Validating a Measure of Perceived Parent–Child Political Socialization

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 623-637
Author(s):  
Francisco I. Pedraza ◽  
Brittany N. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Political Socialization ◽  
Parent Influence ◽  
Political Learning ◽  
Socialization Theory ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Socialization Experience ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Measurement Validity

A growing body of research in political science is influenced by conceptual advances in socialization theory which posit that children can influence adults’ learning across a wide range of topics. The concept of bidirectional influence describes socialization led by one’s parents and children. One outstanding need in the effort to import this concept to political socialization research is a measure that captures the influence of both parents and children. We meet this need with a measure of relative influence from both parents and children as sources for political learning. We provide evidence of measurement validity using separate samples of Asians, Blacks, Latinos, and Whites. Our findings suggest that our metric is portable across groups, and that the range of what individuals recall about their familial socialization experience includes more child-to-parent influence than existing studies suggest.

Political Socialization Theory, Research, and Application. History and Analysis of Forty Years of the Research Committee on Political Socialization and Education of the International Political Science Association: 1997-2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1+2-2017) ◽  
pp. 34-80
Author(s):  
Henk Dekker ◽  
Daniel B. German ◽  
Christ’l De Landtsheer
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Political Socialization ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Research Committee ◽  
Socialization Theory ◽  
International Comparative ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Many ◽  
Theory Research ◽  
Science Association

The Research Committee on Political Socialization and Education of the International Political Science Association celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2019. The RC was recognized by IPSA in 1979 following a solid and successful pioneering phase in the 1960s and ‘70s. The RC flourished with a full board during 40 years, more than fifty RCPSE panels at IPSA World Congresses, more than thirty RCPSE conferences in thirteen countries, more than 60 RCPSE sponsored books, and its RCPSE journal during 27 years. Research highlights include four international comparative political socialization studies and several political socialization panel studies. For more than thirty different political orientations and behaviours it has been investigated whether political socialization contributes to the explanation of the variance therein. Research focused on eight political socialisation agents and about thirty specific political socializers in these domains. Forty years of research has yielded a lot of insights and an auspicious theory development. Some topics deserve much more attention than they have received so far while new political, economic and social developments require a retest of what was discovered about political socialization in the past and a study of the many new ways, forms and contents of political socialization at the present time and in the future.

scholarly journals Horizontally transferred genes in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi encode enzymes and are expressed during early development

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra M Hernandez ◽  
Joseph F Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Horizontal Gene Transfer ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Mnemiopsis Leidyi ◽  
Uncharacterized Protein ◽  
Phylogenetic Incongruence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Growing Body

Horizontal gene transfer has had major impacts on the biology of a wide range of organisms from antibiotic resistance in bacteria to adaptations to herbivory in arthropods. A growing body of literature shows that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between non-animals and animals is more commonplace than previously thought. In this study, we present a thorough investigation of HGT in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. We applied tests of phylogenetic incongruence to identify nine genes that were likely transferred horizontally early in ctenophore evolution from bacteria and non-metazoan eukaryotes. All but one of these HGTs (an uncharacterized protein) appear to perform enzymatic activities in M. leidyi, supporting previous observations that enzymes are more likely to be retained after HGT events. We found that the majority of these nine horizontally transferred genes were expressed during early development, suggesting that they are active and play a role in the biology of M. leidyi. This is the first report of HGT in ctenophores, and contributes to an ever-growing literature on the prevalence of genetic information flowing between non-animals and animals.

Cooperation, Coordination, and Collective Action

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Cronk ◽  
Beth L. Leech
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Coordination Problems ◽  
Evolutionary Biologist ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Two Bodies

This book investigates a wide range of ideas, theories, and existing empirical research relevant to the study of the complex and diverse phenomenon of human cooperation. Issues relating to cooperation are examined from the perspective of evolutionary theory, political science, and related social sciences. The book draws upon two bodies of work: Mancur Olson's The Logic of Collective Action (1965) and George C. Williams's Adaptation and Natural Selection (1966). Olson, an economist, and Williams, an evolutionary biologist, both argued that a focus on groups would not provide a complete understanding of collective action and other social behaviors. This introductory chapter discusses some important definitions relating to cooperation, with particular emphasis on collective action and collective action dilemmas, along with coordination and coordination problems. It also provides an overview of the chapters that follow.

