scholarly journals The Silverskold Test, Are We All Doing it the Same?

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011417S0001
Author(s):  
Nicholas Cheney ◽  
Kyle Rockwell ◽  
John Weis ◽  
Dylan Lewis ◽  
Joseph Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Senior Author ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Talonavicular Joint ◽  
Ankle Pain ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Equinus Contracture ◽  
The Difference

Category: Pathophysiology Introduction/Purpose: Gastrocnemius eqiunus has been associated with a wide range of foot and ankle pathologies in the literature, however, many still question it’s involvement or existence. A recent response in Foot & Ankle International pointed out an incorrect demonstration of the Silfverskold test in a prior study. With a growing body of literature supporting gastrocnemius equinus as a contributing factor in foot and ankle pain, why do many feel that it still does not exist? It was our hypothesis that unless the examination is performed correctly, the diagnosis can be missed and could be the potential cause for disbelief in its existence or effect on foot and ankle pain. We sought to demonstrate the difference in examination findings when performing the test correctly and incorrectly. Methods: Thirty consecutive patients with conditions associated with gastrocnemius equinus in the literature were included in the study. Each patient was consented and had a Silverskold test performed correctly by inverting and locking the subtalar joint as well as stabilizing the talonavicular joint in order to isolate the ankle joint. We then performed the exam incorrectly without stabilizing the same two joints, allowing motion through the ipsilateral hindfoot and midfoot joints. A long arm goniometer was used to measure the angles with each arm along the length of the fibula and fifth metatarsal. The senior author performed all of the examinations to maintain consistency. The angles were recorded for later review. Results: We found that when the subtalar and talonavicular joints were stabilized, there was almost fifteen degrees less dorsiflexion than when the same joints were not stabilized. The average dorsiflexion when performed in the correct manner was seventy-eight degrees, while the average dorsiflexion with the exam performed incorrectly was ninety-three degrees. Conclusion: We demonstrated that if the examination is not performed correctly, the equinus contracture could go undiagnosed as motion through the hindfoot and midfoot joints can alter the findings. It is important to understand and perform the technique correctly to evaluate for the contracture as it has been shown to be a contributing factor in many foot and ankle problems. If we standardize the examination, there may be less disagreement about its existence or affect on foot and ankle pain.

scholarly journals Observe Athlete’s Ankle Pain and Ankle Joint Muscle Characteristics Based on Microscope Images

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Mingzhi Li ◽  
Lina Sun
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Ankle Pain ◽  
Ankle Muscles ◽  
Ankle Muscle ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Athlete’S Foot ◽  
Experimental Group

Objective. To observe the characteristics of ankle pain and ankle joint muscle by microscope. Methods. In a sports university, 15 athletes above grade 2 were randomly selected as the experimental group, and 15 nonathletes were randomly selected as the control group. The experiment mainly included foot shape test, standard scaphoid height test, ankle range of motion test, ankle muscle emg test, and other experimental procedures. Medical microscopic image processing is a new technology developed in the past thirty years, which has brought great progress for mankind to understand and transform nature. Among them, the image processing and recognition of tumor cell microscopic images are one of the research focuses on the use of computers to process and recognize medical images. Results. In the test of ankle range of motion, when the angular velocity was the same as 60°/s, compared with the control group, the difference value of bilateral flexor peak moment in the experimental group was large, and the difference between the two groups was significant ( P < 0.05 ), with statistical significance. As the angular velocity dropped from 240°/s to 60°/s, 30 members of the experimental group and control group also experienced a decrease in the bilateral ankle isokyclic muscles, reflecting their lack of ankle strength. On the other hand, the muscle strength of the ankle joint in the experimental group was relatively small, and the difference between the two groups was significant ( P < 0.05 ). During the exercise, some members of the experimental group suffered from ankle pain, which resulted in insufficient strength of the muscles of the ankle joint, resulting in the interruption of the experiment. In the emg test of ankle muscles, the effective discharge values of preexcitation current of tibial anterior muscle before and after exercise were 104.6 ± 26.5 and 129.2 ± 38.1 , respectively, with significant difference and statistical significance. In the foot morphology test and the standard scaphoid height test, the difference between the two groups was not significant ( P > 0.05 ), and there was no statistical significance. Conclusion. Microscope based on athlete’s foot and ankle pain and ankle muscle characteristics to improve the accuracy of the observation, with the help of a microscope, you can see the details of a doctor are invisible to the naked eye and can record the relevant data in time in order to observe the late, for athlete’s foot and ankle pain relief and enhanced ankle muscles provide data support.

scholarly journals The prevalence and impact of self-reported foot and ankle pain in the over 55 age group: a secondary data analysis from a large community sample

