Situational Contexts of Rural Violence: A Comparison of Male and Female Perpetration

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Callie Marie Rennison ◽  
Walter S. DeKeseredy
Keyword(s):  
Woman Abuse ◽  
Urban Violence ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Male Offenders ◽  
Female Perpetration ◽  
Situational Contexts ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
Main Effects

The amount of social scientific knowledge about rural violence pales in comparison with that of urban violence, and even less is known about the situational contexts of rural violence. Using National Crime Victimization Survey data, we explore situational contexts of rural violence in general, as well as compare male- and female-perpetrated violence contexts. Results indicate that the contexts of violence committed by females are characterized by main effects (i.e., no weapons, no injuries across a variety of contexts), while male-perpetrated violence is highly contextual. An important finding emerged from studying contexts associated with male offenders and female victims—in every dominant context with one exception, male perpetrators were engaged in woman abuse. These findings highlight the need for greater attention to rural violence and variation in how this violence is perpetrated.

The Situational Context of Adolescent Homicide Victimization in Johannesburg, South Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu-Anne Swart ◽  
Mohamed Seedat ◽  
Juan Nel
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Related Event ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Male Offenders ◽  
Homicide Victimization ◽  
Injury Mortality ◽  
Situational Contexts ◽  
Mortality Surveillance

Although studies have described the incidence and epidemiology of adolescent homicide victimization in South Africa, little is known about the situational contexts in which they occur. This study aimed to describe the victim, offender, and event characteristics of adolescent homicide and to generate a typology based on the particular types of situational contexts associated with adolescent homicide in South Africa. Data on homicides among adolescents (15-19 years) that occurred in Johannesburg (South Africa) during the period 2001-2007 were obtained from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System (NIMSS) and police case records. Of the 195 cases available for analysis, 81% of the victims were male. Most of the offenders were male (90%), comprising of strangers (42%) and friends/acquaintances (37%). Arguments (33%) were the most common precipitating circumstances, followed by revenge (11%), robbery (11%), and acts of vigilantism/retribution for a crime (8%). Through the use of cluster analysis, the study identified three categories of adolescent homicide: (a) male victims killed by strangers during a crime-related event, (b) male victims killed by a friend/acquaintance during an argument, and (c) female victims killed by male offenders. The results can serve to inform the development of tailored and focused strategies for the prevention of adolescent homicide.

scholarly journals Comparing Female Victims of Separation/Divorce Assault across Geographical Regions

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter S DeKeseredy ◽  
Callie Marie Rennison
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Crime Victimization Survey ◽  
Woman Abuse ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Male To Female

Recent analyses of National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) data show that male-to-female separation/divorce assault varies across geographic regions in the United States, with rural rates of such woman abuse being higher than those for suburban and urban areas. Using the same data set, the main objective of this paper is to present the results of an investigation into whether characteristics of female victims of separation/divorce assault also differ across urban, suburban, and rural communities.

Nature and extent of online and offline Islamophobia

Islamophobia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Zempi ◽  
Imran Awan
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Muslim Identity ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Victims

This chapter reveals the nature of Islamophobia targeted towards ‘visible’ Muslims both online and offline. The chapter highlights that this victimisation is likely to be experienced as a continuing process, rather than as a single incident occurring online or offline, and reflects upon the tendency of victims not to report such incidents to the police. Participants highlighted that the visibility of their Muslim identity was key to being identified as Muslims, and thus triggering online and/or offline Islamophobic attacks. Both male and female victims remained ‘invisible’ in the criminal justice system, especially in relation to experiences of online hate.

A feminist reflection on male victims of conflict-related sexual violence

2020 ◽  
pp. 135050682090498
Author(s):  
Louise du Toit ◽  
Elisabet le Roux
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Humanitarian Response ◽  
Patriarchal Ideology ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

The authors identify a pervasive tendency, especially in the world of development and humanitarian response, to hierarchize or prioritize certain types of victims of sexual violence in armed conflict over others. Within this broader context, they focus on what a considered feminist acknowledgement of male victims of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) should look like. On the one hand, they emphasize that one and the same patriarchal template is used to humiliate and shame male and female victims of sexual violence alike. On the other, they urge that in light of the pervasiveness of patriarchal ideology and its harmful and wide-reaching social effects, the time is not yet ripe to endorse a gender-blind approach to CRSV.

scholarly journals Negative Third-Party Reactions to Male and Female Victims of Rape: The Influence of Harm and Normativity Concerns

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052091456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Mulder ◽  
Gerd Bohner
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Victim Blame ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Secondary Victimization ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Two Measures

