Disability and Labor Market Earnings

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shandra G. Benito ◽  
Thomas S. Glassman ◽  
Bridget G. Hiedemann
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Hearing Disability ◽  
Hearing Ability ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Over one million Americans aged 15 years and older are deaf or hard of hearing. These individuals may face barriers to and within the labor market, leading to lower employment rates and reduced earnings compared with their counterparts without a hearing disability. Our study contributes to the sparse literature on the relationship between hearing disability and labor market outcomes by examining “hearing earnings gaps,” namely, earnings gaps between individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing and their counterparts without a hearing disability. Using a sample of 25- to 40-year-old full-time year-round workers from the 2011 American Community Survey, we estimate separate earnings equations by hearing ability and gender using generalized estimating equations. For both men and women, Blinder–Oaxaca decompositions indicate that roughly 40% of the overall hearing earnings gap is attributable to differences in educational attainment, potential experience, race/ethnicity, and marital status. The remaining 60% may reflect differences in communication skills and other unobservable characteristics, occupational segregation, labor market discrimination, and stigma.

Wired and Hired: Employment Effects of Subsidized Broadband Internet for Low-Income Americans

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-482
Author(s):  
George W. Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Broadband Internet ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Local Program ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
The Relationship

I present evidence on the relationship between broadband pricing and labor market outcomes for low-income individuals. Specifically, I estimate the effects of a Comcast service providing discounted broadband to qualifying low-income families. I use a triple differences strategy exploiting geographic variation in Comcast coverage, individual variation in eligibility, and temporal variation pre- and postlaunch. Local program availability increased employment rates and earnings of eligible individuals, driven by greater labor force participation and decreased probability of unemployment. Internet use increased substantially where the program was available. (JEL I32, J22, J31, L82, L86)

scholarly journals Institutional determinants of regional diversity of labor market in Poland

Equilibrium ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Beata Woźniak-Jęchorek
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Institutional Perspective ◽  
Regional Diversity ◽  
Institutional Determinants ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

The article focuses on regional diversity of the Polish Labor Market from institutional perspective. The Polish Labor Market is geographically diverse in terms of unemployment and employment rates, and also in terms of economic development. At the end of 2013 the difference between the lowest and the highest unemployment rate in the Polish regions was 12.1% (Wielkopolska located in the West Poland has unemployment rate of 9.6% and Warmia - Mazury in the East has unemployment of 21.7%). The question arises whether this difference comes from the structural or institutional sources. The paper describe the character of Polish Labor Market, whereas in the second part, it traces the impact of institutional variables such as real wage, Kaitz index and Gender gap on the regional unemployment rate in 2002–2012 in Poland.

What happens to young people who move to another country to find work?

2018 ◽  
pp. 389-418
Author(s):  
Mehtap Akgüç ◽  
Miroslav Beblavý
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Social Surveys ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Migrant Youth ◽  
Contract Type ◽  
And Gender

This chapter analyzes the labor market integration of South–North and East–West migrants, together with intra-European and non-European Union migrants, vis-à-vis native peers in main European destinations. The analysis considers individual characteristics and labor market outcomes by migrant origins. Labor market outcomes are estimated, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and for country-fixed and year effects. Using interaction effects, the chapter estimates whether the work-related outcomes of young migrants differ vis-à-vis native peers. The econometric analysis using pooled European Social Surveys (2002–2015) suggests that individual characteristics explain part of the migrant–native peer differences. Particularly, migrants from Eastern and Southern Europe exhibit important gaps vis-à-vis native peers regarding unemployment, contract type, and overqualification. Overall, migrant youth and women seem to be in vulnerable situations in destination labor markets. In addition to nondiscriminatory treatment, transparent competence screening and smooth skills transferability could alleviate such youth and gender vulnerabilities.

Marriage and Labor Market Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terra McKinnish
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Marriage Market ◽  
Marital Stability ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Outside Option ◽  
Income Effects ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Premarital Investments

Marriage and labor market outcomes are deeply related, particularly for women. A large literature finds that the labor supply decisions of married women respond to their husbands’ employment status, wages, and job characteristics. There is also evidence that the effects of spouse characteristics on labor market outcomes operate not just through standard neoclassical cross-wage and income effects but also through household bargaining and gender norm effects, in which the relative incomes of husband and wife affect the distribution of marital surplus, marital satisfaction, and marital stability. Marriage market characteristics affect marital status and spouse characteristics, as well as the outside option, and therefore bargaining power, within marriage. Marriage market characteristics can therefore affect premarital investments, which ultimately affect labor market outcomes within marriage and also affect labor supply decisions within marriage conditional on these premarital investments.

