A Test of the Revised Minkov-Hofstede Model of Culture: Mirror Images of Subjective and Objective Culture across Nations and the 50 US States

2021 ◽  
pp. 106939712110144
Author(s):  
Michael Minkov ◽  
Anneli Kaasa
Keyword(s):  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Political Freedom ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Us States ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Educational Effort ◽  
Culture Model ◽  
Similar Factor

Various models of subjective culture (measures of self-reports) have been proposed since Hofstede’s original work but none of them have been validated by showing that they have analogs in objective culture (measures of societal practices). Inspired by Bardi and Schwartz’s discovery that Schwartz’s individual-level circumplex values model has an exact equivalent in a model of behaviors, we develop a test for the purpose of validating models of culture. We apply this test to Minkov’s revised two-dimensional variant of Hofstede’s subjective-culture model, consisting of individualism-collectivism (IDV-COLL) and flexibility-monumentalism (FLX-MON) (formerly “long-term orientation”), as Fog recently found that an analog to this model incorporates and summarizes all major validated models and dimensions of national culture. We analyze national measures of important social practices associated empirically and theoretically with IDV-COLL and FLX-MON: transparency-corruption, gender equality, political freedom, road death tolls, homicide rates, family structures, innovation rates, and educational effort and achievement. These yielded close analogs to IDV-COLL and FLX-MON, with similar factor structures across nations and across the 50 US states, explicable in terms of IDV-COLL, FLX-MON, and life-history strategy (LHS) theories. Thus, subjective culture structures have mirror images in objective culture structures. This provides validation for our test, for the Minkov-Hofstede two-dimensional model of culture, for the use of nations and some sub-national political entities as units of cultural analysis, as well as for IDV-COLL, FLX-MON, and LHS theories.

scholarly journals The prevalence of extra-lethal violence across cultures in warfare

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Aaron Z. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Costly Signaling ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Direct Benefit ◽  
Lethal Violence ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Decisive Advantage

Extra-Lethal Violence, a form of physical aggression that goes beyond the necessity to kill someone, presents a conundrum: it is inefficient and dangerous to produce, especially during warfare. Extra-Lethal Violence, particularly when it manifests in warfare, does not contribute to the immediate survival of individuals; the time, effort, and lack of awareness of surroundings or other attack suggests that Extra-Lethal Violence could be maladaptive at the individual level or in the short term. Yet this individually risky behavior that seems to have no direct benefit to the aggressor is both common and persistent across time and space. We utilized the electronic Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) to conduct a cross cultural analysis of the prevalence and potential predictors of Extra-Lethal Violence. Our research indicates that Extra-Lethal Violence is present across all populated regions of the world, for the entire timespan of the ethnographic record up to the ethnographic present, across subsistence, marriage, and social complexity levels. Our research suggests that Costly Signaling Theory (CST) is currently the best explanation for this behavior. Extra-Lethal Violence can be characterized as a difficult to fake, clear indicator of martial skill and physical fitness that has a high broadcast efficiency, both within and between groups. Rather than allowing behaviors such as Extra-Lethal Violence to be labeled as 'abhorrent' or 'disgusting,' we must view Extra-Lethal Violence in the same light as the cavalry, the ironclads, or nuclear weapons: societies seeking a decisive advantage over their enemies, utilizing available resources, be they material or behavioral.

scholarly journals A review of pornography use research: Methodology and results from four sources

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gmeiner ◽  
Joseph Price ◽  
Michael Worley
Keyword(s):  
Rank Order ◽  
State Level ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Us States ◽  
New Family ◽  
Online Pornography ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Pornography Use ◽  
Per Capita

The widespread electronic transmission of pornography allows for a variety of new data sources to objectively measure pornography use. Recent studies have begun to use these data to rank order US states by per capita online pornography use and to identify the determinants of pornography use at the state level. The aim of this paper is to compare two previous methodologies for evaluating pornography use by state, as well as to measure online pornography use using multiple data sources. We find that state-level rankings from Pornhub.com, Google Trends, and the New Family Structures Survey are significantly correlated with each other. In contrast, we find that rankings based on data from a single large paid subscription pornography website has no significant correlation with rankings based on the other three data sources. Since so much of online pornography is accessed for free, research based solely on paid subscription data may yield misleading conclusions.

Sentencing Guidelines

Criminology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Justice System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sentencing Guidelines ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Us States ◽  
Sentencing Recommendations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Administrative Body

Sentencing guidelines are formal sentencing recommendations that provide benchmarks for appropriate punishments to judges at sentencing. They often consist of two-dimensional grids that rank the seriousness of the current offense along one axis and the prior offending history of the offender on the other. Cells within the grid provide specific ranges of punishments that are presumed to be appropriate in typical cases involving typical offenders. Many sentencing guidelines are established and monitored by a specialized administrative body known as a sentencing commission. Since the early 1980s, sentencing guidelines have been implemented in numerous US states and in the federal justice system with the express goals of reducing unwarranted disparity and increasing consistency, uniformity, and transparency in punishment.

Congruence and Representation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell J. Dalton
Keyword(s):  
Political Representation ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Collective Representation ◽  
Micro Level

This chapter examines the congruence between voters and their preferred party on the economic and cultural cleavages. It describes political representation on both cleavages at the macro and micro levels. The chapter determines whether voters as a collective find a party that well represents their positions, or if they satisfice with a party that only partially reflects their views. There is a very close collective fit between voters and their chosen party in the two-dimensional space. Then the chapter examines the fit between voter and party for each individual voter. While there is strong voter-party congruence at the macro level, this relationship weakens at the micro level. This produces a tension between collective representation and individual-level views of representation.

