scholarly journals Information accuracy in legislative oversight: Theoretical implications and experimental evidence

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susumu Shikano ◽  
Michael F Stoffel ◽  
Markus Tepe
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Real World ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Specific Cost ◽  
Legislative Oversight ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between legislatures and bureaucracies is typically modeled as a principal–agent game. Legislators can acquire information about the (non-)compliance of bureaucrats at some specific cost. Previous studies consider the information from oversight to be perfect, which contradicts most real-world applications. We therefore provide a model that includes random noise as part of the information. The quality of provided goods usually increases with information accuracy while simultaneously requiring less oversight. However, bureaucrats never provide high quality if information accuracy is below a specific threshold. We assess the empirical validity of our predictions in a lab experiment. Our data show that information accuracy is indeed an important determinant of both legislator and bureaucrat decision-making.

scholarly journals Organized structure of real-world evidence best practices: moving from fragmented recommendations to comprehensive guidance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Jaksa ◽  
James Wu ◽  
Páll Jónsson ◽  
Hans-Georg Eichler ◽  
Sarah Vititoe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Real World ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Comprehensive Guidance ◽  
Real World Evidence

Decision-makers have become increasingly interested in incorporating real-world evidence (RWE) into their decision-making process. Due to concerns regarding the reliability and quality of RWE, stakeholders have issued numerous recommendation documents to assist in setting RWE standards. The fragmented nature of these documents poses a challenge to researchers and decision-makers looking for guidance on what is ‘high-quality’ RWE and how it can be used in decision-making. We offer researchers and decision-makers a structure to organize the landscape of RWE recommendations and identify consensus and gaps in the current recommendations. To provide researchers with a much needed pathway for generating RWE, we discuss how decision-makers can move from fragmented recommendations to comprehensive guidance.

scholarly journals The Quality Of Leader/Employee Relationship

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Carstens ◽  
Neil Barnes
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Business Leaders ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Employee Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

This study set out to investigate what role the quality of the relationship between business leaders and their employees played in the performance of their business. The study compared the business performance of forty-five area managers in one of the major listed banks in South Africa with their specific leader/employee relationship profiles. The research approach was quantitative and of a correlational nature. The results indicate that although certain elements within the relationship between business leaders and employees indeed have an influence on business performance this alone was not a sufficient condition. The study suggested that the dimensions relating to vision, trust, accountability and decision- making have the strongest influence on business performance. Further research in this area is suggested.

The Power of Words

2017 ◽  
pp. 1100-1120
Author(s):  
Sarah Bigi ◽  
Giulia Lamiani
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Patient Engagement ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Normative Model ◽  
Patient Interactions ◽  
Training Materials ◽  
Power Of Words ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Improve Patient

The concept of patient engagement is attracting growing attention from scholars working on doctor-patient interactions. It refers to the condition in which patients are fully aware of their medical condition and willing to be active both in the relationship with their caregivers and towards the health care institutions. However, the operative steps necessary to achieve patient engagement have not yet been fully described. This chapter focuses on the communicative dimension of engagement. Communication is shown to be a pivotal means to improve patient self-efficacy and commitment, both fundamental components of engagement. In particular, the authors take a closer look at the process of decision making in chronic care settings, and propose a normative model to analyze and evaluate the quality of decision making in consultations. It is argued that the model can also be used as a blueprint to create training materials for clinicians.

The role of heuristic-driven biases in entrepreneurial strategic decision-making: evidence from an emerging economy

