scholarly journals Economic Burden of Gastric Cancer: A Case of Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 107327481983718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abed Eghdami ◽  
Rahim Ostovar ◽  
Abdosaleh Jafari ◽  
Andrew J. Palmer ◽  
Najmeh Bordbar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
Therapeutic Services ◽  
Collection Form

Purpose: Today, cancers have become a major cause of mortality in developed and developing countries. Among various cancers, gastric cancer imposes a huge economic burden on patients, their families, and on the health-care system. This study aimed to determine the economic burden of gastric cancer in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province of Iran in 2016. Methods: This was a cross-sectional cost of illness study conducted in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province of Iran in 2016, using a prevalence-based approach. All patients were studied using the census method (N = 110). The required data on direct medical, direct nonmedical, and indirect costs were collected using a data collection form from the patients’ medical records, tariffs of diagnostic, and therapeutic services approved by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in 2016. Results: The total cost and burden of gastric cancer in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province of Iran in 2016 were $US436 237, among which the majority were direct medical costs (59%). The highest costs among direct medical costs, direct nonmedical costs, and indirect costs were, respectively, related to the costs of medications used by the patients (35%), transportation (31%), and absence of patients’ families from work and daily activities caused by patient care (56%). Conclusion: Our study has revealed for the first time high costs of gastric cancer in Iran. To decrease the total costs and burden, the following suggestions can be made: increasing insurance coverage and government subsidies for purchasing necessary medications, providing the required specialized care and services related to cancer diseases such as gastric cancer in other provincial cities rather than just in capital cities, and so on.

Abstract 19839: Clinical and Economic Burden of Rheumatic Heart Disease in Low-Income Nations: Estimating the Cost-of-Illness in India and Uganda

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander T Sandhu ◽  
Kathikeyan G ◽  
Ann Bolger ◽  
Emmy Okello ◽  
Dhruv S Kazi
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Rheumatic Heart Disease ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Discrete State ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Rheumatic Heart

Introduction: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) strikes young adults at their peak economic productivity. Defining the global economic burden of RHD may motivate investments in research and prevention, yet prior approaches considering only medical costs may have underestimated the cost of illness. Objectives: To estimate the clinical and economic burden of RHD in India and Uganda. Outcomes were disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), direct medical costs, and indirect costs due to disability and premature mortality (2012 USD). Methods: We used a discrete-state Markov model to simulate the natural history of RHD using country-, age-, and gender-specific estimates from the literature and census data. We estimated direct medical costs from WHO-CHOICE and Disease Control and Prevention 3 publications. We conservatively estimated indirect costs (lost earnings and imputed caregiver costs) from World Bank data using novel economic methods. Results: In 2012, RHD generated 6.1 million DALYs in India and cost USD 10.7 billion (Table 1), including 1.8 billion in direct medical costs and 8.9 billion in indirect costs. During the same period, RHD produced 216,000 DALYs in Uganda, and cost USD 414 million, and, as in India, indirect costs represented the majority (88%) of the cost of illness. In both countries, women accounted for the majority (71-80%) of the DALYs; in Uganda, women bore 75% of the total cost. In sensitivity analyses, higher progression rates for subclinical disease doubled direct costs and DALYs. Conclusion: RHD exacts an enormous toll on the populations of India and Uganda, and its economic burden may be grossly underestimated if indirect costs are not systematically included. Women bear a disproportionate clinical burden from pregnancy-related complications. These results suggest that effective prevention and screening of RHD may represent a sound public health investment, particularly if targeted at high-risk subgroups such as young women.

