacterial isolates were included for analysis. More bacterial isolates from cattle that received antimicrobial treatment showed resistance compared to isolates from untreated cattle, and the percentage of resistant isolates increased as the number of antimicrobial treatments increased. Resistance to enrofloxacin, spectinomycin, tilmicosin, and tulathromycin was present in >75% of M. haemolytica isolates from cattle that had received 3 or more antimicrobial treatments; resistance to each of those 4 antimicrobials was present in ≤10% of M. haemolytica isolates from untreated cattle. Similar but less dramatic trends were apparent for isolates of P. multocida and H. somni. The percentage of multi-drug resistant bacterial isolates also increased with the number of treatments. Results of our study suggest that previous antimicrobial treatment may have a profound effect on antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Summarized susceptibility results from diagnostic laboratories should not be used to make generalized statements regarding trends in antimicrobial resistance without providing context regarding antimicrobial treatment history.

scholarly journals Vitamin E and Selenium Concentrations in Livers of Pigs Diagnosed with Mulberry Heart Disease

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 412-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Pallarés ◽  
Michael J. Yaeger ◽  
Bruce H. Janke ◽  
Guillermo Fernandez ◽  
Patrick G. Halbur
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
State University ◽  
Iowa State University ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Liver Vitamin

During a 2-year period from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2000, 77 diagnoses of mulberry heart disease (MHD) were documented at the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Mean (±SD) liver vitamin E concentrations were lower ( P < 0.05) in pigs with MHD (3.12 ±1.12 ppm, wet weight) than in pigs that died of causes other than MHD (4.80 ± 3.2 ppm, wet weight). The majority of the pigs affected with MHD ranged in age from 3 to 7 weeks. Statistical influence of age was found on the concentration of vitamin E ( P < 0.01) but not on concentration of selenium in liver in pigs with MHD. Concentrations of vitamin E below 2 ppm were considered deficient. Hepatic vitamin E concentrations below 2 ppm were measured in 25% of the pigs with gross and microscopic lesions of MHD. In contrast, liver selenium concentrations were adequate in all pigs.

Ultrastructural Studies of Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
James C.S. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Michigan State University ◽  
State University ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Etiologic Agents ◽  
Diagnostic Difficulties ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Capillary Walls ◽  
Alveolar Capillary

Bovine respiratory diseases cause serious economic loses and present diagnostic difficulties due to the variety of etiologic agents, predisposing conditions, parasites, viruses, bacteria and mycoplasma, and may be multiple or complicated. Several agents which have been isolated from the abnormal lungs are still the subject of controversy and uncertainty. These include adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, syncytial viruses, herpesviruses, picornaviruses, mycoplasma, chlamydiae and Haemophilus somnus.Previously, we have studied four typical cases of bovine pneumonia obtained from the Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory to elucidate this complex syndrome by electron microscopy. More recently, additional cases examined reveal electron opaque immune deposits which were demonstrable on the alveolar capillary walls, laminae of alveolar capillaries, subenthothelium and interstitium in four out of 10 cases. In other tissue collected, unlike other previous studies, bacterial organisms have been found in association with acute suppurative bronchopneumonia.

Outreach Opportunities Using the Instructional SEM at Iowa State University

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 412-413
Author(s):  
L. S. Chumbley ◽  
M. Meyer ◽  
K. Fredrickson ◽  
F.C. Laabs
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
State University ◽  
Digital Cameras ◽  
Audio Signals ◽  
Iowa State University ◽  
Cornell University ◽  
Sem Image ◽  
Local Schools ◽  
Materials Science And Engineering ◽  
Video And Audio

The development of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) suitable for instructional purposes has created a large number of outreach opportunities for the Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) Department at Iowa State University. Several collaborative efforts are presently underway with local schools and the Department of Curriculum and Instruction (C&I) at ISU to bring SEM technology into the classroom in a near live-time, interactive manner. The SEM laboratory is shown in Figure 1.Interactions between the laboratory and the classroom use inexpensive digital cameras and shareware called CU-SeeMe, Figure 2. Developed by Cornell University and available over the internet, CUSeeMe provides inexpensive video conferencing capabilities. The software allows video and audio signals from Quikcam™ cameras to be sent and received between computers. A reflector site has been established in the MSE department that allows eight different computers to be interconnected simultaneously. This arrangement allows us to demonstrate SEM principles in the classroom. An Apple Macintosh has been configured to allow the SEM image to be seen using CU-SeeMe.

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