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maqsood Ahmad ◽  
Syed Zulfiqar Ali Shah ◽  
Yasar Abbass
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Emerging Economy ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Strategic Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThis article aims to clarify the mechanism by which heuristic-driven biases influence the entrepreneurial strategic decision-making in an emerging economy.Design/methodology/approachEntrepreneurs' heuristic-driven biases have been measured using a questionnaire, comprising numerous items, including indicators of entrepreneurial strategic decision-making. To examine the relationship between heuristic-driven biases and entrepreneurial strategic decision-making process, a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire has been used to collect data from the sample of 169 entrepreneurs who operate in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS and Amos graphics software. Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) technique.FindingsThe article provides empirical insights into the relationship between heuristic-driven biases and entrepreneurial strategic decision-making. The results suggest that heuristic-driven biases (anchoring and adjustment, representativeness, availability and overconfidence) have a markedly negative influence on the strategic decisions made by entrepreneurs in emerging markets. It means that heuristic-driven biases can impair the quality of the entrepreneurial strategic decision-making process.Practical implicationsThe article encourages entrepreneurs to avoid relying on cognitive heuristics or their feelings when making strategic decisions. It provides awareness and understanding of heuristic-driven biases in entrepreneurial strategic decisions, which could be very useful for business actors such as entrepreneurs, managers and entire organizations. Understanding regarding the role of heuristic-driven biases in entrepreneurial strategic decisions may help entrepreneurs to improve the quality of their decision-making. They can improve the quality of their decision-making by recognizing their behavioral biases and errors of judgment, to which we are all prone, resulting in a more appropriate selection of entrepreneurial opportunities.Originality/valueThe current study is the first to focus on links between heuristic-driven bias and the entrepreneurial strategic decision-making in Pakistan—an emerging economy. This article enhanced the understanding of the role that heuristic-driven bias plays in the entrepreneurial strategic decisions and more importantly, it went some way toward enhancing understanding of behavioral aspects and their influence on entrepreneurial strategic decision-making in an emerging market. It also adds to the literature in the area of entrepreneurial management specifically the role of heuristics in entrepreneurial strategic decision-making; this field is in its initial stage, even in developed countries, while, in developing countries, little work has been done.

Interaction of Physiology Character - Secondary Metabolic of Fusarium oxysporum on Tomatoes of Fusarium Wilt Symptom

2019 ◽  
Vol 967 ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
Abdul Azis Ambar ◽  
Henny Setyawati ◽  
Nur Ilmi
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Code Analysis ◽  
Wilt Symptom ◽  
The Relationship

Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) is the pathogen that caused fusarium wilt diseases on the tomatoes. The rise of the symptom was caused by secondary metabolic produced by F. oxysporum. The associated with the level of secondary metabolic pathogenesis that cause symptoms of wilt on tomatoes, but secondary metabolic excreted by F. oxysporum was not necessarily wilt in a plant. The phenomenon caused F. oxysporum producing secondary metabolic in the different concentration, either its quantity or quality. The nature of physiology being tested, observed by growing 4 isolates using a medium PDA on the temperature of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C. The content of secondary metabolic measured on the four isolates using the Notz et al., (2002) and analyzed by using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results of the analysis of the nature of the physiological (colour colonies) were that every isolate planted for 8 days shows the variation of white, white redness, white yellowness until purpleness. Based on Methuen Handbook of Colour (Kornerup & Wanscher, 1978), generally isolates tested shows a bright colour, signaled with A letter at every code. Analysis HPLC on the results of secondary metabolic, either quantity or quality, sequentially were: isolates BAR (3; 1,997 ppm); ENR (3; 5,105 ppm); SID (4; 2,135 ppm) and MAL (5; 2,065 rpm). If it was seen by the relationship between the colour of colonies with the production of the secondary metabolic compound, it seemed that the older or darker colonies’ colour the more secondary compounds formed, but dark or old colonies’ colour does not determine a high quality of acid fusaric produced. Keywords: Colonies colour, F. oxysporum, secondary metabolic .

A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship Between Prayer and Student Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 1223-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Jeynes
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Urban Schools ◽  
Student Outcomes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

A meta-analysis, including 13 studies, was undertaken on the relationship between the exercise of student prayer and academic and behavioral outcomes in urban schools. Analyses both with and without sophisticated controls (e.g., socioeconomic status, race, and gender) were used. Additional analyses were done to determine whether the effects of prayer differed by the quality of the study. The results indicated that the exercise of prayer is associated with better levels of student outcomes. Moreover, the effects of prayer were greater for high-quality studies. The significance of these results is discussed.

Seeking feedback but unable to improve work performance? Qualified feedback from trusted supervisors matters

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Young Nae ◽  
Hyoung Koo Moon ◽  
Byoung Kwon Choi
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Moderating Factors ◽  
Feedback Quality ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the boundary conditions in the relationship between feedback-seeking behavior (FSB) and work performance. The authors hypothesized that the positive influence of employees’ FSB on their work performance is influenced by perceived quality of feedback. The authors also expected that employees’ trust in their supervisors moderated the interaction between their FSB and perceived feedback quality. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 202 employees in South Korea. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed to test the hypothesis. Findings – The results showed that while employees’ FSB was positively related to work performance, the influence was stronger for employees who perceived they were receiving high quality of feedback from supervisors. The authors also found that the moderating effect of feedback quality on the relationship between FSB and work performance was stronger when employees had high levels of trust in their supervisors. Practical implications – The findings suggest that if managers wish to encourage employees to achieve work goal and desirable performance levels by actively engaging in FSB, they should pay more attention to providing high quality of feedback and building trust with employees. Originality/value – This study contributes to expand the understanding of FSB-work performance relationship by verifying the boundary conditions, which suggests the importance of examining the moderating factors in the FSB mechanism.