scholarly journals A Survey of Information Entropy Metrics for Complex Networks

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1417
Author(s):  
Yamila M. Omar ◽  
Peter Plapper
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Complex Networks ◽  
Information Entropy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Narrative Literature ◽  
Narrative Literature Review ◽  
Further Development

Information entropy metrics have been applied to a wide range of problems that were abstracted as complex networks. This growing body of research is scattered in multiple disciplines, which makes it difficult to identify available metrics and understand the context in which they are applicable. In this work, a narrative literature review of information entropy metrics for complex networks is conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Existing entropy metrics are classified according to three different criteria: whether the metric provides a property of the graph or a graph component (such as the nodes), the chosen probability distribution, and the types of complex networks to which the metrics are applicable. Consequently, this work identifies the areas in need for further development aiming to guide future research efforts.

scholarly journals The Silverskold Test, Are We All Doing it the Same?

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011417S0001
Author(s):  
Nicholas Cheney ◽  
Kyle Rockwell ◽  
John Weis ◽  
Dylan Lewis ◽  
Joseph Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Senior Author ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Talonavicular Joint ◽  
Ankle Pain ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Equinus Contracture ◽  
The Difference

Category: Pathophysiology Introduction/Purpose: Gastrocnemius eqiunus has been associated with a wide range of foot and ankle pathologies in the literature, however, many still question it’s involvement or existence. A recent response in Foot & Ankle International pointed out an incorrect demonstration of the Silfverskold test in a prior study. With a growing body of literature supporting gastrocnemius equinus as a contributing factor in foot and ankle pain, why do many feel that it still does not exist? It was our hypothesis that unless the examination is performed correctly, the diagnosis can be missed and could be the potential cause for disbelief in its existence or effect on foot and ankle pain. We sought to demonstrate the difference in examination findings when performing the test correctly and incorrectly. Methods: Thirty consecutive patients with conditions associated with gastrocnemius equinus in the literature were included in the study. Each patient was consented and had a Silverskold test performed correctly by inverting and locking the subtalar joint as well as stabilizing the talonavicular joint in order to isolate the ankle joint. We then performed the exam incorrectly without stabilizing the same two joints, allowing motion through the ipsilateral hindfoot and midfoot joints. A long arm goniometer was used to measure the angles with each arm along the length of the fibula and fifth metatarsal. The senior author performed all of the examinations to maintain consistency. The angles were recorded for later review. Results: We found that when the subtalar and talonavicular joints were stabilized, there was almost fifteen degrees less dorsiflexion than when the same joints were not stabilized. The average dorsiflexion when performed in the correct manner was seventy-eight degrees, while the average dorsiflexion with the exam performed incorrectly was ninety-three degrees. Conclusion: We demonstrated that if the examination is not performed correctly, the equinus contracture could go undiagnosed as motion through the hindfoot and midfoot joints can alter the findings. It is important to understand and perform the technique correctly to evaluate for the contracture as it has been shown to be a contributing factor in many foot and ankle problems. If we standardize the examination, there may be less disagreement about its existence or affect on foot and ankle pain.

Assessing Whiteness Scholarship: A Response to James Barrett, David Brody, Barbara Fields, Eric Foner, Victoria Hattam, and Adolph Reed

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 81-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Arnesen
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
American Studies ◽  
Labor History ◽  
Final Word ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many

The valuable and thoughtful responses to my essay, “Whiteness and the Historians' Imagination,” illustrate the existence of a wide range of opinions on the emergence, claims, and methodologies of the whiteness genre in US and US labor history. Like Eric Foner, it is my hope that this scholarly controversy will mark the beginning of a much longer discussion that will draw in many more participants from history, American Studies, political science, and other disciplines. This is a debate that I believe is long overdue. While David Brody is certainly correct to note that readers have not been so “dazzled” that they could not be critical of whiteness scholarship, serious historiographical assessments of the genre's strengths and weaknesses have been scarce. This scholarly controversy, which aims at providing such an assessment, will not and should not be the final word on the subject. In this response, I welcome the opportunity to address a fraction of the many important issues raised by James Barrett, David Brody, Barbara Fields, Eric Foner, Victoria Hattam, and Adolph Reed.