Immigration and Labor Market Outcomes in U.S. Metropolitan Areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 630-652
Author(s):  
Allen Hyde ◽  
Michael Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Economic Restructuring ◽  
The United States ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
The Relationship

Two broad orientations have motivated scholarship on the relationship between immigration and labor market outcomes in the United States. The first, the supply-side perspective, often focuses on how immigration affects a variety of outcomes such as unemployment, casualization, and earnings inequality. The second, the demand-side perspective, generally contends that these labor market outcomes result mainly from economic restructuring that subsequently attracts immigrants to labor markets. Previous studies have often reached divergent conclusions due to differing assumptions about the direction of causality in these relationships. In this paper, we use three-stage least squares regression, a technique that allows for nonrecursive relationships, to adjudicate the direction of causality between immigration and labor market outcomes. Using 2010 data for 366 U.S. metropolitan statistical areas, we find support for the demand-side perspective, or that economic restructuring results in higher unemployment, casualization, and earnings inequality, which subsequently increases levels of immigration in metropolitan labor markets.

Political Parties and Labor-Market Outcomes: Evidence from US States

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 198-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis-Philippe Beland
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Regression Discontinuity Design ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Causal Impact ◽  
White Workers

This paper estimates the causal impact of the party allegiance (Republican or Democratic) of US governors on labor-market outcomes. I match gubernatorial elections with March Current Population Survey (CPS) data for income years 1977 to 2008. Using a regression discontinuity design, I find that Democratic governors cause an increase in the annual hours worked by blacks relative to whites, which leads to a reduction in the racial earnings gap between black and white workers. The results are consistent and robust to using a wide range of models, controls, and specifications. (JEL D72, J15, J22, J31, R23)

The Effects of Alternative School Programs on High School Completion and Labor Market Outcomes

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S Catterall ◽  
David Stern
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Alternative High School ◽  
High School Completion ◽  
Dropping Out ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Market Effects ◽  
School Programs ◽  
High School Programs ◽  
Employment Rates

This research probes two questions regarding participation in alternative high school programs: Does participation reduce the likelihood of students dropping out? Does participation lead to enhanced experiences in the labor market after students leave school? Using the California subsample of the 1980 and 1982 High School and Beyond surveys (involving nearly 3,000 sophomores and 3,000 seniors), vocational education and participation in other alternatives are scrutinized. Our findings regarding the dropout-preventing effects of these programs are mixed: The assessment varies across different procedures used to control for prior propensity to dropout. Our findings for labor market effects are more definite. Participants in vocational and other alternative programs have generally higher employment rates and, for some, higher wages. Suggested extensions of this work are offered.

scholarly journals Can Gender Ideologies Account for Regional Variation of the Gender Pay Gap in Germany?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maik Hamjediers
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Regional Variation ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Gender Ideologies ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Market Experience ◽  
Level Statistics ◽  
And Gender

Research often invokes gender disparities in wage-determining characteristics to explain gender pay gaps. However, the to extent to which these gender disparities and gender pay gaps vary across contexts has received less attention. Therefore, I analyze how regional gender ideologies predict gender pay gaps in two ways: As directly affecting gender pay gaps and as indirectly predicting gender pay gaps through intermediate gender disparities in wage-determinants. The analyses are based on German survey data (SOEP 2014-2018) supplemented with regional-level statistics. First, I leverage regional differences in predictors of gender ideologies to estimate region-specific gender ideologies. Mapping these gender ideologies across Germany reveals substantial regional variation, which exceeds the known difference between East and Western Germany. Second, multi-level models provide region-specific gender disparities in wage-determinants and gender pay gaps. They show that in regions where traditional gender ideologies are wide-spread, women have less labor market experience and are less likely to work full-time or in supervising positions. Traditional gender ideologies thereby indirectly contribute to a higher gender pay gap by inducing gender disparities in labor market outcomes.Even after accounting for such disparities in wage-determinants, a considerable gender pay gap persists in regions with relatively more traditional gender ideologies. This points to a direct effect of gender ideologies on adjusted gender pay gaps which might base on gender ideologies inducing women’s pay discrimination or gender-divergent wage expectations and negotiations.

scholarly journals Masking Real Unemployment: The Overall and Racial Impact of Survey Non-Response on Measured Labor Market Outcomes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Yixia Cai ◽  
Dean Baker
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Market Status ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

A large and growing percentage of households are missed in the monthly Current Population Survey (CPS). For the survey as a whole, the rate of nonresponse is roughly 13 percent. This is higher for Blacks, with the share for young Black men being about 30 percent. The BLS’s current methodology effectively assumes that, with adjustment for various characteristics, people who are not included in a follow-up survey may not differ systematically from those who are included. The present paper, however, provides evidence that this may not be the case. With the rotation panel structure of the CPS data from 2003 to 2019, we investigate bias from nonresponse in CPS and its association with one’s prior labor market status, paying particular attention to how the relationship differs by race, ethnicity, and gender. Our analysis suggests that people are considerably more likely to be missing in a subsequent observation if they are unemployed or not in the labor force in the prior observation. We also estimate what the real labor market outcomes might have been when adjusting for nonresponse and undercoverage. Findings indicate that the current methodology may underestimate the national unemployment and labor force participation rates by about 0.7 and 1.2 percentage points, respectively. The gap between observed and adjusted unemployment rates tends to grow beginning in 2015. The unemployment rate is more understated for Blacks than for whites, particularly with a gap of about 3.3 percentage points for young Black men (age 16 to 34).

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