scholarly journals Advancing Our Understanding of Narrative Comments Generated by Direct Observation Tools: Lessons From the Psychopharmacotherapy-Structured Clinical Observation

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 570-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Q. Young ◽  
Rebekah Sugarman ◽  
Eric Holmboe ◽  
Patricia S. O'Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Direct Observation ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Written Comments ◽  
Checklist Score ◽  
Observation Tools ◽  
Assess Quality ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Narrative Comments

ABSTRACT Background While prior research has focused on the validity of quantitative ratings generated by direct observation tools, much less is known about the written comments. Objective This study examines the quality of written comments and their relationship with checklist scores generated by a direct observation tool, the Psychopharmacotherapy-Structured Clinical Observation (P-SCO). Methods From 2008 to 2012, faculty in a postgraduate year 3 psychiatry outpatient clinic completed 601 P-SCOs. Twenty-five percent were randomly selected from each year; the sample included 8 faculty and 57 residents. To assess quality, comments were coded for valence (reinforcing or corrective), behavioral specificity, and content. To assess the relationship between comments and scores, the authors calculated the correlation between comment and checklist score valence and examined the degree to which comments and checklist scores addressed the same content. Results Ninety-one percent of the comments were behaviorally specific. Sixty percent were reinforcing, and 40% were corrective. Eight themes were identified, including 2 constructs not adequately represented by the checklist. Comment and checklist score valence was moderately correlated (Spearman's rho = 0.57, P < .001). Sixty-seven percent of high and low checklist scores were associated with a comment of the same valence and content. Only 50% of overall comments were associated with a checklist score of the same valence and content. Conclusions A direct observation tool such as the P-SCO can generate high-quality written comments. Narrative comments both explain checklist scores and convey unique content. Thematic coding of comments can improve the content validity of a checklist.

Has Dynamic Programming Improved Decision Making?

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 833-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Rust
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Dynamic Programming ◽  
Real World ◽  
Operations Research ◽  
Decision Rules ◽  
Decision Problems ◽  
Optimal Decision ◽  
Sequential Decision ◽  
Success Stories ◽  
Real World Applications

Dynamic programming (DP) is a powerful tool for solving a wide class of sequential decision-making problems under uncertainty. In principle, it enables us to compute optimal decision rules that specify the best possible decision in any situation. This article reviews developments in DP and contrasts its revolutionary impact on economics, operations research, engineering, and artificial intelligence with the comparative paucity of its real-world applications to improve the decision making of individuals and firms. The fuzziness of many real-world decision problems and the difficulty in mathematically modeling them are key obstacles to a wider application of DP in real-world settings. Nevertheless, I discuss several success stories, and I conclude that DP offers substantial promise for improving decision making if we let go of the empirically untenable assumption of unbounded rationality and confront the challenging decision problems faced every day by individuals and firms.

Parolee–Parole Officer Rapport: Does It Impact Recidivism?

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 3581-3602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa W. Chamberlain ◽  
Matthew Gricius ◽  
Danielle M. Wallace ◽  
Diana Borjas ◽  
Vincent M. Ware
Keyword(s):  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Violent Offender ◽  
Parole Officer ◽  
Officer Training ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Parole Officers ◽  
It Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Parole officers are an integral part of parolees’ reentry process and success. Few studies, however, have examined whether the quality of the relationship between parolees and their parole officer influences outcomes such as recidivism. This study assesses how recidivism is affected by the quality of the relationship that parolees have with their parole officers. Using the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) dataset, we use parolees’ perceptions of their relationship with their parole officer to determine whether they have established a positive or negative relationship, and whether these types of relationships differentially affect recidivism. Results show that parolees who have a negative relationship with their parole officer have higher rates of recidivism, while a positive relationship lowers parolees’ likelihood of recidivating. An implication of this study emphasizes parole officer training that develops positive, high-quality relationships with parolees. Further implications are discussed below.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document