Cost of lung cancer in East Azerbaijan province, in Iran, in 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-470
Author(s):  
Habibeh Mir ◽  
Farshad Seyednejad ◽  
Habib Jalilian ◽  
Shirin Nosratnejad ◽  
Mahmood Yousefi
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
East Azerbaijan ◽  
The Cost

Purpose Costs estimation is essential and important to resource allocation and prioritizing different interventions in the health system. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the costs of lung cancer in Iran, in 2017. Design/methodology/approach This was a prevalence-based cost of illness study with a bottom-up approach costing conducted from October 2016 to April 2017. The sample included 645 patients who referred to Imam Reza hospital, Tabriz, Iran, in 2017. Follow-up interviews were every two months. Hospitalization costs extracted from the patient’s record and outpatient costs, nondirect medical costs and indirect costs collected using questionnaire. SPSS software version 22 was used for the data analysis. Findings Mean direct medical costs, nondirect medical costs and indirect costs amounted to 36,637.02 ± 23,515.13 PPP (2016) (251,313,217.83 Rials), 2,025.25 ± 3,303.72 PPP (2016) (16,613,202.53 Rials) and 48,348.55 ± 34,371.84 PPP (2016) (396,599,494.56 Rials), respectively. There was a significant and negative correlation between direct medical costs, direct nonmedical costs, indirect costs and age at diagnosis, and there was a significant and positive correlation between the length of hospital stay and direct medical cost. Originality/value As the cost of lung cancer is substantial and there have been little studies in this area, the objective of this study is to investigate the cost of lung cancer and present ways to tackle this.

Economic burden of gastric cancer in the first six months after diagnosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-446
Author(s):  
Habib Jalilian ◽  
Leila Doshmangir ◽  
Soheila Ajami ◽  
Habibeh Mir ◽  
Yibeltal Siraneh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Direct Cost ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Total Direct Cost ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost

Purpose Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the leading cause of death after lung cancer in the world. Considering the economic burden of cancers and their impact on household welfare, this study aims to estimate the cost of gastric cancer in Tabriz (Northwest city of Iran) in 2017. Design/methodology/approach This was an incidence-based cost of illness study which was conducted from the perspective of society with a bottom-up costing approach. The inclusion criteria for the study were all patients (n = 118) with gastric cancer at the period of the first six months after diagnosis that 102 patients participated. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22. Findings The mean medical direct cost was US$3288.02, 18.19 per cent paid by the patient and 81.81 per cent paid by insurance organizations and governmental subsidies. The estimated out of pocket rate was 18.19 per cent. The mean non-medical direct cost estimated at US$377.54. The mean total direct cost was US$3665.56, 26.61 per cent paid by the patient. The mean indirect cost estimated at US$505.41 and the mean total cost was US$4170.97, 35.5 per cent which imposed on the patient. The mean total cost of gastric cancer within the first six months after diagnosis was equivalent to 0.81 GDP per capita. Originality/value Based on the findings, gastric cancer is a highly costly disease that despite insurance coverage imposes a high economic burden on the patients and their families.

Economic burden of advanced gastric cancer (AGC) in Taiwan.

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 33-33
Author(s):  
Jihyung Hong ◽  
Yiling Tsai ◽  
Diego Novick ◽  
Frank Hsiao ◽  
Rebecca Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Advanced Gastric Cancer ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Patient Costs ◽  
National Statistics ◽  
Direct Medical Costs