Male and female victims of sexual violence frequently experience secondary victimization in the form of victim blame and other negative reactions by their social surroundings. However, it remains unclear whether these negative reactions differ from each other, and what mechanisms underlie negative reactions toward victims. In one laboratory study ( N = 132) and one online study ( N = 421), the authors assessed participants’ reactions to male and female victims, and whether different (moral) concerns underlay these reactions. The reactions addressed included positive and negative emotions, behavioral and characterological blame, explicit and implicit derogation, and two measures of distancing. It was hypothesized that male victimization would evoke different types of (negative) reactions compared with female victimization, and that normative concerns would predict a greater proportion of the variance of reactions to male victims than female victims. Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) were conducted to test whether reactions to male and female (non-)victims differed. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to test the influence of gender traditionality, homonegativity, as well as binding and individualizing moral values on participants’ reactions. Results revealed that participants consistently reacted more negatively to victims than to nonvictims, and more so to male than to female targets. Binding values were a regular predictor of negative reactions to victims, whereas they predicted positive reactions to nonvictims. The hypothesis that different mechanisms underlie reactions to male versus female victims was not supported. The discussion addresses implications of this research for interventions targeting secondary victimization and for future research investigating social reactions to victims of sexual violence. It also addresses limitations of the current research and considerations of diversity.

scholarly journals Sexualization of Female Perpetration in Fictional Holocaust Films: A Case Study of The Reader (2008)

Genealogy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Sabine Elisabeth Aretz
Keyword(s):  
Female Victims ◽  
Female Perpetration ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Female Perpetrators ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Holocaust Film ◽  
Holocaust Films ◽  
The One

The publication of Bernhard Schlink’s novel The Reader (1995) sparked conversation and controversy about sexuality, female perpetrators and the complexity of guilt regarding the Holocaust. The screen adaptation of the book (Daldry 2008) amplified these discussions on an international scale. Fictional Holocaust films have a history of being met with skepticism or even reject on the one hand and great acclaim on the other hand. As this paper will outline, the focus has often been on male perpetrators and female victims. The portrayal of female perpetration reveals dichotomous stereotypes, often neglecting the complexity of the subject matter. This paper focuses on the ways in which sexualization is used specifically to portray female perpetrators in The Reader, as a fictional Holocaust film. An assessment of Hanna’s relationship to Michael and her autonomous sexuality and her later inferior, victimized portrayal as an ambiguous perpetrator is the focus of my paper. Hanna’s sexuality is structurally separated from her role as a perpetrator. Hanna’s perpetration is, through the dichotomous motif of sexuality throughout the film, characterized by a feminization. However, this feminization entails a relativization of Hanna’s culpability, revealing a pejorative of her depiction as a perpetrator. Consequently, I argue that Hanna’s sexualized female body is constructed as a central part of the revelation of her perpetration.

An Empirical Study of Stalking Victimization

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth Bjerregaard
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Random Sample ◽  
Public University ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Male Offenders ◽  
Physical Attack ◽  
Stalking Victims ◽  
Stalking Victimization

This article empirically studies the phenomenon of stalking and its victims by utilizing a random sample of college students at a large public University. The study found that 25% of the women and 11% of the men had been stalked at some point in their lives and that six percent were currently being stalked. Additionally, the study found that the majority of stalking victims are women who are stalked by male offenders. The sample reported being stalked for an average of 347 days and having engaged in a variety of actions in response. A substantial number of victims reported being threatened by their stalkers. This threat was associated with higher levels of fear among the victims and a greater chance of physical attack by the stalkers, particularly for the female victims.

scholarly journals Comparing Help-Seeking Behavior of Male and Female Survivors of Sexual Assault: A Content Analysis of a Hotline

Sexual Abuse ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Young ◽  
Jana A. Pruett ◽  
Marianna L. Colvin
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Help Seeking Behavior ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sexual Assault Survivors ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Female Survivors ◽  
Seeking Behavior

This content analysis examines written documentation of telephone calls to a regional sexual assault hotline over a 5-year period. All male callers identified as primary victims were selected for analysis ( n = 58) and a corresponding sample of female primary victims ( n = 58) were randomly selected for comparison to better understand the help-seeking behavior of sexual assault survivors and inform services accordingly. A summative content analysis revealed significant contrasting themes between male and female victims, including females significantly receiving more referrals and males accessing the hotline to tell their experience of being sexually assaulted due to perceived limited support. Implications for training, practice, and future research are discussed.

Effect of Crowding and Litter Size on Retention and Reversal Learning by Rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 935-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Robinson Girden
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Reversal Learning ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Learning To Learn ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Position Response ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Main Effects

A total of 211 male and female rats from litters of 4, 7, or 11 were placed 1, 2, 3, or 4/cage until they were about 84 days old. At this time they were trained to make a position response while, food-deprived and 24 hr. later were tested for retention followed by reversal learning. No significant main effects were found for any stage of training. A positive correlation between trials to criterion and retention suggests that retention may have been facilitated by learning to learn or transfer.

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