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Maree Keenan ◽  
Chris Drake ◽  
Philip G. Conaghan ◽  
Alan Tennant
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Joint Pain ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Foot Pain ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Ankle Pain ◽  
Large Community ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background While the prevalence and impact of musculoskeletal problems are high, most attention has been directed towards the back, knee and hip disorders. Foot pain is known to be common in older adults and accounts for a significant burden on health services. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of foot and ankle joint pain, considering age, presence of co-morbidities and other site joint pain, in a large community sample. Methods In the North Yorkshire Health study, 16,222 people over 55 years participated in a detailed survey of the prevalence and impact of lower limb joint problems. Self-assessment of overall body pain and functional activities of daily living were assessed. Participants indicated the presence of joint pain, stiffness or swelling during the last 3 months which had lasted for more than 6 weeks on a manikin: data were captured on the foot and the ankle. Results The prevalence of self-reported foot and ankle joint pain was substantial: 184.33 per 1000, second only to knee problems. While foot pain was common, it was mostly associated with joint pain at other sites; only 1 in 11 of those with foot and ankle pain reported it only in the foot. Logistic regression modeling revealed while established factors such as co-morbidities, knee and hip problems contributed to functional impairment, foot and ankle problems contributed to an additional increased risk of having difficulty standing and walking by two fold (OR = 2.314, 95%CI 2.061–2.598), going up and down stairs by 71% (OR = 1.711, 95%CI 1.478–1.980) and getting up from a seated position by 44% (OR = 1.438, 95%CI 1.197–1.729). Conclusion These results suggest that not only are foot problems in the over 55 age group extremely prevalent, they have a considerable impact on functional abilities.

scholarly journals MRI Classification of subtalar and talonavicular joint osteoarthritis

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011418S0053
Author(s):  
Razi Zaidi ◽  
Rikin Hargunani ◽  
Michele Calleja ◽  
Andrew Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Observer Agreement ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Talonavicular Joint ◽  
Maximum Score ◽  
Observer Reliability ◽  
Plain Films ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
The Individual

Category: Hindfoot Introduction/Purpose: The sublatar joint is formed by the articulation of the talus and the calcaneus. The Calcaneus had three facets; posterior, middle and anterior that articulate with the talus. The anterior facet is also continuous with the Talonavicular joint. Plain radiography of the foot and ankle is the usual method to detect degeneration in these joints, however plain films do not permit full characterisation of non-ossified structures, such as articular cartilage, marrow tissue and synovial fluid. MRI is a better way to detect these changes. The aim of this study was to develop a quantitative way to score arthritic changes to the subtalar and talonavicular joints using MRI that was usable, repeatable and reliable. Methods: The MRI scans of thirty consecutive subjects with foot and ankle pain were retrospectively evaluated. MRI images were obtained using 1.5-T MRI. Images were interpreted independently by three musculoskeletal radiologists. In order to determine intra-observer reliability as well as the inter-observer reliability two of the readers independently scored the studies twice, more than 14 days apart. Five features of osteoarthritis were scored in the Subtalar joint and the Talonavicular joint. These were; cartilage morphology, subarticular marrow, subarticular cyst, marginal osteophytes and synovitis. The Subtalar joint was scored in eight different regions and Talonavicular joint in two The maximum score for both regions was 100. Scores were summarised and Inter- and Intra-observer agreement was calculated. Intraclass coefficient values less than 0.40 were poor, fair between 0.40 and 0.59 were fair, values between 0.60 and 0.74 were good, and values between 0.75 and 1 excellent. Results: For the 30 MRI scans the mean score for the Subtalar joint ranged from 11.7 to 14.4 and for the Talonavicular joint ranged from 3.7 to 5.6. The inter-observer correlation for the Subtalar joint between the three readers ranged between 0.53 and 0.83 for the individual features but overall was excellent at 0.76. For the Talonavicular joint the total correlation was good at 0.67. The inter-observer ICC for the total score was 0.75 which showed excellent agreement between the three readers. The total intra-observer correlation was excellent. Conclusion: We have designed a novel scoring system subtalar and talonavicular arthritis that is easy to perform and demonstrates excellent reliability and may be an extremely useful tool for clinical trials on ankle arthritis and other studies to diagnose and monitor disease progression.

