Gender and Race: Employment Opportunity and the American Economy, 1969–1991

1995 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard K. Caputo
Keyword(s):  
White Women ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Gender And Race ◽  
White Males ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
American Economy

The author examined the relationship between gender and race with regard to economic conditions and employment opportunities between 1969 and 1991. The study showed that women in general and white women in particular experienced increasing employment opportunities and rising wages in the 1970s and 1980s, that the “privileged” economic status of white males eroded in the 1970s and 1980s, that blacks experienced greater income equality than whites from the 1970s to the 1980s, and that the income gains black men experienced in the 1970s declined markedly in the 1980s. Implications of pursuing a high-wage, high-tech economy for racial and gender groups are discussed.

Sometimes Leaving Means Staying: Race and White Teachers’ Emotional Investments

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (13) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Zeus Leonardo ◽  
Blanca Gamez-Djokic
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
White Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Modern Education ◽  
Critical Knowledge ◽  
Educational Spaces ◽  
Critical Understanding ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Emotional praxis is not a phrase usually associated with teaching and teacher education. Yet when race enters educational spaces, emotions frequently run high. In particular, Whites are often ill-equipped to handle emotions about race, either becoming debilitated by them or consistently evading them. Without critically understanding the relationship between race and emotions—or, simply, racialized emotions—teachers are unprepared to teach one of the most important topics in modern education. This chapter addresses this gap in education and teacher training by surveying the philosophical, sociological, and burgeoning literature on emotion in education to arrive at critical knowledge about the function and constitutive role it plays in discourses on race. Specifically, the argument delves into white racial emotions in light of the known fact that most teachers in the United States are White women. This means that our critical understanding of emotion during the teaching and learning interaction entails appreciation of both its racialized and gendered dimensions, and attention to both race and gender becomes part of emotional praxis. Finally, the essay ends with a proposal for an intersubjective race theory of emotion in education.

The mediating role of entrepreneurial ambition in the relationship between entrepreneurial efficacy and entrepreneurial drive for female nascent entrepreneurs

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-91
Author(s):  
Randi L. Sims ◽  
Ravi Chinta
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
White Women ◽  
The State ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Using Vroom’s expectancy theory of motivation as a theoretical basis, this study aims to test the relationship between female entrepreneurial efficacy, entrepreneurial ambition and nascent entrepreneurial drive, accounting for the potential barriers of race and minority disadvantage. Design/methodology/approach The sample included 950 respondents comprising 213 Black women and 737 White women living in the state of Alabama, USA, who expressed an intention to starting their own business. Findings The results indicate that race and perceptions of minority disadvantage are perceived barriers in the mediated relationship between female entrepreneurial efficacy, entrepreneurial ambition and entrepreneurial drive. However, the findings suggest that, unlike race, minority disadvantage is not perceived as a significant factor in the mediated relationship between entrepreneurial confidence, entrepreneurial ambition and entrepreneurial drive. Research limitations/implications Limitations of this study include the lack of an experimental design and the use of cross-sectional data. Practical implications Results are discussed in terms of the context of the history of racial and gender discrimination within the state of Alabama, USA. Social implications The results show that the direct effects of minority disadvantage on entrepreneurial ambition are significantly higher for the Black women compared with the White women in our sample. Originality/value The results of this study show that the direct effects of minority disadvantage on entrepreneurial ambition are significantly higher for the Black women compared with the White women. For the subgroup of Black women, the greater the perception of minority disadvantage, the greater the entrepreneurial ambition reported.

Wanting, and Weighting: White Women and Descriptive Representation in the 2016 Presidential Election

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Election ◽  
White Women ◽  
Vote Choice ◽  
Descriptive Representation ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
2016 Election ◽  
Group Identities ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Voting Decisions ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis paper demonstrates that the relationship between wanting a descriptive representative based on gender, and giving that attitude weight in voting decisions, is weakest among White women voters. Among under-represented groups of voters, White women were uniquely positioned going into the 2016 presidential election—they had the option to choose “one of their own” in terms of race and gender. Yet, the majority did not vote for the White woman on the ballot, Hillary Rodham Clinton. This outcome is an opportunity to interrogate how descriptive representation functions in different ways across groups with distinct socio-political positions in American politics. I argue that the relationship between desiring descriptive representation, and giving it weight when deciding for whom to vote for, is different across groups. Using American National Election Survey (ANES) data, I show that this is the case in the 2016 election. Nearly two-thirds of White women who said that electing more women is important, voted for Trump. Moreover, White women's espoused belief in the necessity of electing more women had no significant effect on their ultimate vote choice. In contrast, the same desire for increased descriptive representation based on gender had large, positive, and significant effects on women of color's vote choice. This study bears on extant research considering descriptive representation's importance to voters based only on race, or gender, and on the broader literature linking group identities and voter behavior.

Life Satisfaction Depending on Socio-Economic Status and Gender among Turkish Students

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susran Erkan Eroğlu ◽  
Hasan Bozgeyikli ◽  
Vahit Çalişir
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Turkish People ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

This research was carried out using the survey method in an attempt to find out the relationship between the life satisfaction and socio-economic status (SES) of adolescents. The research was conducted among 275 young Turkish people chosen by the random sampling method. The research findings determined that there was a significant difference between the life satisfaction and SES of the respondent students. On the other hand, contrary to expectations, there was no significant difference according to the gender variable.

scholarly journals The impact of youth labour market experiences on later employment opportunities: What roles do ethnicity and gender play?