scholarly journals Transitive inference in Polistes paper wasps

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 20190015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Tibbetts ◽  
Jorge Agudelo ◽  
Sohini Pandit ◽  
Jessica Riojas
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Transitive Inference ◽  
Paper Wasps ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Polistes Metricus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
In Series ◽  
Five Elements ◽  
Underlying Dimension

Transitive inference (TI) is a form of logical reasoning that involves using known relationships to infer unknown relationships (A > B; B > C; then A > C). TI has been found in a wide range of vertebrates but not in insects. Here, we test whether Polistes dominula and Polistes metricus paper wasps can solve a TI problem. Wasps were trained to discriminate between five elements in series (A 0 B−, B 0 C−, C 0 D−, D 0 E−), then tested on novel, untrained pairs (B versus D). Consistent with TI, wasps chose B more frequently than D. Wasps organized the trained stimuli into an implicit hierarchy and used TI to choose between untrained pairs. Species that form social hierarchies like Polistes may be predisposed to spontaneously organize information along a common underlying dimension. This work contributes to a growing body of evidence that the miniature nervous system of insects does not limit sophisticated behaviours.

Adult Products That Kill and Injure Children

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 886-889
Author(s):  
Carol Pollack-Nelson ◽  
Alison G. Vredenburgh ◽  
Ilene B. Zackowitz ◽  
Michael J. Kalsher ◽  
James M. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Cell Phone ◽  
Cell Phone Use ◽  
Child Deaths ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pedestrian Accidents ◽  
Control Devices ◽  
Serious Injuries ◽  
Button Batteries ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Many of the most dangerous products killing and injuring children are not toys – they are adult products. Of the 150,000 products regulated by the CPSC, ATVs are responsible for more child deaths annually than any other. In many cases, the children injured or killed were riding adult ATVs. Products inside the home are also responsible for deaths and serious injuries. Dressers and televisions tip over and kill children at a rate of one every two weeks. Window covering cords have strangled at least one child every month for decades. And button batteries found in everything from remote control devices to bathroom scales are ingested by infants and young children, causing serious injuries and death. Finally, cell phone use by children has opened up a wide range of serious risks - not only driving and pedestrian accidents, but also risks associated with exposure to strangers and unsafe products. In this alternative format panel, experts address each of these products and explore how risk perception – by parents and children – affects their behavior and exposure to the hazard. Limitations of voluntary and mandatory regulations to mitigate product hazards are also discussed.

scholarly journals Exploitation of Cytotoxicity of Some Essential Oils for Translation in Cancer Therapy

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossella Russo ◽  
Maria Tiziana Corasaniti ◽  
Giacinto Bagetta ◽  
Luigi Antonio Morrone
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Complex Mixtures ◽  
Antitumor Drugs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Anticancer Treatment

Essential oils are complex mixtures of several components endowed with a wide range of biological activities, including antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, sedative, analgesic, and anesthetic properties. A growing body of scientific reports has recently focused on the potential of essential oils as anticancer treatment in the attempt to overcome the development of multidrug resistance and important side effects associated with the antitumor drugs currently used. In this review we discuss the literature on the effects of essential oils in  in vitroandin vivomodels of cancer, focusing on the studies performed with the whole phytocomplex rather than single constituents.

Implications from the Disequilibrium of Majority Rule for the Study of Institutions

1980 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 432-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Riker
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Majority Rule ◽  
Political Socialization ◽  
Scientific Investigation ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Political Outcomes ◽  
Empirical Regularities

While contemporary political science (as, for example, in such subjects as political socialization, studies of public opinion, etc.) tends to emphasize the study of values and tastes (because of an assumption that political outcomes–like market outcomes–are determined by the amalgamation of individual preferences), the older tradition of political science emphasized the study of institutions. The line of research in political theory followed during the last generation has involved seeking an equilibrium of tastes; but it has revealed that such an equilibrium exists only rarely, if at all. The inference then is that prudence in research directs the science of politics toward the investigation of empirical regularities in institutions, which, though congealed tastes, are “unstable constants” amenable to scientific investigation.

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