A Long-Term Study of the Effect of Subtalar Arthrodesis on the Ankle and Hindfoot Joints

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chonglin Yang ◽  
Xiangyang Xu ◽  
Yuan Zhu ◽  
Jinhao Liu ◽  
Baofu Wei
Keyword(s):  
Health Survey ◽  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Short Form Health Survey ◽  
Subtalar Arthrodesis ◽  
Form Health ◽  
The Difference ◽  
American Orthopaedic ◽  
Short Form Health

Background: Subtalar arthrodesis is a common therapy for subtalar joint disorders. In this article, we evaluate the effect of subtalar arthrodesis on the ankle and hindfoot joints. Methods: Fifty patients (33 men and 17 women) underwent subtalar arthrodesis between January 1, 1996, and August 31, 2011. The 36-item Short-Form Health Survey and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle hindfoot scores were used for clinical evaluation. Radiographic analysis included assessment of degenerative changes and ankle and hindfoot joint function in the frontal and sagittal planes. Results: Thirty-seven patients (27 men and 10 women; mean age, 42.6 years) were followed up for an average of 9.2 years (range, 2–17 years). The mean ± SD 36-item Short-Form Health Survey score improved from 30.21 ± 7.19 before surgery to 78.50 ± 12.23, and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle hindfoot score increased from 50.32 ± 12.39 to 73.14 ± 15.44. Degenerative changes in the talonavicular, calcaneocuboid, metatarsocuboid, and ankle joints occurred. The talar-vertical angle was positively related to the tibial-plantar minimal angle (affected side: r = 0.56; P &lt; .01; healthy side: r = 0.46; P &lt; .01). The difference in hindfoot height is positively related to the difference in tibial-plantar minimal angle (r = 0.54; P &lt; .01). Conclusions: Subtalar arthrodesis is effective treatment for subtalar joint disease but could induce joint degeneration and ankle joint motion limitation related to talar declination and hindfoot height.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF THE X-RAY ANATOMICAL CONDITIONS OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE IN CHILDREN WITH FIBULAR APLASIA

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
Dmitry Stepanovich Buklaev
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Varus Deformity ◽  
Valgus Deformity ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Tarsal Bones ◽  
Posterior Subluxation

The article contains the results of the analysis of radiographs of the foot and ankle in 84 children with malformations of the fibula. We found that infants’ relation to the ankle joint is often normal, as in the sagittal and frontal planes. With increasing age the number of posterior subluxation increases as well as anteriorly, laterally. Also dislocations of the foot were presented. The most significant relationships were violations of the subtalar joint. There were pronation, supinatsion, positions of calcaneus bone and its lateroposition, which was the most frequent cause of valgus deformity. Also we found a violation of the form of the talus such as a flattening of the block, smoothing of the neck. In rare cases of the varus deformity of the foot abnormalities of the tarsal bones were observed.

Comparative Effects of High-Tech Visual Scene Displays and Low-Tech Isolated Picture Symbols on Engagement From Students With Multiple Disabilities

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Holyfield ◽  
Sydney Brooks ◽  
Allison Schluterman
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Multiple Disabilities ◽  
Visual Scene ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Difference

Purpose Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) is an intervention approach that can promote communication and language in children with multiple disabilities who are beginning communicators. While a wide range of AAC technologies are available, little is known about the comparative effects of specific technology options. Given that engagement can be low for beginning communicators with multiple disabilities, the current study provides initial information about the comparative effects of 2 AAC technology options—high-tech visual scene displays (VSDs) and low-tech isolated picture symbols—on engagement. Method Three elementary-age beginning communicators with multiple disabilities participated. The study used a single-subject, alternating treatment design with each technology serving as a condition. Participants interacted with their school speech-language pathologists using each of the 2 technologies across 5 sessions in a block randomized order. Results According to visual analysis and nonoverlap of all pairs calculations, all 3 participants demonstrated more engagement with the high-tech VSDs than the low-tech isolated picture symbols as measured by their seconds of gaze toward each technology option. Despite the difference in engagement observed, there was no clear difference across the 2 conditions in engagement toward the communication partner or use of the AAC. Conclusions Clinicians can consider measuring engagement when evaluating AAC technology options for children with multiple disabilities and should consider evaluating high-tech VSDs as 1 technology option for them. Future research must explore the extent to which differences in engagement to particular AAC technologies result in differences in communication and language learning over time as might be expected.