33 Background: Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in both sexes worldwide, especially in East Asia. This study aimed to estimate the economic burden of advanced gastric cancer (AGC) in Taiwan. Methods: The costs of AGC in 2013 were estimated using resource use data from a chart review study (n = 122 with AGC) and national statistics. Annual per-patient costs were estimated from 82 patients who had complete resource use data. The costs were composed of direct medical costs (inpatient, outpatients, and chemotherapy-related costs), direct non-medical costs (healthcare travel and caregiver costs), morbidity costs, and mortality costs. Relevant unit costs were retrieved mainly from literature and national statistics, and applied to the resource use data. Broad definitions of morbidity and mortality costs were employed to value the productivity loss in patients with unpaid employment, economically inactive and unemployed as well as the life years after the age of retirement. Narrow definitions were also used in sensitivity analyses, using age- and/or sex-specific employment rates. Forgone future earnings/productivity loss were discounted at 3%. Annual per-patient costs were projected to estimate the total costs of AGC at the national level with an estimated number of patients with AGC (N = 2,611) in 2013 in Taiwan. Results: The mean age of the 82 patients was 59.3 (SD: 11.9) years, and 67.1% were male. Per-patient costs were US$26,431 for direct medical costs, US$4,669 for direct non-medical costs, US$5,758 for morbidity costs, and US$145,990 for mortality costs (per death). These per-patient costs were projected to incur total AGC costs of US$423 million in 2013 in Taiwan. Mortality costs accounted for 77.3% of the total costs, followed by direct medical costs (16.3%), morbidity costs (3.6%), and direct non-medical costs (2.9%). Conclusions: The total costs of AGC in Taiwan were estimated to be about US$423million in 2013. Such high costs, despite relatively low AGC incidence/prevalence rates in Taiwan, were mainly due to high mortality rates and high mortality costs (per death). Reducing mortality rates and providing effective treatments may help to reduce its burden on patients, caregivers and society as a whole.

scholarly journals Direct medical costs of hospitalized patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofen Zheng ◽  
Bingbing Xie ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Ming Zhu ◽  
Shu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
The Mean

AbstractBackgroundIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown cause. The incidence of IPF is increasing year by year, as well as the mortality rates, which is really a burden both for the family and the society. However few data concerning the economic burden of the patients with IPF is available, especially in China.ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the direct medical costs of hospitalized patients with IPF and to determine the contributing factors.MethodsThis retrospective analysis used the cost-of-illness framework in order to analyze the direct medical costs of patients with IPF. The study used data from the pneumology department of Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University from year 2012 to 2015. The direct medical costs included drug fee, auxiliary examination fee, treatment fee and other fee. Patients’ characteristics, medical treatment, and the direct medical costs were analyzed by descriptive statistics and multivariable regression.ResultsThere were 219 hospitalized patients meeting the diagnosis of IPF, 91% male. The mean age was 65 years old. For the direct medical costs of hospitalized patients with IPF, the mean(SD) of the total costs per IPF patient per admission was 14882.3 (30975.8)CNY. The largest parts were the examination fee of 6034.5 (15651.2)CNY and the drug fee of 5048.9 (3855.1)CNY. By regression analysis we found that length of stay, emergency treatment, ventilator use and being a Beijing native were significantly (P<0.05) associated with total hospitalization costs, and the length of stay had the biggest impact. Complications or comorbidities contributated to the direct medical costs as follows: respiratory failure with 30898.3CNY (P=0.004), pulmonary arterial hypertension(PAH) with 26898.2CNY (P=0.098), emphysema with 25368.3CNY (P=0.033), and high blood pressure with 24659.4CNY (P=0.026). Using DLCO or DLCO% pred to reflect the severity of IPF, there was no significant correlation between DLCO or DLCO% pred and patients’ direct medical costs. While, the worse the diffusion function, the higher the drug fee.ConclusionThis study showed that IPF has a major impact on the direct medical costs. Thus, appropriate long-term interventions are recommended to lower the economic burden of IPF.Strengths and limitations of this studyIt was the first time in China to discuss the economic burden of diseases and its influencing factors in patients with IPF.The results of this study might be of reference for the establishment of IPF disease-related medical policies in future.The retrospective cross-sectional design does not allow for establishing any causal relationships.It was a a single-center study, resulting a slightly smaller sample size. A large sample of multicenter studies is needed to confirm this.

scholarly journals ЕSTIMATION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC BURDEN OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE FOR A 5-YEAR PERIOD: A REGIONAL ASPECT

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-138
Author(s):  
E. A. Orlova ◽  
A. R. Umerova ◽  
I. P. Dorfman ◽  
M. A. Orlov ◽  
M. A. Abdullaev
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Emergency Medical Care ◽  
Disability Benefits ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Indirect Losses