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 646-674
Author(s):  
Carolina Viviana Zuccotti ◽  
Jacqueline O’Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Youth Labour Market ◽  
Early Labour ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Youth joblessness often leaves a scar. However, some ethnic groups appear to be more successful in recovering from this than others. Using a unique dataset (ONS Longitudinal Study) linking census records for a 1% sample of the population of England and Wales, we examine the relationship between early labour market experiences and later employment outcomes for men and women from Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Caribbean origins to those of white British individuals. Our results show that, on average, being unemployed or inactive in youth (vs being employed or in education) reduces employment opportunities later in life. However, this varies greatly by ethnicity and gender: Indian and, especially, Bangladeshi men are substantively less affected by previous non-employment compared with white British men; for women, having an ethnic minority background continues to limit their labour market integration. Addressing gender and ethnic labour market inequalities requires a more nuanced understanding of how these disadvantages unfurl over time for different communities.

Walking the tightrope: Constructing gender and professional identities in account management

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 596-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inne Gremmen ◽  
Yvonne Benschop
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
White Women ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Professional Identities ◽  
Critical Dialogue ◽  
Account Management ◽  
Account Managers ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Organization Research

AbstractThis paper contributes to the growing stream of organization research that explores the relationship between professional identities and gender. Our central question pertains to how account managers ‘do gender’ in constructing their professional identities. While account management has been considered a sales occupation with a strong masculine connotation, some indications towards ‘feminization’ have also been observed. Our analysis of 39 interviews with white women and men working as account managers in the Netherlands suggests that these account managers construct a ‘tough salesman’ identity and a ‘co-operative communicator’ identity. These identities have different gender connotations. The ‘co-operative communicator’ identity facilitates a critical dialogue with the – often implicit – masculinity in the ‘tough salesman’ identity norm. We reflect on the effects of these gender connotations both for account managers and for our practice as organization researchers who intend to deconstruct rather than reproduce gender stereotypes in our study of professional identities.

scholarly journals Gendering Property, Racing Capital

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Hall
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Gender And Race ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Slave Society ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
And Gender ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter takes one of the central subjects of economic and social history—the development of capitalism—and reinterprets classical debates through the lens of ‘race’ and gender. Drawing on impressive new research on British slave ownership in the Caribbean (the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership project at UCL), it argues that gender and ‘race’ not only structured the organization of property and power in slave society but were also historically dynamic axes of change. Each played a part in both cementing and dissolving the system of slavery with its particular forms of wealth creation. This significantly recalibrates traditional accounts of the relationship between slavery, capitalism, and emancipation and places culture at the heart of historical change.

Domestic Violence Recent Research (2004–2005) Part II: Repercussions for the Victims

2005 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. F. Lowenstein
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Psychological Intervention ◽  
Psychological Interventions ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Recent research has shown that the effect of domestic violence on victims can be catastrophic. Most but not all victims are female; often from minority groups, with children also being affected by scenes of violence. The victims suffer both physical and emotional damage. In many cases they must end the relationship with the perpetrator, when legal and psychological intervention fails. Frequently, it is only in this way that the death of a victim could be prevented but so often the victim forgives the perpetrator and returns to them. Much more effort could and should be made to prevent such tragedies by a combination of more effective legal and psychological interventions. The article considers the affect on the victims; the children; other cultures and minority populations; the employment opportunities of the victims; the perpetrators of domestic violence; and gender factors.

scholarly journals Exploring Bias in Student Evaluations: Gender, Race, and Ethnicity

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry Chávez ◽  
Kristina M.W. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Student Evaluations ◽  
Student Evaluations Of Teaching ◽  
Gender And Race ◽  
White Males ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Racial Ethnic

ABSTRACTResearch continues to accumulate showing that in instructor evaluations students are biased against women. This article extends these analyses by examining the dynamics between evaluations and gender and race/ethnicity. In a quasi-experimental design, faculty members teaching identical online courses recorded welcome videos that were presented to students at the course onset, constituting the sole exposure to perceived gender and race/ethnicity. This enables exploration of whether and to what degree the instructors’ characteristics influenced student evaluations, even after holding all other course factors constant. Findings show that instructors who are female and persons of color receive lower scores on ordinal student evaluations than those who are white males. Overall, we add further evidence to a growing literature calling for student evaluations of teaching (SETs) reform and extend it to encompass the effects on racial/ethnic minorities in addition to women.

The Wealth of Nations

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoltan J. Acs
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Economic Openness ◽  
American Research ◽  
Wealth Of Nations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
American Economy

This chapter examines wealth creation as a defining feature of capitalism. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, American research universities have increasingly moved to the forefront of innovation, playing a more critical role in developing new technologies used by large companies and entrepreneurs. In recent decades, one university and one region in particular have become almost synonymous with knowledge creation and the high-tech industry: Stanford University and Silicon Valley. The chapter shows how Leland Stanford and his contemporaries helped forge the relationship between creative destruction in the American economy and the institutions that promote opportunity. It considers how the economic openness that allowed entrepreneurs to accumulate fortunes has also nurtured social institutions, such as universities and foundations. It also discusses the issue of income inequality, the dilemma of what to do with wealth, the distinction between charity and philanthropy.

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