COMBINATORIAL POLYNOMIALLY COMPUTABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBSTITUTIONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR NIKONOV ◽  
◽  
ANTON ZOBOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Expectation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Computational Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bijective Function ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Element Base ◽  
Selection Of

The construction and selection of a suitable bijective function, that is, substitution, is now becoming an important applied task, particularly for building block encryption systems. Many articles have suggested using different approaches to determining the quality of substitution, but most of them are highly computationally complex. The solution of this problem will significantly expand the range of methods for constructing and analyzing scheme in information protection systems. The purpose of research is to find easily measurable characteristics of substitutions, allowing to evaluate their quality, and also measures of the proximity of a particular substitutions to a random one, or its distance from it. For this purpose, several characteristics were proposed in this work: difference and polynomial, and their mathematical expectation was found, as well as variance for the difference characteristic. This allows us to make a conclusion about its quality by comparing the result of calculating the characteristic for a particular substitution with the calculated mathematical expectation. From a computational point of view, the thesises of the article are of exceptional interest due to the simplicity of the algorithm for quantifying the quality of bijective function substitutions. By its nature, the operation of calculating the difference characteristic carries out a simple summation of integer terms in a fixed and small range. Such an operation, both in the modern and in the prospective element base, is embedded in the logic of a wide range of functional elements, especially when implementing computational actions in the optical range, or on other carriers related to the field of nanotechnology.

Generalized Heterodyne Configurations for Photo-induced Force Microscopy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Wang ◽  
Devon Jakob ◽  
Haomin Wang ◽  
Alexis Apostolos ◽  
Marcos M. Pires ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Repetition Rate ◽  
Modulation Frequency ◽  
High Harmonic ◽  
Chemical Imaging ◽  
Heterodyne Detection ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Afm Cantilever

<div>Infrared chemical microscopy through mechanical probing of light-matter interactions by atomic force microscopy (AFM) bypasses the diffraction limit. One increasingly popular technique is photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM), which utilizes the mechanical heterodyne signal detection between cantilever mechanical resonant oscillations and the photo induced force from light-matter interaction. So far, photo induced force microscopy has been operated in only one heterodyne configuration. In this article, we generalize heterodyne configurations of photoinduced force microscopy by introducing two new schemes: harmonic heterodyne detection and sequential heterodyne detection. In harmonic heterodyne detection, the laser repetition rate matches integer fractions of the difference between the two mechanical resonant modes of the AFM cantilever. The high harmonic of the beating from the photothermal expansion mixes with the AFM cantilever oscillation to provide PiFM signal. In sequential heterodyne detection, the combination of the repetition rate of laser pulses and polarization modulation frequency matches the difference between two AFM mechanical modes, leading to detectable PiFM signals. These two generalized heterodyne configurations for photo induced force microscopy deliver new avenues for chemical imaging and broadband spectroscopy at ~10 nm spatial resolution. They are suitable for a wide range of heterogeneous materials across various disciplines: from structured polymer film, polaritonic boron nitride materials, to isolated bacterial peptidoglycan cell walls. The generalized heterodyne configurations introduce flexibility for the implementation of PiFM and related tapping mode AFM-IR, and provide possibilities for additional modulation channel in PiFM for targeted signal extraction with nanoscale spatial resolution.</div>

scholarly journals Natural Science and Supernatural Thought Experiments

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
James Robert Brown
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Thought Experiments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Theological Thought

Religious notions have long played a role in epistemology. Theological thought experiments, in particular, have been effective in a wide range of situations in the sciences. Some of these are merely picturesque, others have been heuristically important, and still others, as I will argue, have played a role that could be called essential. I will illustrate the difference between heuristic and essential with two examples. One of these stems from the Newton–Leibniz debate over the nature of space and time; the other is a thought experiment of my own constructed with the aim of making a case for a more liberal view of evidence in mathematics.

An experimental assessment of the evaporation correlations for natural, forced and combined convection regimes

2011 ◽  
Vol 226 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Jodat ◽  
M Moghiman
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Convection ◽  
Forced Convection ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Density Variation ◽  
Convection Regime ◽  
Combined Convection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rate Of Evaporation ◽  
Evaporation Models

In the present study, the applicability of widely used evaporation models (Dalton approach-based correlations) is experimentally investigated for natural, forced, and combined convection regimes. A series of experimental measurements are carried out over a wide range of water temperatures and air velocities for 0.01 ≤ Gr/Re2 ≤ 100 in a heated rectangular pool. The investigations show that the evaporation rate strongly depends on the convection regime's Gr/ Re2 value. The results show that the evaporation rate increases with the difference in vapour pressures over both forced convection (0.01 ≤ Gr/Re2 ≤ 0.1) and turbulent mixed convection regimes (0.15 ≤ Gr/Re2 ≤ 25). However, the escalation rate of evaporation decreases with Gr/ Re2 in the forced convection regime whereas in the turbulent mixed convection it increases. In addition, over the range of the free convection regime ( Gr/Re2 ≥ 25), the evaporation rate is affected not only by the vapour pressure difference but also by the density variation. A dimensionless correlation using the experimental data of all convection regimes (0.01 ≤ Gr/Re2 ≤ 100) is proposed to cover different water surface geometries and airflow conditions.

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