The aim of the study was to estimate the economic damage by COPD, including direct medical and non-medical costs and indirect costs associated with premature deaths of working-age individuals.Materials and methods. First, estimation of the economic COPD burden in Astrakhan region (AR) was carried out using the clinical and economic analysis of the "cost of illness" (COI). Direct medical costs of inpatient, outpatient, ambulance and emergency medical care, as well as direct non-medical costs associated with the disability benefits payments, were taken into account. Indirect costs were defined as economic losses from undelivered products due to premature deaths of working-age individuals.Results. From 2015 to 2019, the economic COPD burden in AR amounted to 757.11 million rubles in total, which is equivalent to 0.03% of the gross regional product covering a five-year period of the study. Direct medical and non-medical costs totaled 178.02 million rubles. In the structure of direct medical expenses, expenses for inpatient, as well as ambulance and emergency medical care during the study period, increased by 92.5% and 45.5%, respectively. While the costs for the outpatient care decreased by 31.9%, the increase in direct non-medical costs associated with the disability benefits payments, increased by 5.1% (2019). Indirect losses amounted to 579.09 million rubles.Conclusion. The structure of the main damage is dominated by indirect losses in the economy associated with premature deaths of working-age individuals. In the structure of direct medical costs, inpatient care costs prevailed. These studies indicate the need to continue an advanced analysis of the economic burden of COPD, as well as to optimize the treatment and prevention of the exacerbations development of this disease.

scholarly journals Healthcare Expenditures Associated with Heart Failure in Saudi Arabia: A Cost of Illness Study

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 988
Author(s):  
Ahmed Alghamdi ◽  
Eman Algarni ◽  
Bander Balkhi ◽  
Abdulaziz Altowaijri ◽  
Abdulaziz Alhossan
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
The Cost

Heart failure (HF) is considered to be a global health problem that generates a significant economic burden. Despite the growing prevalence in Saudi Arabia, the economic burden of HF is not well studied. The aim of this study was to estimate the health care expenditures associated with HF in Saudi Arabia from a social perspective. We conducted a multicenter cost of illness (COI) study in two large governmental centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia using 369 HF patients. A COI model was developed in order to estimate the direct medical costs associated with HF. The indirect costs of HF were estimated based on a human capital approach. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed. The direct medical cost per HF patient was $9563. Hospitalization costs were the major driver in total spending, followed by medication and diagnostics costs. The cost significantly increased in line with the disease progression, ranging from $3671 in class I to $16,447 in class IV. The indirect costs per working HF patient were $4628 due to absenteeism, and $6388 due to presenteeism. The economic burden of HF is significantly high in Saudi Arabia. Decision makers need to focus on allocating resources towards strategies that prevent frequent hospitalizations and improve HF management and patient outcomes in order to lower the growing economic burden.

The Direct and Indirect Costs of Treating the Victims of the 2016 Nice Terror Attacks in a Single Pediatric Hospital

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Federico Solla ◽  
Eytan Ellenberg ◽  
Virginie Rampal ◽  
Julien Margaine ◽  
Charles Musoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Pediatric Hospital ◽  
Terror Attack ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Terror Attacks ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Annual Budget ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Objective: To analyze the cost of the terror attack in Nice in a single pediatric institution. Methods: We carried out descriptive analyses of the data coming from the Lenval University Children’s Hospital of Nice database after the July 14, 2016 terror attack. The medical cost for each patient was estimated from the invoice that the hospital sent to public insurance. The indirect costs were calculated from the hospital’s accounting, as the items that were previously absent or the difference between costs in 2016 versus the previous year. Results: The costs total 1.56 million USD, corresponding to 2% of Lenval Hospital’s 2016 annual budget. Direct medical costs represented 9% of the total cost. The indirect costs were related to human resources (overtime, sick leave), revenue shortfall, and security and psychiatric reinforcement. Conclusion: Indirect costs had a greater impact than did direct medical costs. Examining the level and variety of direct and indirect costs will lead to a better understanding of the consequences of terror acts and to improved preparation for future attacks.