Cultural evolution in more than two dimensions: Distinguishing social learning biases and identifying payoff structures

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-92
Author(s):  
Alex Mesoudi
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Cultural Dynamics ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Learning Biases ◽  
Payoff Structure ◽  
Social Learning Biases

AbstractBentley et al.’s two-dimensional conceptual map is complementary to cultural evolution research that has sought to explain population-level cultural dynamics in terms of individual-level behavioral processes. Here, I qualify their scheme by arguing that different social learning biases should be treated distinctly, and that the transparency of decisions is sometimes conflated with the actual underlying payoff structure of those decisions.

scholarly journals Triadic embeddedness structure in family networks predicts mobile communication response to a sudden natural disaster

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayson S. Jia ◽  
Yiwei Li ◽  
Xin Lu ◽  
Yijian Ning ◽  
Nicholas A. Christakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Earthquake Intensity ◽  
Family Plan ◽  
Social Unit ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Family Networks ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Kinship Networks ◽  
The Impact

AbstractKinship networks are a fundamental social unit in human societies, and like social networks in general, provide social support in times of need. Here, we investigate the impact of sudden environmental shock, the Ms 7.0 2013 Ya’an earthquake, on the mobile communications patterns of local families, which we operationalize using anonymized individual-level mobile telecommunications metadata from family plan subscribers of a major carrier (N = 35,565 people). We demonstrate that families’ communications dynamics after the earthquake depended on their triadic embeddedness structure, a structural metric we propose that reflects the number of dyads in a family triad that share social ties. We find that individuals in more embedded family structures were more likely to first call other family plan members and slower in calling non-family ties immediately after the earthquake; these tendencies were stronger at higher earthquake intensity. In the weeks after the event, individuals in more embedded family structures had more reciprocal communications and contacted more social ties in their broader social network. Overall, families that are structurally more embedded displayed higher levels of intra-family coordination and mobilization of non-family social connections.

scholarly journals Disease mediated changes to life history and demography threaten the survival of European amphibian populations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis J. Campbell ◽  
Trenton W. J. Garner ◽  
Giulia Tessa ◽  
Benjamin C. Scheele ◽  
Amber G.F. Griffiths ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Historical Presence ◽  
Population Demographic ◽  
The Impact

AbstractInfectious diseases can influence the life history strategy of their hosts and such influences subsequently impact the demography of infected populations, reducing viability independently of increased mortality or morbidity. Amphibians are the most threatened group of vertebrates and emerging infectious diseases play a large role in their population declines. Viruses of genus Ranavirus are responsible for one of the deadliest of these diseases. To date no work has evaluated the impact of ranaviruses on host life-history post metamorphosis or population demographic structure at the individual level. In this study, we used skeletochronology and morphology to evaluate the impact of ranaviruses on the demography of populations of European common frog (Rana temporaria) in the United Kingdom. We compared ecologically similar populations that differed only in their historical presence or absence of ranaviral disease. Our results suggest that ranaviruses are associated with shifts in the age structure of infected populations, potentially caused by increased adult mortality and associated shifts in the life history of younger age classes. Population projection models indicate that such age truncation could heighten the vulnerability of frog populations to stochastic environmental challenges. Our individual level data provide further compelling evidence that the emergence of infectious diseases can alter host demography, subsequently increasing population vulnerability to additional stressors.

Who, Being Loved, is Poor?: Poverty, Marriage, and Changing Family Structures in the Canadian Arctic

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elspeth Ready
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
The Individual

In Kangiqsujuaq, Nunavik, household composition has changed drastically over the past half-century. Although the cooperative division of labor between married couples was a cornerstone of the traditional Inuit economy, a large proportion of households in Kangiqsujuaq today are headed by single women with dependents. Examination of factors associated with marriage at the individual level and of patterns of wage labor participation within households shows that economic cooperation between married or common-law partners is associated with considerable advantages in the mixed cash/subsistence economy, particularly for households where both partners have steady, well-paying jobs. Married households have lower rates of food insecurity and are more invested in traditional harvesting and sharing than the households of unmarried individuals. Despite these benefits, there are significant challenges to forming successful households based on economic cooperation between men and women. The lower economic status of married households with only one primary wage earner, particularly in terms of per capita income, suggests that a domestic partnership may not provide any economic benefit if a prospective spouse or common-law partner is unemployed. In the current context of high unemployment in Kangiqsujuaq, this tradeoff may help explain the high prevalence of unmarried household heads and has important consequences for cultural transmission and mental health in Inuit communities.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Future Time Orientation and Item Nonresponse on Subjective Probability Questions: A Cross-Cultural Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 698-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunghee Lee ◽  
Mingnan Liu ◽  
Mengyao Hu
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Probability ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Time Orientation ◽  
Item Nonresponse ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
The Future

Time orientation is an unconscious yet fundamental cognitive process that provides a framework for organizing personal experiences in temporal categories of past, present, and future, reflecting the relative emphasis given to these categories. Culture lies central to individuals’ time orientation, leading to cultural variations in time orientation. For example, people from future-oriented cultures tend to emphasize the future and store information relevant for the future more than those from present- or past-oriented cultures. For survey questions that ask respondents to report expected probabilities of future events, this may translate into culture-specific question difficulties, manifested through systematically varying “I don’t know” item nonresponse rates. This study drew on the time orientation theory and examined culture-specific nonresponse patterns on subjective probability questions using methodologically comparable population-based surveys from multiple countries. The results supported our hypothesis. Item nonresponse rates on these questions varied significantly in the way that future orientation at the group as well as individual level was associated with lower nonresponse rates. This pattern did not apply to nonprobability questions. Our study also suggested potential nonresponse bias. Examining culture-specific constructs, such as time orientation, as a framework for measurement mechanisms may contribute to improving cross-cultural research.

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