scholarly journals Comparison of healthcare resource utilization and medical costs between patients with seropositive and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 1759720X2110248
Author(s):  
Hyoungyoung Kim ◽  
Soo-Kyung Cho ◽  
Seongmi Choi ◽  
Seul Gi Im ◽  
Sun-Young Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Quantile Regression ◽  
Healthcare Utilization ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Healthcare Resource Utilization ◽  
Medical Utilization ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Sectional Analysis

Objectives: To compare healthcare utilization and medical costs between patients with seronegative (SN) and seropositive (SP) rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: We conducted a nationwide population study using the Korean health insurance claims database in 2016. We divided patients with RA into SN and SP groups and compared healthcare utilization including medications, medical utilization, and direct medical costs for 1 year between the groups in a cross-sectional analysis. Differences in costs between patients with SPRA and SNRA were assessed using the quantile regression model. We performed longitudinal analysis using data from 2012 and 2016 to examine changes over time. Results: A total of 103,815 SPRA and 75,809 SNRA patients were included in the analyses. The SPRA group used significantly more methotrexate (73.2% versus 30.3%) and biologic agents (7.9% versus 2.9%) than the SNRA group. The number of RA-related outpatient visits [6.0 ± 3.7 versus 4.4 ± 4.0 times/year, standardized difference (SD) = 0.41] and annual medical costs per patient ($1027 versus $450/year, SD = 0.25) were higher in the SPRA group than the SNRA group. Quantile regression results indicated that the incremental cost of seropositivity on total medical costs of RA patients gradually increased as medical costs approached the upper quantile. The annual direct medical costs for each patient between 2012 and 2016 increased in both groups: by 25.1% in the SPRA group and 37.6% in the SNRA group. Conclusion: Annual RA-related direct medical costs and RA-related healthcare utilization per patient are higher in patients with SPRA than those with SNRA.

scholarly journals Estimation and determinants of direct medical costs of ischaemic heart disease, stroke and hypertensive heart disease: evidence from two major hospitals in Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leopold Ndemnge Aminde ◽  
Anastase Dzudie ◽  
Yacouba N. Mapoure ◽  
Jacques Cabral Tantchou ◽  
J. Lennert Veerman
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Ischaemic Heart Disease ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Hypertensive Heart Disease ◽  
Haemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Direct Medical Costs

Abstract Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the largest contributor to the non-communicable diseases (NCD) burden in Cameroon, but data on its economic burden is lacking. Methods A prevalence-based cost-of-illness study was conducted from a healthcare provider perspective and enrolled patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD), ischaemic stroke, haemorrhagic stroke and hypertensive heart disease (HHD) from two major hospitals between 2013 and 2017. Determinants of cost were explored using multivariate generalized linear models. Results Overall, data from 850 patients: IHD (n = 92, 10.8%), ischaemic stroke (n = 317, 37.3%), haemorrhagic stroke (n = 193, 22.7%) and HHD (n = 248, 29.2%) were analysed. The total cost for these CVDs was XAF 676,694,000 (~US$ 1,224,918). The average annual direct medical costs of care per patient were XAF 1,395,200 (US$ 2400) for IHD, XAF 932,700 (US$ 1600) for ischaemic stroke, XAF 815,400 (US$ 1400) for haemorrhagic stroke, and XAF 384,300 (US$ 700) for HHD. In the fully adjusted models, apart from history of CVD event (β = − 0.429; 95% confidence interval − 0.705, − 0.153) that predicted lower costs in patients with IHD, having of diabetes mellitus predicted higher costs in patients with IHD (β = 0.435; 0.098, 0.772), ischaemic stroke (β = 0.188; 0.052, 0.324) and HHD (β = 0.229; 0.080, 0.378). Conclusions This study reveals substantial economic burden due to CVD in Cameroon. Diabetes mellitus was a consistent driver of elevated costs across the CVDs. There is urgent need to invest in cost-effective primary prevention strategies in order to reduce the incidence of CVD and consequent economic burden on a health system already laden with the impact of communicable diseases.

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